Normativity in the Wild. Insights from Frans de Waal
Abstract According to Frans de Waal, both humans and non-human primates possess innate instincts, emotions, and predispositions that facilitate social living. Social activities, such as forming relationships, participating in shared goals, and displaying empathy towards others, are not externally imposed obligations; rather, they are inherent and desirable aspects of social life. Against the utilitarian model of self-interest and Machiavellian intelligence, de Waal suggests a kind of gestalt reversal: far from being a mere means to achieve individual goals, social interactions are a valuable end in itself.
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de Waal, F. B. M. (1991). The chimpanzee’s sense of social regularity and its relation to the human sense of justice. American Behavioral Scientist, 34, 335-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764291034003005
de Waal, F. B. M. (2003). Social syntax: the if-then structure of social problem solving. In F. B. de Waal & P. Tyack (Eds.), Animal social complexity: intelligence, culture and individualised societies (pp. 230-248). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674419131.c17
de Waal, F. B. M. (2007). The ‘Russian doll’ model of empathy and imitation. Advances in Consciousness Research, 68, 49-72. https://doi.org/10.1075/aicr.68.06waa
de Waal, F. B. M. (2014). Natural normativity: The ‘is’ and ‘ought’ of animal behaviour. Behaviour, 151, 185-204. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-00003146
de Waal, F. B. M. & Ferrari, P. F. (2010). Towards a bottom-up perspective on animal and human cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(5), 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.03.003
Flack, J., Jeannotte, L., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2004). Play signaling and the perception of social rules by juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 118(2), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.118.2.149
Kaufmann, L. (2019). La Norme du « semblable »: entre moralité, socialité et politique. In I.Rivoal & M.Heintz (Dir.), Morale et cognition : À l’épreuve du terrain (pp. 73-99). Nanterre : Presses universitaires de Paris Nanterre. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pupo.15350
Kaufmann, L. & Clément, F. (2014). Wired for Society: Cognizing pathways to Society and Culture. Topoï, 33(2), 459-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-014-9236-9
Mondillon, L., Niedenthal, G., Paula, M., & Droit-Volet, S. (2007). Imitation of in-group versus out-group members’ facial expressions of anger: A test with a time perception task. Social Neuroscience, 2(3-4), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470910701376894
Searle, J. (1995). The Construction of Social Reality. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Tomasello, M. & Rakoczy, H. (2007). What Makes Human Cognition Unique? From Individual to Shared to Collective Intentionality. In F. Clément & L. Kaufmann (Eds.), Culture and Society: Some Viewpoints of Cognitive Scientists. Intellectica, 46-47, 25-48. https://doi.org/10.3406/intel.2007.1276
Cheney, D. L., & Seyfarth, R. M. (1990). How monkeys see the world: Inside the mind of another species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226218526.001.0001
de Waal, F. B. M. (1991). The chimpanzee’s sense of social regularity and its relation to the human sense of justice. American Behavioral Scientist, 34, 335-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764291034003005
de Waal, F. B. M. (2003). Social syntax: the if-then structure of social problem solving. In F. B. de Waal & P. Tyack (Eds.), Animal social complexity: intelligence, culture and individualised societies (pp. 230-248). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674419131.c17
de Waal, F. B. M. (2007). The ‘Russian doll’ model of empathy and imitation. Advances in Consciousness Research, 68, 49-72. https://doi.org/10.1075/aicr.68.06waa
de Waal, F. B. M. (2014). Natural normativity: The ‘is’ and ‘ought’ of animal behaviour. Behaviour, 151, 185-204. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-00003146
de Waal, F. B. M. & Ferrari, P. F. (2010). Towards a bottom-up perspective on animal and human cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(5), 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.03.003
Flack, J., Jeannotte, L., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2004). Play signaling and the perception of social rules by juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 118(2), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.118.2.149
Kaufmann, L. (2019). La Norme du « semblable »: entre moralité, socialité et politique. In I.Rivoal & M.Heintz (Dir.), Morale et cognition : À l’épreuve du terrain (pp. 73-99). Nanterre : Presses universitaires de Paris Nanterre. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pupo.15350
Kaufmann, L. & Clément, F. (2014). Wired for Society: Cognizing pathways to Society and Culture. Topoï, 33(2), 459-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-014-9236-9
Mondillon, L., Niedenthal, G., Paula, M., & Droit-Volet, S. (2007). Imitation of in-group versus out-group members’ facial expressions of anger: A test with a time perception task. Social Neuroscience, 2(3-4), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470910701376894
Searle, J. (1995). The Construction of Social Reality. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Tomasello, M. & Rakoczy, H. (2007). What Makes Human Cognition Unique? From Individual to Shared to Collective Intentionality. In F. Clément & L. Kaufmann (Eds.), Culture and Society: Some Viewpoints of Cognitive Scientists. Intellectica, 46-47, 25-48. https://doi.org/10.3406/intel.2007.1276
Kaufmann, L. (2024). Normativity in the Wild. Insights from Frans de Waal. Artefactos. Philosophical Studies on Science and Technology, 13(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.14201/art2024.31491
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