Phraseological Modifications: from Norm to Creativity
Abstract
The aim of this article is to investigate the transgression of the norm that phraseological manipulations imply with respect to phraseological units (PUs), which are shared by the speakers of a linguistic community. While PUs are part of the normal use of a language, phraseological manipulations deviate from this normal use. However, the language system allows these modifications, according to Coseriu’s concepts of norm and system (Coseriu 1952). In addition, since the manipulated PU seeks to cause certain effects on the receiver, discursive strategies are used to ensure communication. In this sense, phraseological manipulations show some defined patterns, which are based both on the literal meaning of the original PU and its idiomatic character.
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Reif, K. (1997). Reflections: European elections as member state second-order elections revisited. European Journal of Political Research, 31, 115-24.
Reif, K. y Schmitt, H. (1980). Nine second-order national elections. A conceptual framework for the analysis of European election results. European Journal of Political Research, 8, 3-44.
Schedler, A. y Sarsfield, R. (2007). Democrats with adjectives: Linking direct and indirect measures of democratic support. European Journal of Political Research, 46 (5), 637-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00708.x.
Welzel, C. (2007). Are Levels of Democracy Affected by Mass Attitudes? Testing Attainment and Sustainment Effects on Democracy. International Political Science Review/Revue internationale de science politique, 28, 397-424. https://doi.org/10.2307/20445104.
Bratton, M. y Mattes, R. (2001). Support for Democracy in Africa: Intrinsic or Instrumental? British Journal of Political Science, 31 (3), 447-474. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123401000175.
Claassen, C. (2019). Does Democracy Require Public Support? SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3045846.
Claassen, C. (2020). Does Public Support Help Democracy Survive? American Journal of Political Science, 64 (1), 118-134. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12452.
Canache, D. 2012. The Meanings of Democracy in Venezuela: Citizen Perceptions and Structural Change. Latin American Politics and Society, 54(3), 95-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00166.x.
Carlin, R. E. y Singer, M. M. 2011. Support for Polyarchy in the Americas. Comparative Political Studies, 44 (11), 1500-1526. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414011407471.
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Altman, D., Bernhard, M., Fish, S., Hicken, A. y Teorell, J. (2011). Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach. Perspectives on Politics, 9 (2), 247-267. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592711000880.
Dalton, R. J. (1994). Communists and Democrats: Democratic Attitudes in the Two Germanies. British Journal of Political Science, 24 (4), 469-493. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400006967.
Diamond, L. y Morlino, L. (2004). The Quality of Democracy. An overview. Journal of Democracy, 15, 20-31.
Doorenspleet, R. (2019). Rethinking the Value of Democracy: A Comparative Perspective. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91656-9_5.
Easton, D. (1965). A systems analysis of political life. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Fails, M. D. y Pierce, H. N. (2010). Changing Mass Attitudes and Democratic Deepening. Political Research Quarterly, 63 (1), 174-187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912908327603.
Hadenius, A. y Teorell, J. (2005). Cultural and economic prerequisites of democracy: Reassessing recent evidence. Studies in Comparative International Development, 39 (4), 87-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686166.
Inglehart, R. (2003). How Solid is Mass Support for Democracy-And How Can We Measure It? PS, Political Science & Politics, 36 (1), 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096503001689.
Inglehart, R. y Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, cultural change, and democracy: the human development sequence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lagos, M. 2008. Latin America’s diversity of views. Journal of Democracy, 19 (1), 111-114, 116-125. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2008.0010.
Lapop. (s. f.). Proyecto de Opinión Pública de América Latina-LAPOP. Recuperado de https://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop-espanol/.
Latinobarómetro. (s. f.). Latinobarómetro. Recuperado de http://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp.
Lipset, S. (1959). Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 53, 69-105.
Morlan, R. 1984. Municipal vs. National Election Voter Turnout: Europe and the United States. Political Science Quarterly, 99 (3), 457. https://doi.org/10.2307/2149943.
Munck, G. L. y Verkuilen, J. (2002a). Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy. Comparative Political Studies, 35 (1), 5-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/001041400203500101.
Munck, G. y Verkulien, J. (2002b). Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices. Comparative Political Studies, 35, 5-34.
Norris, P. (2011). Democratic deficit: critical citizens revisited. En Critical citizens revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pérez-Liñán, A. y Mainwaring, S. (2013). Regime Legacies and Levels of Democracy: Evidence from Latin America. Comparative Politics, 45 (4), 379-397. Recuperado de http://www.jstor.org/stable/43664072.
Przeworski, A., Álvarez, M., Cheibub, J. y Limongi, F. (2000). Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Quaranta, M. 2018. The Meaning of Democracy to Citizens Across European Countries and the Factors Involved. An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, 136 (3), 859-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1427-x.
Qi, L. y Shin, D. C. (2011). How mass political attitudes affect democratization: Exploring the facilitating role critical democrats play in the process. International Political Science Review, 32 (3), 245-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512110382029.
Reif, K. (1997). Reflections: European elections as member state second-order elections revisited. European Journal of Political Research, 31, 115-24.
Reif, K. y Schmitt, H. (1980). Nine second-order national elections. A conceptual framework for the analysis of European election results. European Journal of Political Research, 8, 3-44.
Schedler, A. y Sarsfield, R. (2007). Democrats with adjectives: Linking direct and indirect measures of democratic support. European Journal of Political Research, 46 (5), 637-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00708.x.
Welzel, C. (2007). Are Levels of Democracy Affected by Mass Attitudes? Testing Attainment and Sustainment Effects on Democracy. International Political Science Review/Revue internationale de science politique, 28, 397-424. https://doi.org/10.2307/20445104.
Phraseological Modifications: from Norm to Creativity. (2021). CLINA Revista Interdisciplinaria de Traducción Interpretación Y Comunicación Intercultural, 6(2), 119-136. https://doi.org/10.14201/clina202062119136
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