Defining, diagnosing, classifying, and planning supports for people with intellectual disability: an emerging consensus
Abstract Significant international work in the field of intellectual disability (ID) over the last decade has resulted in an emerging consensus regarding the definition of ID, the criteria used to diagnose a person with ID, the classification of individuals who have been diagnosed with ID, and the planning of individualized supports for people with ID. This article describes that emerging consensus
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ALEXANDER, R. M. and REYNOLDS, M. R. (2020). Intelligence and adaptive behavior: a meta-analysis. School Psychology Review, 49, 85-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/2372966X.2020.1717374
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
ARNOLD, S. R. C., RICHES, V. C. and STANCLIFFE, R. (2014). I-CAN: the classification and prediction of support needs. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 27, 97-111.
BUNTINX, W. H. E., YU TAN, I. and ALDENKAMP, A. P. (2018). Support values through the eyes of the patient: an explanatory study into long-term support of persons with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior, 82, 155-163.
GÓMEZ, L. E. and VERDUGO, M. Á. (2016). Outcome evaluation. In R. L. SCHALOCK and K. D. KEITH (Eds.), Cross-cultural quality of life: enhancing the lives of people with intellectual disability (pp. 71-80). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
HARRISON, P. L. and OAKLAND, T. (2015). Adaptive Behavior Assessment System: Third Edition (ABAS-3). Pearson Publishing.
LUCKASSON, R. and SCHALOCK, R. L. (2013). Defining and applying a functionality approach to intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57, 657-668.
PEARSON, N. A., PATTON, J. R. and MRUZEK, D. W. (2015). Adaptive Behavior Diagnostic Scale (ABDS). Pro-ed.
QIAN, X., LARSON, S., TICHA, R., STANCLIFFE, R. and PETTINGELL, S. L. (2019). Active support training, staff assistance, and engagement of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the United States: randomized controlled trial. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 124, 157-173.
SCHALOCK, R. L. and LUCKASSON, R. (2015). A systematic approach to subgroup classification in intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 53, 358-366.
SCHALOCK, R. L., LUCKASSON, R. and TASSÉ, M. J. (in press). Ongoing transformation in the field of IDD: taking action for future progress. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
SCHALOCK, R. L., LUCKASSON, R. and TASSÉ, M. J. (2021). Intellectual disability: definition, diagnosis, classification, and systems of supports (12th ed.). AAIDD.
SCHALOCK, R. L., THOMPSON, J. R. and TASSÉ, M. J. (2018). A systematic approach to personal support plans. AAIDD.
SCHALOCK, R. L. and VERDUGO, M. Á. (2019). International developments influencing the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities. In K. D. KEITH (Ed.), Cross-cultural psychology: contemporary themes and perspectives (pp. 309-323). Wiley-Blackwell.
SPARROW, S. S., CICCHETTI, D. V. and SAULNIER, C. A. (2016). Vineland Adaptive Scales (3rd ed.) Pearson.
STANCLIFFE, R. J., ARNOLD, S. R. C. and RICHES, V. C. (2016). The supports paradigm. In R. L. SCHALOCK and K. D. KEITH (Eds.), Cross-cultural quality of life: enhancing the lives of people with intellectual disability (pp. 133-142). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
TASSÉ, M. J., BALBONI, G., NAVAS P., LUCKASSON, R., NYGREN, M. A., BELACCHI, C., REED, G. M. y KOGAN, C. S. (2019). Developing behavioral indicators for intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior for ICD-11 disorders of intellectual development. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 63, 386-407.
TASSÉ, M. J., LUCKASSON, R. and SCHALOCK, R. L. (2016). The relation between intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior in the diagnosis of intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 54, 381-390.
TASSÉ, M. J., SCHALOCK, R. L., BALBONI, G., BERSANI, H., BORTHWICK-DUFFY, S. A., SPREAT, S., THISSEN, K. F. W. and ZHANG, K. (2017). Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale user’s manual. AAIDD.
THOMPSON, J. R., BRYANT, B. R., SCHALOCK, R. L., SHOGREN, K. A., TASSÉ, M. J., WEHMEYER, M., CAMPBELL, E. M., CRAIS, E. M., HUGHES, C. and ROTHOLZ, D. A. (2015). Supports Intensity Scale-Adult version user’s guide. AAIDD.
THOMPSON, J. R., SCHALOCK, R. L., AGOSTA, J., TENINTY, L. and FORTUNE, J. (2014). How the supports paradigm is transforming service systems for persons with intellectual and related developmental disabilities. Inclusion, 2, 86-99.
THOMPSON, J. R., WEHMEYER, M. L., HUGHES, C., SHOGREN, K. A., SEO, H., LITTLE, T. D., SEO, H., SCHALOCK, R. L. and TASSÉ, M. J. (2016). Supports Intensity Scale-Children’s Version (SIS-C). Interview and profile form. AAIDD.
VERDUGO, M. Á., SCHALOCK, R. L. and GÓMEZ, L. E. (in press). El Modelo de Calidad de Vida y Apoyos: La unión tras veinticinco años de caminos paralelos. Siglo Cero.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. (2018). ICD-11 beta draft. https://icd.who.int/dev11/1-m/en
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
ARNOLD, S. R. C., RICHES, V. C. and STANCLIFFE, R. (2014). I-CAN: the classification and prediction of support needs. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 27, 97-111.
BUNTINX, W. H. E., YU TAN, I. and ALDENKAMP, A. P. (2018). Support values through the eyes of the patient: an explanatory study into long-term support of persons with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior, 82, 155-163.
GÓMEZ, L. E. and VERDUGO, M. Á. (2016). Outcome evaluation. In R. L. SCHALOCK and K. D. KEITH (Eds.), Cross-cultural quality of life: enhancing the lives of people with intellectual disability (pp. 71-80). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
HARRISON, P. L. and OAKLAND, T. (2015). Adaptive Behavior Assessment System: Third Edition (ABAS-3). Pearson Publishing.
LUCKASSON, R. and SCHALOCK, R. L. (2013). Defining and applying a functionality approach to intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57, 657-668.
PEARSON, N. A., PATTON, J. R. and MRUZEK, D. W. (2015). Adaptive Behavior Diagnostic Scale (ABDS). Pro-ed.
QIAN, X., LARSON, S., TICHA, R., STANCLIFFE, R. and PETTINGELL, S. L. (2019). Active support training, staff assistance, and engagement of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the United States: randomized controlled trial. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 124, 157-173.
SCHALOCK, R. L. and LUCKASSON, R. (2015). A systematic approach to subgroup classification in intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 53, 358-366.
SCHALOCK, R. L., LUCKASSON, R. and TASSÉ, M. J. (in press). Ongoing transformation in the field of IDD: taking action for future progress. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
SCHALOCK, R. L., LUCKASSON, R. and TASSÉ, M. J. (2021). Intellectual disability: definition, diagnosis, classification, and systems of supports (12th ed.). AAIDD.
SCHALOCK, R. L., THOMPSON, J. R. and TASSÉ, M. J. (2018). A systematic approach to personal support plans. AAIDD.
SCHALOCK, R. L. and VERDUGO, M. Á. (2019). International developments influencing the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities. In K. D. KEITH (Ed.), Cross-cultural psychology: contemporary themes and perspectives (pp. 309-323). Wiley-Blackwell.
SPARROW, S. S., CICCHETTI, D. V. and SAULNIER, C. A. (2016). Vineland Adaptive Scales (3rd ed.) Pearson.
STANCLIFFE, R. J., ARNOLD, S. R. C. and RICHES, V. C. (2016). The supports paradigm. In R. L. SCHALOCK and K. D. KEITH (Eds.), Cross-cultural quality of life: enhancing the lives of people with intellectual disability (pp. 133-142). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
TASSÉ, M. J., BALBONI, G., NAVAS P., LUCKASSON, R., NYGREN, M. A., BELACCHI, C., REED, G. M. y KOGAN, C. S. (2019). Developing behavioral indicators for intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior for ICD-11 disorders of intellectual development. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 63, 386-407.
TASSÉ, M. J., LUCKASSON, R. and SCHALOCK, R. L. (2016). The relation between intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior in the diagnosis of intellectual disability. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 54, 381-390.
TASSÉ, M. J., SCHALOCK, R. L., BALBONI, G., BERSANI, H., BORTHWICK-DUFFY, S. A., SPREAT, S., THISSEN, K. F. W. and ZHANG, K. (2017). Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale user’s manual. AAIDD.
THOMPSON, J. R., BRYANT, B. R., SCHALOCK, R. L., SHOGREN, K. A., TASSÉ, M. J., WEHMEYER, M., CAMPBELL, E. M., CRAIS, E. M., HUGHES, C. and ROTHOLZ, D. A. (2015). Supports Intensity Scale-Adult version user’s guide. AAIDD.
THOMPSON, J. R., SCHALOCK, R. L., AGOSTA, J., TENINTY, L. and FORTUNE, J. (2014). How the supports paradigm is transforming service systems for persons with intellectual and related developmental disabilities. Inclusion, 2, 86-99.
THOMPSON, J. R., WEHMEYER, M. L., HUGHES, C., SHOGREN, K. A., SEO, H., LITTLE, T. D., SEO, H., SCHALOCK, R. L. and TASSÉ, M. J. (2016). Supports Intensity Scale-Children’s Version (SIS-C). Interview and profile form. AAIDD.
VERDUGO, M. Á., SCHALOCK, R. L. and GÓMEZ, L. E. (in press). El Modelo de Calidad de Vida y Apoyos: La unión tras veinticinco años de caminos paralelos. Siglo Cero.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. (2018). ICD-11 beta draft. https://icd.who.int/dev11/1-m/en
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., & Tassé, M. J. . (2021). Defining, diagnosing, classifying, and planning supports for people with intellectual disability: an emerging consensus. Siglo Cero, 52(3), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero20215232936
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