Employability of University Graduates in Spain. OEEU Project
Abstract In the last years, the promotion of employability and the achievement of competences have become a priority for universities within the European Higher Education Area. For universities, this has entailed a renovated concern for their graduates’ integration into the labour market and the mismatches between the competences achieved during academic education and the employers’ requirements. In the new educational paradigm, competences have become the reference from which the education of university students is organized, planned and evaluated, so the Quality Agencies have introduced new criteria related to employability in academic programs assessment. However, in Spain there is not enough information on these issues, especially regarding the competences that students will need in their career path and the role of higher education in its acquisition, the factors that influence to obtain a job and job stability, job and education satisfaction, the suitability of the educational methodologies, or the mismatches between education and labour market. With this aim, in 2012, the Observatory for Employability and University Employment was created. The objective of this article is to present the results of this systemic university policy initiative focused on monitoring and measuring the employability and employment of university graduates in Spain.
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ANECA (2007). Mapa de actividades de empleo realizadas por las universidades. Madrid: ANECA.
Barrio, R. (2005). Fundamento teórico de las competencias transversales. Capital Humano, 188, 20-25.
Becker, G. S. (1975). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
Bunk, G. (1994). Teaching competence in inicial and continuing vocational training in the Federal Republic of Germany. Vocational Training European Journal, 1, 8-14.
Cruz-Benito, J., Therón, R., García-Peñalvo, F. J., Sánchez-Prieto, J. C. Vázquez-Ingelmo, A., Martín-González, M., & Martínez, J. M. (2017). Improving Success/Completion Ratio in Large Surveys: A Proposal Based on Usability and Engagement. In P. Zaphiris & A. Ioannou (Eds.), Learning and Collaboration Technologies. Technology in Education: 4th International Conference, LCT 2017, Held as Part of HCI International 2017, Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 9-14, 2017, Proceedings, Part II (pp. 352–370). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58515-4_28
Cruz-Benito, J., Vázquez-Ingelmo, A., Sánchez-Prieto, J. C., Therón, R., García-Peñalvo, F. J., & Martín-González, M. (2018). Enabling Adaptability in Web Forms Based on User Characteristics Detection Through A/B Testing and Machine Learning. IEEE Access, 6, 2251-2265. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2782678
De Grip, A., van Loo, J., & Sanders, J. (2004). The Industry Employability Index: taking account of supply and demand characteristics. International Labour Review, 143(3), 211-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2004.tb00269.x
Evans, C., Nathan, M., & Simmonds, D. (1999). Employability through Work. Manchester: Centre for Local Economic Strategies.
Garcia-Aracil, A., Mora, J. G., & Vila, L. E. (2004). The rewards of human capital competences for young European higher education graduates. Tertiary Education & Management, 10(4), 287-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2004.9967133
García-Holgado, A., & García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2016). Architectural pattern to improve the definition and implementation of eLearning ecosystems. Science of Computer Programming, 129, 20-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2016.03.010
Gazier, B. (1999). Employability: An evolutionary notion, an interactive concept. In B. Gazier (Ed.), Employability: concepts and policies (pp. 37-67). Berlin: Institute for Applied Socio-Economics.
Gonzci, A., & Athanasou, J. (1996). Instrumentación de la educación basada en competencias. Perspectiva de la teoría y la práctica en Australia. In A. Argu?elles (Ed.), Competencia laboral y educación basada en normas de competencia. México: Limusa.
Hillage, J., & Pollard, E. (1998). Employability: developing a framework for policy analysis. Sudbury: Department for Education and Employment.
Knight, P. T. (2001). Employability and quality. Quality in Higher Education, 7(2), 93-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320120059981
Maura, V. G., & Tirados, R. M. G. (2008). Competencias genéricas y formación profesional.: Un análisis desde la docencia universitaria. Revista Iberoamericana de Edcucación, 47, 185-209.
McAfee, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Davenport, T. H., Patil, D. J., & Barton, D. (2012). Big data. The management revolution. Harvard Business Review, 90(10), 61-67.
McQuaid, W., & Lindsay, C. (2005). The concept of employability. Urban Studies, 42(2), 197-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000316100
Michavila, F., Martín-González, M., Martínez, J. M., García-Peñalvo, F. J., & Cruz-Benito, J. (2015). Analyzing the employability and employment factors of graduate students in Spain: The OEEU Information System. In G. R. Alves & M. C. Felgueiras (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM’15) (Porto, Portugal, October 7-9, 2015) (pp. 277-283). New York, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2808580.2808622
Michavila, F., Martínez, J. M., Martín-González, M., García-Peñalvo, F. J., & Cruz-Benito, J. (2016). Barómetro de empleabilidad y empleo de los universitarios en España, 2015. Primer informe de resultados. Madrid: Observatorio de Empleabilidad y Empleo Universitarios.
OECD. (2015). OECD Skills Outlook 2015: Youth, Skills and Employability. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Patil, D. J., & Mason, H. (2014). Data Driven. Creating a Data Culture. O’Reilly Ed. Red Universitaria de Asuntos Estudiantiles. (2010). La actividad de los observatorios de empleo en las universidades españolas. Madrid: CRUE Universidades Españolas.
Tamkin, P., & Hillage, J. (1999). Employability and Employers: the missing piece on the jigsaw. Brighton: Institute for Employment Studies.
Thijssen, J. G. L. (2000). Employability in het brandpunt. Aanzet tot verheldering van een diffuus fenomeen. Tijdschrift HRM, 1, 7-34.
Thijssen, J., Van der Heijden, B., & Rocco, T. S. (2008). Toward the Employability–Link Model: Current Employment Transition to Future Employment Perspectives. Human Resource Development Review, 7, 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484308314955
Vázquez-Ingelmo, A., Cruz-Benito, J., García-Peñalvo, F. J., & Martín-González, M. (2018). Scaffolding the OEEU’s Data-Driven Ecosystem to Analyze the Employability of Spanish Graduates. In F. J. García-Peñalvo (Ed.), Global Implications of Emerging Technology Trends (pp. 236-255). Hershey PA, USA: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4944-4.ch013
Barrio, R. (2005). Fundamento teórico de las competencias transversales. Capital Humano, 188, 20-25.
Becker, G. S. (1975). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
Bunk, G. (1994). Teaching competence in inicial and continuing vocational training in the Federal Republic of Germany. Vocational Training European Journal, 1, 8-14.
Cruz-Benito, J., Therón, R., García-Peñalvo, F. J., Sánchez-Prieto, J. C. Vázquez-Ingelmo, A., Martín-González, M., & Martínez, J. M. (2017). Improving Success/Completion Ratio in Large Surveys: A Proposal Based on Usability and Engagement. In P. Zaphiris & A. Ioannou (Eds.), Learning and Collaboration Technologies. Technology in Education: 4th International Conference, LCT 2017, Held as Part of HCI International 2017, Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 9-14, 2017, Proceedings, Part II (pp. 352–370). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58515-4_28
Cruz-Benito, J., Vázquez-Ingelmo, A., Sánchez-Prieto, J. C., Therón, R., García-Peñalvo, F. J., & Martín-González, M. (2018). Enabling Adaptability in Web Forms Based on User Characteristics Detection Through A/B Testing and Machine Learning. IEEE Access, 6, 2251-2265. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2782678
De Grip, A., van Loo, J., & Sanders, J. (2004). The Industry Employability Index: taking account of supply and demand characteristics. International Labour Review, 143(3), 211-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2004.tb00269.x
Evans, C., Nathan, M., & Simmonds, D. (1999). Employability through Work. Manchester: Centre for Local Economic Strategies.
Garcia-Aracil, A., Mora, J. G., & Vila, L. E. (2004). The rewards of human capital competences for young European higher education graduates. Tertiary Education & Management, 10(4), 287-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2004.9967133
García-Holgado, A., & García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2016). Architectural pattern to improve the definition and implementation of eLearning ecosystems. Science of Computer Programming, 129, 20-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2016.03.010
Gazier, B. (1999). Employability: An evolutionary notion, an interactive concept. In B. Gazier (Ed.), Employability: concepts and policies (pp. 37-67). Berlin: Institute for Applied Socio-Economics.
Gonzci, A., & Athanasou, J. (1996). Instrumentación de la educación basada en competencias. Perspectiva de la teoría y la práctica en Australia. In A. Argu?elles (Ed.), Competencia laboral y educación basada en normas de competencia. México: Limusa.
Hillage, J., & Pollard, E. (1998). Employability: developing a framework for policy analysis. Sudbury: Department for Education and Employment.
Knight, P. T. (2001). Employability and quality. Quality in Higher Education, 7(2), 93-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320120059981
Maura, V. G., & Tirados, R. M. G. (2008). Competencias genéricas y formación profesional.: Un análisis desde la docencia universitaria. Revista Iberoamericana de Edcucación, 47, 185-209.
McAfee, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Davenport, T. H., Patil, D. J., & Barton, D. (2012). Big data. The management revolution. Harvard Business Review, 90(10), 61-67.
McQuaid, W., & Lindsay, C. (2005). The concept of employability. Urban Studies, 42(2), 197-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000316100
Michavila, F., Martín-González, M., Martínez, J. M., García-Peñalvo, F. J., & Cruz-Benito, J. (2015). Analyzing the employability and employment factors of graduate students in Spain: The OEEU Information System. In G. R. Alves & M. C. Felgueiras (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM’15) (Porto, Portugal, October 7-9, 2015) (pp. 277-283). New York, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2808580.2808622
Michavila, F., Martínez, J. M., Martín-González, M., García-Peñalvo, F. J., & Cruz-Benito, J. (2016). Barómetro de empleabilidad y empleo de los universitarios en España, 2015. Primer informe de resultados. Madrid: Observatorio de Empleabilidad y Empleo Universitarios.
OECD. (2015). OECD Skills Outlook 2015: Youth, Skills and Employability. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Patil, D. J., & Mason, H. (2014). Data Driven. Creating a Data Culture. O’Reilly Ed. Red Universitaria de Asuntos Estudiantiles. (2010). La actividad de los observatorios de empleo en las universidades españolas. Madrid: CRUE Universidades Españolas.
Tamkin, P., & Hillage, J. (1999). Employability and Employers: the missing piece on the jigsaw. Brighton: Institute for Employment Studies.
Thijssen, J. G. L. (2000). Employability in het brandpunt. Aanzet tot verheldering van een diffuus fenomeen. Tijdschrift HRM, 1, 7-34.
Thijssen, J., Van der Heijden, B., & Rocco, T. S. (2008). Toward the Employability–Link Model: Current Employment Transition to Future Employment Perspectives. Human Resource Development Review, 7, 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484308314955
Vázquez-Ingelmo, A., Cruz-Benito, J., García-Peñalvo, F. J., & Martín-González, M. (2018). Scaffolding the OEEU’s Data-Driven Ecosystem to Analyze the Employability of Spanish Graduates. In F. J. García-Peñalvo (Ed.), Global Implications of Emerging Technology Trends (pp. 236-255). Hershey PA, USA: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4944-4.ch013
Michavila, F., Martínez, J. M., Martín-González, M., García-Peñalvo, F. J., & Cruz-Benito, J. (2018). Employability of University Graduates in Spain. OEEU Project. Education in The Knowledge Society, 19(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks20181912139
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