The Importance of Critical Thinking Skills, Professional Responsibility, and Opportunity Development in One’s Career
Abstract The article provides a comprehensive overview of how critical thinking skills and professional responsibility can be applied to enhance the lives of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and influence broader systemic change. The manuscript highlights three core critical thinking skills —analysis, synthesis, and transformational thinking— and discusses their importance in driving change and advancing the field. The document underscores the need for professionals in IDD to balance a philosophical approach with practical application, embracing a responsibility to their clients and society. It calls for the use of evidence-based practices, person-centered planning, and active collaboration with individuals with IDD and their families. The field is experiencing a shift towards recognizing the rights and autonomy of people with IDD. This includes adopting a “Shared Citizenship Paradigm” that emphasizes inclusion and empowerment.
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Baker, A., Salisbury, B. and Collins, D. (2016). Changing service delivery systems: An example from Community Living-British Columbia. In R. L. Schalock and K. D. Keith (Eds.), Cross-cultural quality of life: Enhancing the lives of people with intellectual disability (pp. 149-166). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Buntinx, W. H. E. and Schalock, R. L. (2010). Models of disability, quality of life, and individualized supports: Implications for professional practice in ID. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 7, 283-294.
Claes, C., van Hove, G., van Loon, J., Vandevelde, S. and Schalock, R. L. (2009). Quality of life measurement in the field of intellectual disabilities: Eight principles for assessing quality of life-related personal outcomes. Social Indicators Research, 98, 61-72.
Claes, C., Vandenbussche, H. and Lombardi, M. (2016). Human right and quality of life domains: Identifying cross-cultural indicators. In R. L. Schalock and K. D. Keith (Eds.), Cross-cultural quality of life: Enhancing the lives of people with intellectual disability (pp. 167-174). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Farmer, C. (2012). Demystifying moderators and mediators in intellectual and developmental disabilities research: A primer and review of the literature. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56, 1148-1160.
Gómez, L. E., Morán, M. L., Navas, P., Verdugo, M. Á., Schalock, R. L., Lombardi, M., Vicente, E., Guillén, V. M., Balboni, G., Swerts, Ch., Al-Halabi, S., Alcedo, M. A., Monsalve, A. and Brown, I. (2024). Using the quality of life framework to operationalize and assess the CRPD articles and the Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 2023, 1-6. Published online, 23/08/2023. Open Access. 2024; 21: e12470.
Gómez, L. E., Schalock, R. L. and Verdugo, M. Á. (2020). The role of moderators and mediators in implementing and evaluating intellectual and developmental disabilities-related policies and practices. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 32, 375-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-019-09702-3
Gómez, L. E. and Verdugo, M. Á. (2016). Outcomes evaluation. In R. L. Schalock and K. D. Keith (Eds.), Cross-cultural quality of life: Enhancing the lives of people with intellectual disability (pp. 71-80). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Luckasson, R., Schalock, R. L. and Bradley, V. J. (in press). Diffusion of the Shared Citizenship Paradigm: Strategies and next steps. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Luckasson, R., Schalock, R. L., Tasse, M. J. and Shogren, K. A. (2022). The intellectual and developmental disabilities shared citizenship paradigm: Its cross-cultural status, implementation, and confirmation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 67, 64-76.
Luckasson, R., Tasse, M. J. and Schalock, R. L. (2022). Professional responsibility in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities: Its definition, application and impacts. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 60, 183-198.
Morán, L., Gómez, L. E., Verdugo, M. Á. and Schalock, R. L. (2023). The quality of life supports model as a vehicle for implementing rights. Behavioral Sciences, 13, 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13050365
Nussbaum, M. C. (2011). Creating capabilities: The human development approach. Belknap Press of Harvard.
Reinders, H. J. and Schalock, R. L. (2014). How organizations can enhance the quality of life of their clients and assess their results: The concept of QOL enhancement. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119, 291-302.
Schalock, R. L. (in press). Best practices and the emerging integrative paradigm in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities. In G Bennett and E. Goodall (Eds.), The Palgrave encyclopedia of disability. Springer Nature.
Schalock, R. L., Brown, I., Brown, R., Cummins, R. A., Felce, D., Matikka, L., Keith, K. D. and Paramenter, T. (2002). Conceptualization, measurement, and application of quality of life for persons with intellectual disabilities: Report of an international panel of experts. Mental Retardation, 40, 457-470.
Schalock, R. L. and Lilley, M. A. (1986). Placement from community-based mental retardation programs: How well do clients do after 8-10 years? American Journal on Mental Deficiency, 90, 669-676.
Schalock, R. L. and Luckasson, R. (2014). Clinical judgment (2nd ed.). AAIDD.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R. and Tassé, M. J. (2017. Intellectual disability: Definition, diagnosis, classification, and systems of supports. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R. and Tassé, M. J. (2021). Ongoing transformation in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 59, 380-391.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., Tassé, M. J. and Shogren, K. A. (2022). The IDD paradigm of shared citizenship: Its operationalization, application, evaluation, and shaping for the future. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 60, 426-443.
Schalock, R. L. and Verdugo, M. Á. (2002). Handbook on quality of life for human service practitioners. American Association on Mental Retardation.
Schalock, R. L., Verdugo, M. Á., Gómez, L. E. and Reinders, H. S. (2016). Moving us toward a Theory of Individual Quality of Life. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 121(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-121.1.1
Shogren, K. A. (2022). Presidential address. Dismantling systemic barriers: Re-visiting equity and inclusion. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 60, 520-529.
Shogren, K. A., Luckasson, R. and Schalock, R. L. (2021). Leveraging the power of context in disability policy development, implementation, and evaluation: Multiple applications to enhance personal outcomes. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 3, 230-243.
Trent, J. W. (2021). Historical foundations of the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities. In L. M. Glidden, L. J. Abbeduto, L. McIntyre and M. J. Tassé (Eds.), APA Handbook of intellectual and developmental disabilities: Vol. 1: Foundations (pp. 3-29). American Psychological Association.
Verdugo, M. Á., Arias, B., Gómez, L. E. and Schalock, R. L. (2010). Development of an objective instrument to assess quality of life in social services: Reliability and validity in Spain. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10(1), 105-123.
Verdugo, M. Á. and Schalock, R. L. (in press). From a concept to a theory: The six eras of quality of life research and application. Research in Developmental Disabilities.
Verdugo, M. Á., Schalock, R. L. and Gómez, L. E. (2024). The quality of life supports model as a major component in applying the quality of life paradigm. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities. Doi. Org/10.1111/jppi.12468
Verdugo, M. Á., Schalock, R. L., Keith, K. D. and Stancliffe, R. J. (2005). Quality of life and its measurement: Important principles and guidelines. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 707-717.
Buntinx, W. H. E. and Schalock, R. L. (2010). Models of disability, quality of life, and individualized supports: Implications for professional practice in ID. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 7, 283-294.
Claes, C., van Hove, G., van Loon, J., Vandevelde, S. and Schalock, R. L. (2009). Quality of life measurement in the field of intellectual disabilities: Eight principles for assessing quality of life-related personal outcomes. Social Indicators Research, 98, 61-72.
Claes, C., Vandenbussche, H. and Lombardi, M. (2016). Human right and quality of life domains: Identifying cross-cultural indicators. In R. L. Schalock and K. D. Keith (Eds.), Cross-cultural quality of life: Enhancing the lives of people with intellectual disability (pp. 167-174). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Farmer, C. (2012). Demystifying moderators and mediators in intellectual and developmental disabilities research: A primer and review of the literature. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56, 1148-1160.
Gómez, L. E., Morán, M. L., Navas, P., Verdugo, M. Á., Schalock, R. L., Lombardi, M., Vicente, E., Guillén, V. M., Balboni, G., Swerts, Ch., Al-Halabi, S., Alcedo, M. A., Monsalve, A. and Brown, I. (2024). Using the quality of life framework to operationalize and assess the CRPD articles and the Sustainable Development Goals. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 2023, 1-6. Published online, 23/08/2023. Open Access. 2024; 21: e12470.
Gómez, L. E., Schalock, R. L. and Verdugo, M. Á. (2020). The role of moderators and mediators in implementing and evaluating intellectual and developmental disabilities-related policies and practices. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 32, 375-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-019-09702-3
Gómez, L. E. and Verdugo, M. Á. (2016). Outcomes evaluation. In R. L. Schalock and K. D. Keith (Eds.), Cross-cultural quality of life: Enhancing the lives of people with intellectual disability (pp. 71-80). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Luckasson, R., Schalock, R. L. and Bradley, V. J. (in press). Diffusion of the Shared Citizenship Paradigm: Strategies and next steps. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Luckasson, R., Schalock, R. L., Tasse, M. J. and Shogren, K. A. (2022). The intellectual and developmental disabilities shared citizenship paradigm: Its cross-cultural status, implementation, and confirmation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 67, 64-76.
Luckasson, R., Tasse, M. J. and Schalock, R. L. (2022). Professional responsibility in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities: Its definition, application and impacts. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 60, 183-198.
Morán, L., Gómez, L. E., Verdugo, M. Á. and Schalock, R. L. (2023). The quality of life supports model as a vehicle for implementing rights. Behavioral Sciences, 13, 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13050365
Nussbaum, M. C. (2011). Creating capabilities: The human development approach. Belknap Press of Harvard.
Reinders, H. J. and Schalock, R. L. (2014). How organizations can enhance the quality of life of their clients and assess their results: The concept of QOL enhancement. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 119, 291-302.
Schalock, R. L. (in press). Best practices and the emerging integrative paradigm in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities. In G Bennett and E. Goodall (Eds.), The Palgrave encyclopedia of disability. Springer Nature.
Schalock, R. L., Brown, I., Brown, R., Cummins, R. A., Felce, D., Matikka, L., Keith, K. D. and Paramenter, T. (2002). Conceptualization, measurement, and application of quality of life for persons with intellectual disabilities: Report of an international panel of experts. Mental Retardation, 40, 457-470.
Schalock, R. L. and Lilley, M. A. (1986). Placement from community-based mental retardation programs: How well do clients do after 8-10 years? American Journal on Mental Deficiency, 90, 669-676.
Schalock, R. L. and Luckasson, R. (2014). Clinical judgment (2nd ed.). AAIDD.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R. and Tassé, M. J. (2017. Intellectual disability: Definition, diagnosis, classification, and systems of supports. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R. and Tassé, M. J. (2021). Ongoing transformation in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 59, 380-391.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., Tassé, M. J. and Shogren, K. A. (2022). The IDD paradigm of shared citizenship: Its operationalization, application, evaluation, and shaping for the future. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 60, 426-443.
Schalock, R. L. and Verdugo, M. Á. (2002). Handbook on quality of life for human service practitioners. American Association on Mental Retardation.
Schalock, R. L., Verdugo, M. Á., Gómez, L. E. and Reinders, H. S. (2016). Moving us toward a Theory of Individual Quality of Life. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 121(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-121.1.1
Shogren, K. A. (2022). Presidential address. Dismantling systemic barriers: Re-visiting equity and inclusion. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 60, 520-529.
Shogren, K. A., Luckasson, R. and Schalock, R. L. (2021). Leveraging the power of context in disability policy development, implementation, and evaluation: Multiple applications to enhance personal outcomes. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 3, 230-243.
Trent, J. W. (2021). Historical foundations of the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities. In L. M. Glidden, L. J. Abbeduto, L. McIntyre and M. J. Tassé (Eds.), APA Handbook of intellectual and developmental disabilities: Vol. 1: Foundations (pp. 3-29). American Psychological Association.
Verdugo, M. Á., Arias, B., Gómez, L. E. and Schalock, R. L. (2010). Development of an objective instrument to assess quality of life in social services: Reliability and validity in Spain. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10(1), 105-123.
Verdugo, M. Á. and Schalock, R. L. (in press). From a concept to a theory: The six eras of quality of life research and application. Research in Developmental Disabilities.
Verdugo, M. Á., Schalock, R. L. and Gómez, L. E. (2024). The quality of life supports model as a major component in applying the quality of life paradigm. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities. Doi. Org/10.1111/jppi.12468
Verdugo, M. Á., Schalock, R. L., Keith, K. D. and Stancliffe, R. J. (2005). Quality of life and its measurement: Important principles and guidelines. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 707-717.
Schalock, R. L. (2025). The Importance of Critical Thinking Skills, Professional Responsibility, and Opportunity Development in One’s Career. Siglo Cero, 56(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero.32213
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