Primitive Normativity in Non-Human Primates?
Abstract According to a long philosophical tradition, normativity is an exclusive feature of human animals. However, in the last decades, many philosophers and scientists have begun to explore the possibility of attributing some kind of normativity to other species. Frans de Waal stands out among them for providing a rich repertoire of empirical evidence suggesting that non-human primates behave normatively. Skeptics regarding animal normativity usually question this kind of evidence by offering non-normative explanations of it. Here I suggest that skeptics may justify this preference for non-normative explanations by claiming that they invoke simpler cognitive processes than those who posit some sensitivity to norms (as demanded by Morgan’s Canon). However, I will argue that how compelling this strategy turns out to be will depend on how one understands normative sensitivity. More specifically, I will suggest that we should abandon the most demanding characterizations of normative sensitivity in the literature and adopt the hypothesis that non-human primates may have some kind of “primitive normativity” (Ginsborg, 2011; 2018). Doing this will allow us to elaborate explanations of (some) empirical evidence provided by de Waal that may end up being as simple as those elaborated by the sceptics.
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Camp, Elisabeth (2009). Putting Thoughts to Work: Concepts, Stimulus-Independence and the Generality Constraint. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 78(2), 275-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2009.00245.x
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Cords, Marina y Aureli, Filippo (2000). Reconciliation and Relationship Qualities. En Filippo Aureli y Frans de Waal (Eds.), Natural Conflict Resolution (pp. 177-198). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, Berkeley. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520924932-014
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Danón, Laura (2019). Animal Normativity. Phenomenolgy and Mind, 17, 176-187.
de Waal, Frans (1986). The Integration of Dominance and Social Bonding in Primates. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 61(4), 459-479. https://doi.org/10.1086/415144
de Waal, Frans (1996). Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals. Cambridge/Londres: Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674033177
de Waal, Frans (2000). Primates: A Natural Heritage of Conflict Resolution. Science, 289(5479), 586-590. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5479.586
de Waal, Frans (2014). Natural Normativity: The ‘is’ and ‘ought’ of Animal Behavior. Behaviour, 152(2,3), 185-204. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004263888_006
de Waal, Frans y Roosmalen, Angeline (1979). Reconciliation and Consolation Among Chimpanzees. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 5(1), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302695
Dubreuil, Diane, Gentile, María Silvia, y Visalberghi, Elisabeth (2006). Are Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella) Inequity Averse? Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 273(1591), 1223-1228. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3433.
Duhau, Laura (2011), Do Bees Really Have Concepts? A Discussion of Carruthers’ Criteria of Conceptuality. Teorema, 29(2), 125-134.
Evans, Gareth (1982). The Varieties of Reference. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fitzpatrick, Simon (2017). Against Morgan’s Canon. En Kristin Andrews y Jacob Beck (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Animal Minds (pp. 437-447). London/New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315742250-43
Fitzpatrick, Simon (2020), Chimpanzee Normativity: Evidence and Objections. Biology and Philosophy, 35(4), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-020-09763-1
Flack, Jessica, de Waal Frans y Krakauer David (2005). Social Structure, Robustness, and Policing Cost in a Cognitively Sophisticated Species. The American Naturalist, 165(5), E126-E139. https://doi.org/10.1086/429277
Flack, Jessica, Girvan, Michelle, de Waal, Frans, y Krakauer, David (2006). Policing Stabilizes Construction of Social Niches in Primates. Nature, 439(7075), 426-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04326
Flack, Jessica, Jeannotte Lisa y de Waal Frans (2004). Play Signaling and the Perception of Social Rules by Juvenile Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 118(2), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.118.2.149
Ginsborg, Hannah (2011). Primitive Normativity and Skepticism about Rules. Journal of Philosophy, 108(5), 227-254. https://doi.org/10.5840/jphil2011108518
Ginsborg, Hannah (2018). Normativity and Concepts. En Daniel Stars (Ed.), The Oxford Handbooks of Reasons and Normativity (pp. 989-1014). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.43
Glock, Hans-Johann (2000). Animals, Thoughts and Concepts. Synthese, 123(1), 35-64. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005295521736
Glock, Hans-Johann (2019). Agency, Intelligence and Reasons in Animals. Philosophy, 94(4), 645-671. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819119000275
Hopper, Lydia, Lambeth, Susan, Bernacky, Bruce, Schapiro Steven y Brosnan, Sarah (2013). The Ontogeny of Social Comparisons in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Primatology, 2(109), 2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-6801.1000109
Kappeler, Peter, Fichtel, Claudia, y van Schaik, Carel (2019). There Ought to be Roots: Evolutionary Precursors of Social Norms and Conventions in Non-human Primates. En Neil Roughley y Kurt Bayertz (Eds.), The Normative Animal? On the Anthropological Significance of Social, Moral and Linguistic Norms (pp. 65-82). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846466.003.0003
Kitcher, Philip. (2006). Morality and Evolution. How to Get from Here to There. En Stephen Macedo y Josiah Ober (Eds.), Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved (pp. 120-139). Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400830336-009
Korsgaard, Christine (2006). Morality and the Distinctiveness of Human Action. En Stephen Macedo y Josiah Ober (Eds.), Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved (pp. 98-119). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400830336-008
Korsgaard, Christine (2010). Reflections on the Evolution of Morality. The Amherst Lecture in Philosophy, 5, 1-29. http://www.amherstlecture.org/korsgaard2010
Lorini, Giuseppe (2018). Animal Norms: An Investigation of Normativity in the Non-human Social World. Law, Culture and Humanities, 18(3), https://doi.org/10.1177/174387211880000
Massen, Jorg, Van Den Berg, Lisette, Spruijt, Berry, y Sterck, Elisabeth (2012). Inequity Aversion in Relation to Effort and Relationship Quality in Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis). American Journal of Primatology, 74(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.21014
McGeer, Victoria y Pettit, Philip (2002). The Self-Regulating Mind. Language and Communication, 22(3), 281-299. https://10.1016/S0271-5309(02)00008-3
Monsó, Susana (2022). How to Tell If Animals Can Understand Death. Erkenntnis, 87(1), 117-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-019-00187-2
Morgan, Lloyd (1894). An Introduction to Comparative Psychology. Londres: The Walter Scott Publishing Co. Ldt. https://doi.org/10.1037/11344-000
Neiworth, Julie, Johnson, Elizabeth, Whillock, Katherine, Greenberg, Julia, y Brown, Vanessa (2009). Is a Sense of Inequity an Ancestral Primate Trait? Testing Social Inequity in Cotton Top Tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 123(1), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-6801.1000109
Nelson, Erik (2020). What Frege asked Alex the Parrot: Inferentialism, Number Concepts, and Animal Cognition. Philosophical Psychology, 33(2), 206-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2019.1688777
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