Cuestionando el desafío a las recomendaciones sobre el uso de pantallas electrónicas
Resumen En septiembre de 2023, Nature publicó “An umbrella review of the benefits and risks associated with youths' interactions with electronic screens”. Esta revisión tenía como objetivo comprender la influencia de las pantallas electrónicas en la salud y el rendimiento educativo de niños y adolescentes de 0 a 18 años. Los autores concluían que las pautas actuales sobre el uso de pantallas pueden ser demasiado simplistas, que no caracterizan adecuadamente la fuerza de la evidencia o que no reconocen los matices importantes de la cuestión. Por lo tanto, los autores respaldaban la tendencia a alejarse de la reducción del tiempo de uso de pantallas que se encuentra en las recomendaciones, para centrarse en el tipo de uso de las pantallas. Nuestra contribución se centra en responder a la pregunta de si los resultados de la revisión son suficientes para poder cuestionar las recomendaciones actuales sobre el uso de las pantallas. Para ello, resumimos la literatura actual sobre las recomendaciones a las que los autores se refirieron genéricamente, así como la justificación que las fundamentan y, a continuación, explicamos por qué los resultados de la revisión son insuficientes para cuestionar esas recomendaciones. Demostramos que algunas de las principales conclusiones de la revisión no son coherentes con sus propios resultados y que no se establece una relación entre sus hallazgos y la desacreditación de las recomendaciones actuales. La ausencia de evidencia no es evidencia de ausencia y los investigadores deben ser cuidadosos al cuestionar las recomendaciones de salud pública basándose en evidencia incompleta.
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Canadian Paediatric Society. (2017). Screen time and young children: Promoting health and development in a digital world. Paediatrics and Child Health (Canada), 22(8), 461-477. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxx123
Canadian Paediatric Society. (2022, noviembre 24). Screen time and preschool children: Promoting health and development in a digital world | Canadian Paediatric Society. Canadian Paediatric Society. https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/screen-time-and-preschool-children
Canadian Paediatric Society. (2023). Screen time and preschool children: Promoting health and development in a digital world. Paediatrics & Child Health, 28(3), 184-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxac125
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Choi, G. J., & Kang, H. (2022). The umbrella review: A useful strategy in the rain of evidence. Korean Journal of Pain, 35(2), 127-128. https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2022.35.2.127
Christakis, D. A. (2010). Infant media viewing: First, do not harm. Pediatric annals, 39(9), 578-582. https://doi.org/10.3928/00904481-20100825-10
Ferguson, C. J. (2017). Everything in Moderation: Moderate Use of Screens Unassociated with Child Behavior Problems. Psychiatric Quarterly, 88(4), 797-805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-016-9486-3
Fusar-Poli, P., & Radua, J. (2018). Ten simple rules for conducting umbrella reviews. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 21(3), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2018-300014
Houghton, S., Hunter, S. C., Rosenberg, M., Wood, L., Zadow, C., Martin, K., & Shilton, T. (2015). Virtually impossible: Limiting Australian children and adolescents daily screen based media use. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-15-5
Kaye, L. K., Orben, A., Ellis, D. A., Hunter, S. C., & Houghton, S. (2020). The conceptual and methodological mayhem of “screen time”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103661
Li, M., Zhao, R., Dang, X., Xu, X., Chen, R., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Z., & Wu, D. (2024). Causal Relationships Between Screen Use, Reading, and Brain Development in Early Adolescents. Advanced Science, 2307540, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202307540
Lonsdale, C., Noetel, M., Parker, P. D., & Sanders, T. (2023, noviembre 13). TV can be educational but social media likely harms mental health: What 70 years of research tells us about children and screens. The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/tv-can-be-educational-but-social-media-likely-harms-mental-health-what-70-years-of-research-tells-us-about-children-and-screens-216638
Madigan, S., McArthur, B. A., Anhorn, C., Eirich, R., & Christakis, D. A. (2020). Associations between Screen Use and Child Language Skills: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(7), 665-675. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0327
Mediavilla, D. (2023, noviembre 13). Una revisión de estudios indica que los efectos del uso de pantallas en los niños y adolescentes son pequeños. El País. https://elpais.com/salud-y-bienestar/2023-11-13/una-revision-de-estudios-indica-que-los-efectos-del-uso-de-pantallas-en-los-ninos-y-adolescentes-son-pequenos.html
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2021). Study Quality Assessment Tools | NHLBI, NIH. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). (2006). The NICHD Study of Early Child Care & Youth Development. Findings for Children up to Age 4½ Years. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/research/supported/seccyd
Palomo. (2023, noviembre 13). El efecto de las pantallas en los jóvenes: Ni buenas ni malas, la clave está en el contenido. Diario ABC. https://www.abc.es/sociedad/efecto-pantallas-jovenes-buenas-malas-clave-contenido-20231113170237-nt.html
Reid-Chassiakos, Y. R., Radesky, J., Christakis, D., Moreno, M. A., Cross, C., Hill, D., Ameenuddin, N., Hutchinson, J., Boyd, R., Mendelson, R., Smith, J., & Swanson, W. S. (2016). Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162593. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2593
Salmerón-Ruiz, M. A., Montiel, I., y L'Ecuyer, C. (2024). Llamada a la prudencia en el uso de las pantallas: Ausencia de evidencia no es evidencia de ausencia. Anales de Pediatría. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2024.03.009
Sanders, T., Noetel, M., Parker, P., Del Pozo Cruz, B., Biddle, S., Ronto, R., Hulteen, R., Parker, R., Thomas, G., De Cocker, K., Salmon, J., Hesketh, K., Weeks, N., Arnott, H., Devine, E., Vasconcellos, R., Pagano, R., Sherson, J., Conigrave, J., & Lonsdale, C. (2023). An umbrella review of the benefits and risks associated with youths’ interactions with electronic screens. Nature Human Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01712-8
Sanders, T., Parker, P. D., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Noetel, M., & Lonsdale, C. (2019). Type of screen time moderates effects on outcomes in 4013 children: Evidence from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0881-7
The Lancet. (2019). Social media, screen time, and young people’s mental health. The Lancet, 393(10172), 611. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30358-7
Tremblay, M. S., Carson, V., Chaput, J.-P., Connor Gorber, S., Dinh, T., Duggan, M., Faulkner, G., Gray, C. E., Gruber, R., Janson, K., Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Kho, M. E., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., LeBlanc, C., Okely, A. D., Olds, T., Pate, R. R., Phillips, A., … Zehr, L. (2016). Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth: An Integration of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(6 (Suppl. 3)), S311-S327. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0151
World Health Organization. (2019). Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/311664
Xie, H., Peng, J., Qin, M., Huang, X., Tian, F., & Zhou, Z. (2018). Can touchscreen devices be used to facilitate young children’s learning? A meta-analysis of touchscreen learning effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(DEC), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02580
AAP Council on Communications and Media. (2010). Media Education. Pediatrics, 126(5), 1012-1017. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1636
AAP Council on Communications and Media. (2011). Media use by children younger than 2 years. Pediatrics, 128(5), 1040-1045. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-1753
AAP Council on Communications and Media. (2016a). Media and young minds. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162591. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2591
AAP Council on Communications and Media. (2016b). Media use in school-aged children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162592. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2592
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2022). AAP Publications Reaffirmed. Pediatrics, 150(4), e2022059284. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-059284
Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. (2021, enero 14). Physical activity and exercise guidelines for all Australians [Text]. Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care; Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. https://www.health.gov.au/topics/physical-activity-and-exercise/physical-activity-and-exercise-guidelines-for-all-australians
Belbasis, L., Bellou, V., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2022). Conducting umbrella reviews. BMJ Medicine, 1(1), e000071. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjmed-2021-000071
Canadian Paediatric Society. (2017). Screen time and young children: Promoting health and development in a digital world. Paediatrics and Child Health (Canada), 22(8), 461-477. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxx123
Canadian Paediatric Society. (2022, noviembre 24). Screen time and preschool children: Promoting health and development in a digital world | Canadian Paediatric Society. Canadian Paediatric Society. https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/screen-time-and-preschool-children
Canadian Paediatric Society. (2023). Screen time and preschool children: Promoting health and development in a digital world. Paediatrics & Child Health, 28(3), 184-192. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxac125
Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CSEP). (2021). 24-Hour Movement Guidelines – Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines. https://csepguidelines.ca/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). 2013 State and Local Youth Risk Behavior Survey. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6304a1.htm?s_cid=ss6304a1_w
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Brener, N. D., Kann, L., Shanklin, S., Kinchen, S., Eaton, D. K., Hawkins, J., Flint, K. H., & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Methodology of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System—2013. MMWR. Recommendations and Reports: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports, 62(RR-1), 1-20.
Choi, G. J., & Kang, H. (2022). The umbrella review: A useful strategy in the rain of evidence. Korean Journal of Pain, 35(2), 127-128. https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2022.35.2.127
Christakis, D. A. (2010). Infant media viewing: First, do not harm. Pediatric annals, 39(9), 578-582. https://doi.org/10.3928/00904481-20100825-10
Ferguson, C. J. (2017). Everything in Moderation: Moderate Use of Screens Unassociated with Child Behavior Problems. Psychiatric Quarterly, 88(4), 797-805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-016-9486-3
Fusar-Poli, P., & Radua, J. (2018). Ten simple rules for conducting umbrella reviews. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 21(3), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2018-300014
Houghton, S., Hunter, S. C., Rosenberg, M., Wood, L., Zadow, C., Martin, K., & Shilton, T. (2015). Virtually impossible: Limiting Australian children and adolescents daily screen based media use. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-15-5
Kaye, L. K., Orben, A., Ellis, D. A., Hunter, S. C., & Houghton, S. (2020). The conceptual and methodological mayhem of “screen time”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103661
Li, M., Zhao, R., Dang, X., Xu, X., Chen, R., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Z., & Wu, D. (2024). Causal Relationships Between Screen Use, Reading, and Brain Development in Early Adolescents. Advanced Science, 2307540, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202307540
Lonsdale, C., Noetel, M., Parker, P. D., & Sanders, T. (2023, noviembre 13). TV can be educational but social media likely harms mental health: What 70 years of research tells us about children and screens. The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/tv-can-be-educational-but-social-media-likely-harms-mental-health-what-70-years-of-research-tells-us-about-children-and-screens-216638
Madigan, S., McArthur, B. A., Anhorn, C., Eirich, R., & Christakis, D. A. (2020). Associations between Screen Use and Child Language Skills: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(7), 665-675. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0327
Mediavilla, D. (2023, noviembre 13). Una revisión de estudios indica que los efectos del uso de pantallas en los niños y adolescentes son pequeños. El País. https://elpais.com/salud-y-bienestar/2023-11-13/una-revision-de-estudios-indica-que-los-efectos-del-uso-de-pantallas-en-los-ninos-y-adolescentes-son-pequenos.html
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2021). Study Quality Assessment Tools | NHLBI, NIH. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). (2006). The NICHD Study of Early Child Care & Youth Development. Findings for Children up to Age 4½ Years. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/research/supported/seccyd
Palomo. (2023, noviembre 13). El efecto de las pantallas en los jóvenes: Ni buenas ni malas, la clave está en el contenido. Diario ABC. https://www.abc.es/sociedad/efecto-pantallas-jovenes-buenas-malas-clave-contenido-20231113170237-nt.html
Reid-Chassiakos, Y. R., Radesky, J., Christakis, D., Moreno, M. A., Cross, C., Hill, D., Ameenuddin, N., Hutchinson, J., Boyd, R., Mendelson, R., Smith, J., & Swanson, W. S. (2016). Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162593. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2593
Salmerón-Ruiz, M. A., Montiel, I., y L'Ecuyer, C. (2024). Llamada a la prudencia en el uso de las pantallas: Ausencia de evidencia no es evidencia de ausencia. Anales de Pediatría. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2024.03.009
Sanders, T., Noetel, M., Parker, P., Del Pozo Cruz, B., Biddle, S., Ronto, R., Hulteen, R., Parker, R., Thomas, G., De Cocker, K., Salmon, J., Hesketh, K., Weeks, N., Arnott, H., Devine, E., Vasconcellos, R., Pagano, R., Sherson, J., Conigrave, J., & Lonsdale, C. (2023). An umbrella review of the benefits and risks associated with youths’ interactions with electronic screens. Nature Human Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01712-8
Sanders, T., Parker, P. D., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Noetel, M., & Lonsdale, C. (2019). Type of screen time moderates effects on outcomes in 4013 children: Evidence from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0881-7
The Lancet. (2019). Social media, screen time, and young people’s mental health. The Lancet, 393(10172), 611. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30358-7
Tremblay, M. S., Carson, V., Chaput, J.-P., Connor Gorber, S., Dinh, T., Duggan, M., Faulkner, G., Gray, C. E., Gruber, R., Janson, K., Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Kho, M. E., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., LeBlanc, C., Okely, A. D., Olds, T., Pate, R. R., Phillips, A., … Zehr, L. (2016). Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth: An Integration of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(6 (Suppl. 3)), S311-S327. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0151
World Health Organization. (2019). Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/311664
Xie, H., Peng, J., Qin, M., Huang, X., Tian, F., & Zhou, Z. (2018). Can touchscreen devices be used to facilitate young children’s learning? A meta-analysis of touchscreen learning effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(DEC), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02580
L’ecuyer, C., Oron Semper, J. V., Montiel, I., Osorio, A., López-Fidalgo, J., & Salmerón Ruiz, M. A. (2025). Cuestionando el desafío a las recomendaciones sobre el uso de pantallas electrónicas. Teoría De La Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria, 37(1), 129–149. https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.31886
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