Heroism, Wisdom and Royalty in the Mythical Age of China (II): Ranks of Order and Civilization
Abstract Some Chinese mythical traditions, such as the one referring to the Augustans and Sovereigns, probably a memory of archaic Neolithic chiefdoms or legendary groups of pre-dynastic ancestors, are used to establish didactic paradigms applicable to politics, good governance and the morals of a highly idealized ruler. Original, savior and foundational, though humanized, deities and heroes are conceived of as ideal models and stereotypes of perfection. Mythical heroes, kings and sages, cultural ancestors, ancestral spirits, are used in Confucian literature as prototypical models that stimulate, and at the same time justify, the ethical and moral mode of conduct in the government of the State and in the socio-familiar organization. In the Taoist, they are used as paradigms that serve as a means of arguing principles, concepts and speculations of different consideration. A whole series of such heroes and ancestors serve as an explanation of the beginnings of historical time, being employed with the aim of assembling a unitary and centralized system based on metaphysical, mythological and religious-moral aspects.
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Puett, M.J. (2002). To Become a God. Cosmology, Sacrifice, and Self-Divinization in Early China. Cambridge-Massachusetts: Harvard-Yenching Institute, Monographs Series 57.
Shaughnessy, E.L. (1992). Sources of Western Zhou History. Inscribed Bronze Vessels. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/101525/9780520910225
Watson, B. (1964). Han Fei Tzu: Basic Writings, «The Five Vermin». Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Watson, B. (1968). The Complete Works of Chuang-tzu. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Watson, B. (Trad.) (1993). Records of the Grand Historian, Hong Kong: Columbia University Press.
Xu, X. (1985). Zhongguo Gushi de Chuanshuo Shidai. Beijing: Wenwu Press.
Yang, L. & Deming, A. (2005). Handbook of Chinese Mythology. Santa Bárbara: ABC-CLIO.
Yasutaro, M. (1970). Huang-ti ch’uan-shuo: Chung-kuo ku-tai shen-hua chih yen-chiu. Taipei: Diping xian Publications.
Yuan, K. (1985). Zhongguo shenhua chuanshuo cidian. Shanghai: Cishu chubanshe.
Yuan, K. (1996). Gu Shenhua Xuanshi. Beijing: Renmin wenxue.
Yuan, K. (1998). Zhongguo Shenhua Da Cidian. Chengdu: Sichuan Cishu Chubanshe.
Zhang, S. N. (2002). Five Heavenly Emperors. Chinese Myths of Creation. Toronto: Tundra Books.
Berthelot, R. (1949). La pensée de l’Asie et l’astrobiologie. París: edit. Payot.
Birrell, A. (2000). Chinese Myths. Londres: British Museum Press.
Bottom, F. (1984). China, su historia y cultura hasta 1800. México, D. F.: El Colegio de México.
Campbell, R. B. (2014). Archaeology of the Chinese Bronze Age. From Erlitou to Anyang. Los Ángeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdjrr9r
Chang, K. C. (1983). Art, Myth and Ritual. The Path to Political Authority in Ancient China. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Chang, K. C. (1989). Ancient China and Its Anthropological Significance. En C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky (ed.), Archaeological Thought in America (pp. 155-166). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558221.011
Changwu, T. (1998). On the Legends of Yao, Shun, and Yu and the Origins of Chinese Civilization. Chinese Studies in Philosophy, 19(3), pp. 21-68. https://doi.org/10.2753/CSP1097-1467190321
Ch’en, M., (1936). Myths and Magic of the Shang Dynasty. Yenching Journal of Chinese Studies, 20, pp. 485-576.
Ch’en, Ping-Liang (1969). Chung-kuo ku-tai shen-hua hsin-shih liang-che. Qinhua xuebao, 7, pp. 210-225.
Ching, J. (1997). Mysticism and kingship in China: The Heart of Chinese Wisdom, Cambridge Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612046
Clottes, J. y Lewis-Williams, D. (2001). Los chamanes de la prehistoria. Barcelona: Ariel Prehistoria.
Couvreur, S. (trad.) (1950). Annales de la Chine. París: Cathasia.
De Bary, W. T. (ed.) (1964). Sources of Chinese Tradition. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Durand, G. (1981). Las estructuras antropológicas de lo imaginario. Una introducción a la arquetipología general. Madrid: Taurus.
Eliade, M. (1960). El Chamanismo y las técnicas arcaicas del éxtasis. México, D. F.: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Elorduy, C. (Trad.) (1991). Chuang-Tzu. Caracas: Monte Ávila.
García-Noblejas, G., (Edit.) (2004). Mitología clásica china. Madrid: edit. Trotta.
Granet, M. (1959a). Danses et légendes de la Chine ancienne, (2 vols.). París: Presses Universitaires de France, Université de France. [1926, Primera edición en París: Annales du Museé Guimet, Bibliothéque d’Études].
Granet, M. (1959b). La civilización china. México, D. F.: UTEHA.
Guénon, R. (2004). La Gran Tríada. Barcelona: edit. Paidós-Orientalia.
Gusdorf, G. (1953). Mythe et Métaphysique. París: Flammarion.
Hsiao-lien, W. (1977). Chung-kuo te she-hua yü ch’uan-shuo. Taipei: Lien-ching.
Jianing, Ch. & Yang, Y. (1995). The World of Chinese Myths. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.
Ku, Chieh-kan, & T’ung, Shu-yeh (1982). Kun Yü te Ch’uan-shuo. Gushi Bian, 7(3), pp. 144-159.
Levi, J. (1977). Le Mythe de L’Age d’Or et les théories de l’évolution en Chine Ancienne. L’Homme, 17(1), pp. 73-103. https://doi.org/10.3406/hom.1977.367719
Li Liu. (1999). Who were the ancestors? The origins of Chinese ancestral cult and racial myths. Antiquity, 73 (28), pp. 602-613. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00065170
López Saco, J. (2019). Las mitologías de la antigua China: Pluralidad, humanización y didactismo. Mérida: AVECH & ULA, Cuadernos de China, n.º 1.
López Saco, J. (2022). Heroicidad, sabiduría y realeza en la edad mítica de China (I): fundamentos de la cultura y la historia. El Futuro del Pasado, 13, pp. 231-268. https://doi.org/10.14201/fdp.27745
Montenegro, A. (1974). Historia de la China antigua. Madrid: Istmo.
Munke, W. (1976). Die klassische chinesische Mythologie. Stuttgart: Ernst Klett Verlag.
Needham, J. (1956-1959). Science and Civilization in China, 3 Vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Needham, J. (1973). Le Temps et l’homme oriental. En La Science chinoise et l’Occident. París: Le Seuil, pp. 200-205.
Palmer, M., & Xiaomin, Z. (1997). Essential Chinese Mythology. Londres: Harper Collins Publishers.
Puett, M.J. (2001). The Ambivalence of Creation: Debates Concerning Innovation and Artifice in Early China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Puett, M.J. (2002). To Become a God. Cosmology, Sacrifice, and Self-Divinization in Early China. Cambridge-Massachusetts: Harvard-Yenching Institute, Monographs Series 57.
Shaughnessy, E.L. (1992). Sources of Western Zhou History. Inscribed Bronze Vessels. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/101525/9780520910225
Watson, B. (1964). Han Fei Tzu: Basic Writings, «The Five Vermin». Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Watson, B. (1968). The Complete Works of Chuang-tzu. Nueva York: Columbia University Press.
Watson, B. (Trad.) (1993). Records of the Grand Historian, Hong Kong: Columbia University Press.
Xu, X. (1985). Zhongguo Gushi de Chuanshuo Shidai. Beijing: Wenwu Press.
Yang, L. & Deming, A. (2005). Handbook of Chinese Mythology. Santa Bárbara: ABC-CLIO.
Yasutaro, M. (1970). Huang-ti ch’uan-shuo: Chung-kuo ku-tai shen-hua chih yen-chiu. Taipei: Diping xian Publications.
Yuan, K. (1985). Zhongguo shenhua chuanshuo cidian. Shanghai: Cishu chubanshe.
Yuan, K. (1996). Gu Shenhua Xuanshi. Beijing: Renmin wenxue.
Yuan, K. (1998). Zhongguo Shenhua Da Cidian. Chengdu: Sichuan Cishu Chubanshe.
Zhang, S. N. (2002). Five Heavenly Emperors. Chinese Myths of Creation. Toronto: Tundra Books.
López Saco, J. (2024). Heroism, Wisdom and Royalty in the Mythical Age of China (II): Ranks of Order and Civilization. El Futuro Del Pasado, 15, 503–527. https://doi.org/10.14201/fdp.29906
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