Homology and Critical Anthropomorphization
Abstract Based on a critical examination of the Pre-Darwinian distinction between activity and use with which Alan Love (2007) attempts to resolve the alleged contradiction contained in the concept of homology of function, we argue that the strategy of anthropomorphization advocated by Frans de Waal in the study of primate social behavior is dispensable. What is required to circumvent the commitment to anthropomorphization is to make explicit the criterion of biological trait identity that is contained in the concept of phylogenetic homology. It is also required to reveal the hierarchical and disconnected structure of psychological category homologies. We argue that making explicit that hierarchical structure and the possibility of multiple realizability of patterns of social behavior that fulfill homologous functions would enable de Waal to respond effectively to critics who deny his thesis of the evolutionary continuity of morality.
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Brigandt, Ingo (2007). Typology now: homology and developmental constraints explain evolvability. Biol Philos, 22, 709-725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-007-9089-3
Brooks, Daniel y McLennan, Deborah (1991). Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior. A research Program in Comparative Biology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/1446122
Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species. Londres: John Murray.
Darwin, Charles (2009[1890]). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511694110
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Davila-Ross, Marina, Owren, Michael J. y Zimmermann, Elke (2010). The evolution of laughter in great apes and humans. Comm. Integrat. Biol., 3, 191-194. https://doi.org/10.4161/cib.3.2.10944
de Waal, Frans (1988). The Communicative Repertoire of Captive Bonobos (Pan paniscus), Compared to That of Chimpanzees. Behaviour, 106(3/4), 183-251. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853988X00269
de Waal, Frans (1999). Anthropomorphism and Anthropodenial: Consistency in Our Thinking about Humans and Other Animals. Philosophical Topics, 27(1), 255-280. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics199927122
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de Waal, Frans (2007). Primates y filósofos. La evolución de la moral del simio al hombre. Barcelona: Paidós.
de Waal, Frans (2011). La edad de la empatía. ¿Somos altruistas por naturaleza? Barcelona: Tusquets.
de Waal, Frans (2014). El bonobo y los diez mandamientos. En busca de la ética entre los primates. Barcelona: Tusquets.
de Waal, Frans (2021). ¿Tenemos suficiente inteligencia para entender la inteligencia de los animales? México: Tusquets.
de Waal, Frans (2022). La política de los chimpancés. Madrid: Alianza.
Dennett, Daniel (1995). Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. London: Penguin Books.
Ereshefsky, Marc (2007). Psychological categories as homologies: lessons from ethology. Biol Philos, 22, 659-674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-007-9091-9
Ereshefsky, Marc (2012). Homology thinking. Biol Philos, 27, 381-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-012-9313-7
Fridlund, Alan (1984). Human Facial Expression. An Evolutionary View. San Diego: Academic Press.
Ghiselin, Michael (2005). Homology as a relation of correspondence between parts of individuals. Theory in Biosciences, 124(2), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02814478
Ginnobili, Santiago (2022). El origen del rubor. expresión de las emociones, razas y antiesclavismo en la obra darwiniana. Revista Culturas Científicas, 3(1), 20-43. https://doi.org/10.35588/cc.v3i1.5493
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Hall, Brian K. (Ed.) (1994). Homology. Hierarchical basis of comparative biology. San Diego: Academic Press.
Kant, Immanuel (1991[1800]). Antropología en sentido pragmático. Madrid: Alianza.
Love, Alan C. (2007). Functional homology and homology of function: biological concepts and philosophical consequences. Biol. Philos., 22, 691-708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-007-9093-7
Owen, Richard (1843). Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Invertebrate Animals, Delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1843. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6788
Owen, Richard (2012 [1849]). Discurso sobre la naturaleza de las extremidades. Oviedo: KRK.
Papineau, David (2017). Teleosemantics. En D. L. Smith (Ed.) How biology shapes philosophy (pp. 95-120). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107295490.006
Razeto-Barry, Pablo y Frick, Ramiro (2011). Probabilistic causation and the explanatory role of natural selection. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 42(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.03.001
Roffé, Ariel J. (2020). Dynamic homology and circularity in cladistic analysis. Biol Philos, 35, 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-020-9737-4
Schmidt, Karen L. y Cohn, Jeffrey F. (2001). Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary questions in facial expression research. Am J Phys Anthropol., Suppl 33, 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20001
Seyfarth, Robert, Cheney, Dorothy y Marler, Peter (1980). Monkey Responses to Three Different Alarm Calls: Evidence of Predator Classification and Semantic Communication. Science 210, 801-3. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7433999
Torres, Julio (2021). Homología y teleosemántica: el problema de la identidad del rasgo biológico. Tesis (Lima), 14(19), 601-615. https://doi.org/10.15381/tesis.v14i19.21931
Brooks, Daniel y McLennan, Deborah (1991). Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior. A research Program in Comparative Biology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/1446122
Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species. Londres: John Murray.
Darwin, Charles (2009[1890]). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511694110
Darwin, Charles (2010[1872]). El origen de las especies. Madrid: Edaf.
Davila-Ross, Marina, Owren, Michael J. y Zimmermann, Elke (2010). The evolution of laughter in great apes and humans. Comm. Integrat. Biol., 3, 191-194. https://doi.org/10.4161/cib.3.2.10944
de Waal, Frans (1988). The Communicative Repertoire of Captive Bonobos (Pan paniscus), Compared to That of Chimpanzees. Behaviour, 106(3/4), 183-251. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853988X00269
de Waal, Frans (1999). Anthropomorphism and Anthropodenial: Consistency in Our Thinking about Humans and Other Animals. Philosophical Topics, 27(1), 255-280. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtopics199927122
de Waal, Frans (2006). Primates and Philosophers. How Morality Evolved. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400830336
de Waal, Frans (2007). Primates y filósofos. La evolución de la moral del simio al hombre. Barcelona: Paidós.
de Waal, Frans (2011). La edad de la empatía. ¿Somos altruistas por naturaleza? Barcelona: Tusquets.
de Waal, Frans (2014). El bonobo y los diez mandamientos. En busca de la ética entre los primates. Barcelona: Tusquets.
de Waal, Frans (2021). ¿Tenemos suficiente inteligencia para entender la inteligencia de los animales? México: Tusquets.
de Waal, Frans (2022). La política de los chimpancés. Madrid: Alianza.
Dennett, Daniel (1995). Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. London: Penguin Books.
Ereshefsky, Marc (2007). Psychological categories as homologies: lessons from ethology. Biol Philos, 22, 659-674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-007-9091-9
Ereshefsky, Marc (2012). Homology thinking. Biol Philos, 27, 381-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-012-9313-7
Fridlund, Alan (1984). Human Facial Expression. An Evolutionary View. San Diego: Academic Press.
Ghiselin, Michael (2005). Homology as a relation of correspondence between parts of individuals. Theory in Biosciences, 124(2), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02814478
Ginnobili, Santiago (2022). El origen del rubor. expresión de las emociones, razas y antiesclavismo en la obra darwiniana. Revista Culturas Científicas, 3(1), 20-43. https://doi.org/10.35588/cc.v3i1.5493
Hall, Brian K. (1999). Evolutionary Developmental Biology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3961-8
Hall, Brian K. (Ed.) (1994). Homology. Hierarchical basis of comparative biology. San Diego: Academic Press.
Kant, Immanuel (1991[1800]). Antropología en sentido pragmático. Madrid: Alianza.
Love, Alan C. (2007). Functional homology and homology of function: biological concepts and philosophical consequences. Biol. Philos., 22, 691-708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-007-9093-7
Owen, Richard (1843). Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Invertebrate Animals, Delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1843. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6788
Owen, Richard (2012 [1849]). Discurso sobre la naturaleza de las extremidades. Oviedo: KRK.
Papineau, David (2017). Teleosemantics. En D. L. Smith (Ed.) How biology shapes philosophy (pp. 95-120). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107295490.006
Razeto-Barry, Pablo y Frick, Ramiro (2011). Probabilistic causation and the explanatory role of natural selection. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 42(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.03.001
Roffé, Ariel J. (2020). Dynamic homology and circularity in cladistic analysis. Biol Philos, 35, 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-020-9737-4
Schmidt, Karen L. y Cohn, Jeffrey F. (2001). Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary questions in facial expression research. Am J Phys Anthropol., Suppl 33, 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20001
Seyfarth, Robert, Cheney, Dorothy y Marler, Peter (1980). Monkey Responses to Three Different Alarm Calls: Evidence of Predator Classification and Semantic Communication. Science 210, 801-3. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7433999
Torres, Julio (2021). Homología y teleosemántica: el problema de la identidad del rasgo biológico. Tesis (Lima), 14(19), 601-615. https://doi.org/10.15381/tesis.v14i19.21931
Torres Meléndez, J., & Muñoz Tobar, C. (2024). Homology and Critical Anthropomorphization. ArtefaCToS. Revista De Estudios Sobre La Ciencia Y La tecnología, 13(1), 209–226. https://doi.org/10.14201/art2024.30762
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