Evolved and Cultural Intuitions. Highly Speculative Remarks on the Origins of our Sense of Fairness
Abstract The question of whether the sense of fairness constitutes an exclusively human trait has been answered mostly from two polar positions: the first one unambiguously affirms such exclusivity, thus denying the relevance of cognitive ethology to understand our evaluations of justice; the second one, on the contrary, postulates the existence of a (proto) sense of fairness in non-human animals, strongly related to ours, which would make cognitive ethology highly relevant to understand the mechanisms on which our evaluative practices are based. From a position of extreme caution in relation to the possibility of (eventually) offering concrete evidence in favor of innatist theses such as the one I will defend here, I will suggest that i) in line with the rupturist positions, it is possible to preserve the human exclusivity of the sense of justice, ii) in line with the continuist positions, the relevance of studies coming from cognitive ethology is guaranteed, insofar as (ex hypotesi) our evaluative practices often take as input innate psychological dispositions shared with other species. Finally, I will suggest that the concept of rationalization is central to determine in each case the possible articulation between innate dispositions and explicit justifications.
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Amsel, A. (1958). The role of frustrative nonreward in noncontinuous reward situations.. Psychological Bulletin, 55(2), 102-119. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043125
Ayala, F. J. (2010). The difference of being human: Morality.. Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, 107(Supl. 2), 9015-9022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914616107
Baumard, N. (2016). The Origins of Fairness: How Evolution Explains our Moral Nature. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bekoff, M., & Pierce, J. (2009). Wild justice: The moral lives of animals. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226041667.001.0001
Braicovich, R.S. (2021). La Antropología Filosófica frente al factum de la evolución. In R. López-Orellana, J., & J. Suárez-Ruíz (Eds.), Filosofía posdarwiniana. Enfoques actuales sobre la intersección entre análisis epistemológico y naturalismo filosófico (pp. 337-355). College Publications.
Brauer, J., & Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Are apes really inequity averse? Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 273, 3123-3128. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3693
Brooks, J. A., & Shablack, H., & Gendron, M., & Satpute, A. B., & Parrish, M. H., & Lindquist, K. A. (2017). The role of language in the experience and perception of emotion: A neuroimaging meta-analysis. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(2), 169-183. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw121
Brosnan, S. F., & De Waal, F. B. M. (2003). Monkeys reject unequal pay. Nature, 425, 297-299. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01963
Brosnan, S. F., & Silk, J. B., & Henrich, J., & Mareno, M. C., & Lambeth, S. P., & Schapiro, S. J. (2009). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) do not develop contingent reciprocity in an experimental task. Animal Cognition, 12(4), 587-597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-009-0218-z
Buller, D. J., & Hardcastle, V. G. (2000). Evolutionary Psychology, meet Developmental Neurobiology: Against promiscuous modularity. Brain and Mind, 1, 307-325. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011573226794
Cheney, D. L., & Seyfarth, R. M. (2007). Baboon metaphysics: The evolution of a social mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226102429.001.0001
Damasio, A., & Carvalho, G. B. (2013). The nature of feelings: Evolutionary and neurobiological origins. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(2), 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3403
Danón, L. (2021). Conceptos en animales no humanos. In Enciclopedia de la Sociedad Española de Filosofía Analítica. http://www.sefaweb.es/conceptos-en-animales-no-humanos
Dantzer, R., & Arnone, M., & Mormede, P. (1980). Effects of frustration on behaviour and plasma corticosteroid levels in pigs. Physiology & Behavior, 24(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(80)90005-0
De Waal, F. B. M. (1991). The chimpanzee’s sense of social regularity and its relation to the human sense of justice. American Behavioral Scientist, 34(3), 335-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764291034003005
De Waal, F. B. M. (2000). Attitudinal reciprocity in food sharing among brown capuchin monkeys. Animal Behaviour, 60(2), 253-261. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2000.1471
Dubreuil, D., & Gentile, M., & Visalberghi, E. (2006). Are Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Apella) Inequity Averse? Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273, 1223-1228. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3433
Dupré, J. (2001). Human nature and the limits of science. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199248060.001.0001
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 255-278. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629
Evans, J. S. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the Debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 223-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612460685
Feldman Barrett, L. (2017). How emotions are made: The secret life of the brain. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Feldman Barrett, L., & Russell, J. A. (Eds.). (2015). The psychological construction of emotion. New York: The Guilford Press.
Fiske, A. P., & Rai, T. S. (2015). Virtuous Violence: Hurting and Killing to Create, Sustain, End, and Honor Social Relationships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316104668
Fletcher, G. E. (2008). Attending to the outcome of others: Disadvantageous inequity aversion in male capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). American Journal of Primatology, 70(9), 901-905. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20576
Fox, P. T., & Friston, K. J. (2012). Distributed processing; distributed functions? NeuroImage, 61(2), 407-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.051
Freidin, E., & Mustaca, A. E. (2004). Frustration and sexual behavior in male rats. Animal Learning & Behavior, 32(3), 311-320. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196030
George, N., & Sunny, M. M. (2019). Challenges to the Modularity Thesis Under the Bayesian Brain Models. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 353. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00353
Gilby, I. C. (2006). Meat sharing among the Gombe chimpanzees: Harassment and reciprocal exchange. Animal Behaviour, 71(4), 953-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.09.009
Gomes, C. M., & Mundry, R., & Boesch, C. (2009). Long-term reciprocation of grooming in wild West African chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1657), 699-706. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1324
Gould, S. J. (1996). The mismeasure of man (Rev. and expanded). New York: Norton.
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814-834. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.108.4.814
Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York: Vintage Books.
Hemelrijk, C. K. (1997). Reciprocation in apes: From complex cognition to self-structuring. En W. C. McGrew, L. F. Marchant, & T. Nishida (Eds.), Great Ape Societies (pp. 185-195). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511752414.016
Hodgkinson, G. P., & Langan-Fox, J., & Sadler-Smith, E. (2008). Intuition: A fundamental bridging construct in the behavioural sciences. British Journal of Psychology, 99, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712607X216666
Jakovcevic, A., & Elgier, A. M., & Mustaca, A. E., & Bentosela, M. (2013). Frustration behaviors in domestic dogs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 16(1), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2013.740974
Kahneman, D. (2012). Pensar rápido, pensar despacio. Buenos Aires: Debate.
Korsgaard, C. M. (2006). Morality and the Distinctiveness of Human Action. En S. Macedo & J. Ober (Eds.), Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved (pp. 98-119). Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400830336-008
Levins, R., & Lewontin, R. C. (2009). The dialectical biologist. Delhi: Aaker Books.
McPeake, K. J., & Collins, L. M., & Zulch, H., & Mills, D. S. (2021). Behavioural and Physiological Correlates of the Canine Frustration Questionnaire. Animals, 11(12), 3346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123346
Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2017). The Enigma of Reason: A New Theory of Human Understanding. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674977860
Mosterín, J. (2011). La Naturaleza humana. Madrid: Espasa.
Palecek, M. (2017). Modularity of Mind: Is It Time to Abandon This Ship? Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 47(2), 132-144. https://doi.org/10/gm5rzb
Papini, M. R. (2003). Comparative Psychology of Surprising Nonreward. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 62(2), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1159/000072439
Papini, M. R., & Penagos-Corzo, J. C., & Pérez-Acosta, A. M. (2019). Avian Emotions: Comparative Perspectives on Fear and Frustration. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02707
Pinker, S. (2002). The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York: Penguin.
Prinz, J. J. (2006). Is the mind really modular? En R. Stainton (Ed.), Contemporary debates in cognitive science (pp. 22-36). Malden: Blackwell.
Raihani, N. J., & Thornton, A., & Bshary, R. (2012). Punishment and cooperation in nature. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 27(5), 288-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.12.004
Riedl, K., & Jensen, K., & Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2012). No third-party punishment in chimpanzees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(37), 14824-14829. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1203179109
Roma, P. G., & Silberberg, A., & Ruggiero, A. M., & Suomi, S. J. (2006). Capuchin monkeys, inequity aversion, and the frustration effect. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 120(1), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.120.1.67
Sahlins, M. (2008). The Western illusion of human nature. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.
Schino, G., & Aureli, F. (2009). Reciprocal altruism in primates. Partner choice, cognition, and emotions. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 39, 45-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(09)39002-6
Scotto, S. C. (2022). Cognición moral y cognición psicológica: Las intuiciones vienen primero. Revista de Humanidades de Valparaíso, 19, 15-42. https://doi.org/10.22370/rhv2022iss19pp15-42
Silberberg, A., & Crescimbene, L., & Addessi, E., & Anderson, J. R., & Visalberghi, E. (2009). Does inequity aversion depend on a frustration effect? A test with capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Animal Cognition, 12(3), 505-509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-009-0211-6
Solomon, R. C. (1995). Justice as vengeance, vengeance as justice. A partial defense of Polymarchus. En J. P. Sterba (Ed.), Morality and Social Justice: Point/counterpoint. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
Sperber, D. (1994). The modularity of thought and the epidemiology of representations. En L. A. Hirschfeld & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the Mind (pp. 39-67). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511752902.003
Sperber, D., & Baumard, N. (2012). Moral Reputation: An Evolutionary and Cognitive Perspective: Moral Reputation. Mind & Language, 27(5), 495-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12000
Stevens, J. R., & Hauser, M. D. (2004). Why be nice? Psychological constraints on the evolution of cooperation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(2), 60-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.12.003
Stout, S. C., & Boughner, R. L., & Papini, M. R. (2003). Reexamining the frustration effect in rats: Aftereffects of surprising reinforcement and nonreinforcement. Learning and Motivation, 34(4), 437-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-9690(03)00038-9
Suhler, C. L., & Churchland, P. (2011). Can Innate, modular «foundations» explain morality? Challenges for Haidt’s Moral Foundations Theory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(9), 2103-2116; discussion 2117-2122. https://doi.org/10/fsr92d
Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 46(1), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.1086/406755
Wilson, J. Q. (1997). The moral sense. New York: Free Press.
Wilton, R. N., & Strongman, K. T., & Nerenberg, A. (1969). Some Effects of Frustration in a Free Responding Operant Situation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21(4), 367-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464074690840023214640746908400232
Ayala, F. J. (2010). The difference of being human: Morality.. Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA, 107(Supl. 2), 9015-9022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914616107
Baumard, N. (2016). The Origins of Fairness: How Evolution Explains our Moral Nature. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bekoff, M., & Pierce, J. (2009). Wild justice: The moral lives of animals. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226041667.001.0001
Braicovich, R.S. (2021). La Antropología Filosófica frente al factum de la evolución. In R. López-Orellana, J., & J. Suárez-Ruíz (Eds.), Filosofía posdarwiniana. Enfoques actuales sobre la intersección entre análisis epistemológico y naturalismo filosófico (pp. 337-355). College Publications.
Brauer, J., & Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Are apes really inequity averse? Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 273, 3123-3128. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3693
Brooks, J. A., & Shablack, H., & Gendron, M., & Satpute, A. B., & Parrish, M. H., & Lindquist, K. A. (2017). The role of language in the experience and perception of emotion: A neuroimaging meta-analysis. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(2), 169-183. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw121
Brosnan, S. F., & De Waal, F. B. M. (2003). Monkeys reject unequal pay. Nature, 425, 297-299. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01963
Brosnan, S. F., & Silk, J. B., & Henrich, J., & Mareno, M. C., & Lambeth, S. P., & Schapiro, S. J. (2009). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) do not develop contingent reciprocity in an experimental task. Animal Cognition, 12(4), 587-597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-009-0218-z
Buller, D. J., & Hardcastle, V. G. (2000). Evolutionary Psychology, meet Developmental Neurobiology: Against promiscuous modularity. Brain and Mind, 1, 307-325. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011573226794
Cheney, D. L., & Seyfarth, R. M. (2007). Baboon metaphysics: The evolution of a social mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226102429.001.0001
Damasio, A., & Carvalho, G. B. (2013). The nature of feelings: Evolutionary and neurobiological origins. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(2), 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3403
Danón, L. (2021). Conceptos en animales no humanos. In Enciclopedia de la Sociedad Española de Filosofía Analítica. http://www.sefaweb.es/conceptos-en-animales-no-humanos
Dantzer, R., & Arnone, M., & Mormede, P. (1980). Effects of frustration on behaviour and plasma corticosteroid levels in pigs. Physiology & Behavior, 24(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(80)90005-0
De Waal, F. B. M. (1991). The chimpanzee’s sense of social regularity and its relation to the human sense of justice. American Behavioral Scientist, 34(3), 335-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764291034003005
De Waal, F. B. M. (2000). Attitudinal reciprocity in food sharing among brown capuchin monkeys. Animal Behaviour, 60(2), 253-261. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2000.1471
Dubreuil, D., & Gentile, M., & Visalberghi, E. (2006). Are Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Apella) Inequity Averse? Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273, 1223-1228. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3433
Dupré, J. (2001). Human nature and the limits of science. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199248060.001.0001
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 255-278. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629
Evans, J. S. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the Debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 223-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612460685
Feldman Barrett, L. (2017). How emotions are made: The secret life of the brain. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Feldman Barrett, L., & Russell, J. A. (Eds.). (2015). The psychological construction of emotion. New York: The Guilford Press.
Fiske, A. P., & Rai, T. S. (2015). Virtuous Violence: Hurting and Killing to Create, Sustain, End, and Honor Social Relationships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316104668
Fletcher, G. E. (2008). Attending to the outcome of others: Disadvantageous inequity aversion in male capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). American Journal of Primatology, 70(9), 901-905. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20576
Fox, P. T., & Friston, K. J. (2012). Distributed processing; distributed functions? NeuroImage, 61(2), 407-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.051
Freidin, E., & Mustaca, A. E. (2004). Frustration and sexual behavior in male rats. Animal Learning & Behavior, 32(3), 311-320. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196030
George, N., & Sunny, M. M. (2019). Challenges to the Modularity Thesis Under the Bayesian Brain Models. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 353. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00353
Gilby, I. C. (2006). Meat sharing among the Gombe chimpanzees: Harassment and reciprocal exchange. Animal Behaviour, 71(4), 953-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.09.009
Gomes, C. M., & Mundry, R., & Boesch, C. (2009). Long-term reciprocation of grooming in wild West African chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1657), 699-706. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1324
Gould, S. J. (1996). The mismeasure of man (Rev. and expanded). New York: Norton.
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814-834. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.108.4.814
Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York: Vintage Books.
Hemelrijk, C. K. (1997). Reciprocation in apes: From complex cognition to self-structuring. En W. C. McGrew, L. F. Marchant, & T. Nishida (Eds.), Great Ape Societies (pp. 185-195). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511752414.016
Hodgkinson, G. P., & Langan-Fox, J., & Sadler-Smith, E. (2008). Intuition: A fundamental bridging construct in the behavioural sciences. British Journal of Psychology, 99, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712607X216666
Jakovcevic, A., & Elgier, A. M., & Mustaca, A. E., & Bentosela, M. (2013). Frustration behaviors in domestic dogs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 16(1), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2013.740974
Kahneman, D. (2012). Pensar rápido, pensar despacio. Buenos Aires: Debate.
Korsgaard, C. M. (2006). Morality and the Distinctiveness of Human Action. En S. Macedo & J. Ober (Eds.), Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved (pp. 98-119). Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400830336-008
Levins, R., & Lewontin, R. C. (2009). The dialectical biologist. Delhi: Aaker Books.
McPeake, K. J., & Collins, L. M., & Zulch, H., & Mills, D. S. (2021). Behavioural and Physiological Correlates of the Canine Frustration Questionnaire. Animals, 11(12), 3346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123346
Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2017). The Enigma of Reason: A New Theory of Human Understanding. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674977860
Mosterín, J. (2011). La Naturaleza humana. Madrid: Espasa.
Palecek, M. (2017). Modularity of Mind: Is It Time to Abandon This Ship? Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 47(2), 132-144. https://doi.org/10/gm5rzb
Papini, M. R. (2003). Comparative Psychology of Surprising Nonreward. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 62(2), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1159/000072439
Papini, M. R., & Penagos-Corzo, J. C., & Pérez-Acosta, A. M. (2019). Avian Emotions: Comparative Perspectives on Fear and Frustration. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02707
Pinker, S. (2002). The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York: Penguin.
Prinz, J. J. (2006). Is the mind really modular? En R. Stainton (Ed.), Contemporary debates in cognitive science (pp. 22-36). Malden: Blackwell.
Raihani, N. J., & Thornton, A., & Bshary, R. (2012). Punishment and cooperation in nature. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 27(5), 288-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.12.004
Riedl, K., & Jensen, K., & Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2012). No third-party punishment in chimpanzees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(37), 14824-14829. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1203179109
Roma, P. G., & Silberberg, A., & Ruggiero, A. M., & Suomi, S. J. (2006). Capuchin monkeys, inequity aversion, and the frustration effect. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 120(1), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.120.1.67
Sahlins, M. (2008). The Western illusion of human nature. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.
Schino, G., & Aureli, F. (2009). Reciprocal altruism in primates. Partner choice, cognition, and emotions. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 39, 45-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(09)39002-6
Scotto, S. C. (2022). Cognición moral y cognición psicológica: Las intuiciones vienen primero. Revista de Humanidades de Valparaíso, 19, 15-42. https://doi.org/10.22370/rhv2022iss19pp15-42
Silberberg, A., & Crescimbene, L., & Addessi, E., & Anderson, J. R., & Visalberghi, E. (2009). Does inequity aversion depend on a frustration effect? A test with capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Animal Cognition, 12(3), 505-509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-009-0211-6
Solomon, R. C. (1995). Justice as vengeance, vengeance as justice. A partial defense of Polymarchus. En J. P. Sterba (Ed.), Morality and Social Justice: Point/counterpoint. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
Sperber, D. (1994). The modularity of thought and the epidemiology of representations. En L. A. Hirschfeld & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the Mind (pp. 39-67). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511752902.003
Sperber, D., & Baumard, N. (2012). Moral Reputation: An Evolutionary and Cognitive Perspective: Moral Reputation. Mind & Language, 27(5), 495-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12000
Stevens, J. R., & Hauser, M. D. (2004). Why be nice? Psychological constraints on the evolution of cooperation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(2), 60-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.12.003
Stout, S. C., & Boughner, R. L., & Papini, M. R. (2003). Reexamining the frustration effect in rats: Aftereffects of surprising reinforcement and nonreinforcement. Learning and Motivation, 34(4), 437-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-9690(03)00038-9
Suhler, C. L., & Churchland, P. (2011). Can Innate, modular «foundations» explain morality? Challenges for Haidt’s Moral Foundations Theory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(9), 2103-2116; discussion 2117-2122. https://doi.org/10/fsr92d
Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 46(1), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.1086/406755
Wilson, J. Q. (1997). The moral sense. New York: Free Press.
Wilton, R. N., & Strongman, K. T., & Nerenberg, A. (1969). Some Effects of Frustration in a Free Responding Operant Situation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21(4), 367-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464074690840023214640746908400232
Braicovich, R. (2024). Evolved and Cultural Intuitions. Highly Speculative Remarks on the Origins of our Sense of Fairness. ArtefaCToS. Revista De Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La tecnología, 13(1), 117–138. https://doi.org/10.14201/art2024.31231
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