Un examen del rol de los estudiantes de profesiones de la salud como actores en diplomacia científica
Resumen
Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, la colaboración internacional fue clave para desarrollar tratamientos, herramientas de diagnóstico y ensayos clínicos, destacando la necesidad de cooperación global. En este contexto, surgió el concepto de "diplomacia científica" (DS), que juega un papel crucial en el avance de la salud global y la formulación de políticas. Sin embargo, la literatura actual no aborda la inclusión de la DS en los planes de estudio de las facultades de medicina ni explora su relación con la práctica médica. Nuestra revisión tiene tres objetivos: 1) destacar la relevancia de la DS en ciencia y salud, especialmente desde la pandemia; 2) evaluar su incorporación en los planes de estudio médicos; y 3) proponer estrategias para integrar la DS en la educación médica. Para ello, analizamos el impacto de la DS durante la pandemia, revisamos 59 artículos publicados entre 2000 y 2023 y desarrollamos recomendaciones concretas para preparar a los profesionales de la salud en iniciativas diplomáticas que fomenten la equidad y cooperación global. Este proyecto pionero identifica brechas en la educación médica relacionadas con la DS y plantea soluciones para integrar este enfoque, mejorando la preparación de los profesionales ante retos de salud global.
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Bonilla, Karla, Cabrera, José, Calles-Minero, Carlos, Torres-Atencio, Irma, Aquino, Karen, Renderos, Daniela, et al. (2021). Participation in communities of women scientists in Central America. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 6, 661508. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2021.661508
Bonilla, Karla, Serafim, Milena, & Bamaca-Lopez, Evelyn (2024). Science diplomacy in Ecuador: Political discourse and practices between 2007 and 2017. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 9, 656969. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2021.656969
Büger, Christian, & Gadinger, Frank (2007). Reassembling and dissecting: International relations practice from a science studies perspective. International Studies Perspectives, 8(1), 90–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2007.00271.x
Butler, Daniel L., Castello, Beatriz, Elliott, Susan, Goldenkoff, Ethan R., Warner, Isabelle A., & Zimmermann, Anna C. (2022). Recognize and alleviate a resource management conundrum facing science diaspora networks. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 7, 898770. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2022.898770
Carayannis, Elias, & Campbell, David F. (2011). Open innovation diplomacy and a 21st-century FREIE ecosystem. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 2, 327–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-011-0058-3
Caverzagie, Kelly J., Nousiainen, Markku T., Ferguson, Peter C., ten Cate, Olle, Ross, Sheila, Harris, Karen A., et al. (2017). Overarching challenges to competency-based medical education. Medical Teacher, 39(6), 588–593. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2017.1315075
Chattu, Vijay K., Singh, Bhavna, Kajal, Farah, Chatla, Chandra, Chattu, Satish K., Pattanshetty, Satish, et al. (2023). The rise of India’s global health diplomacy amid COVID-19. Health Promotion Perspectives, 13(3), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2023.34
Crane, Johanna T. (2010). Unequal “partners”: AIDS, academia, and global health. Bioethics and Education, 1(2), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1524/behe.2010.0021
Croix, Laurie, Rose, Catherine, Wildig, Emma, & Wilson, Sarah (2011). Arts-based learning in medical education. Medical Education, 45(11), 1090–1100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04060.x
Cunha, Ana R., Compton, Katherine, Xu, Rui, Mishra, Ramesh, Drangsholt, Michael T., Antunes, João, & Kerr, Alexa R. (2023). Global burden of adult lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancer. JAMA Oncology, 9(8), 1123–1134. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.2960
Dolby, Nadine, & Rahman, Md. (2008). Research in international education. Review of Educational Research, 78(3), 676–726. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308320291
Echeverria-King, Luis F., Toro, Rocío C., Figueroa, Pablo, Galvis, Luis A., González, Andrea, Suárez, Valeria R., Atencio, Irma T., et al. (2022). Organized scientific diaspora and its contributions to science diplomacy. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 7, 893593. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2022.893593
Elbe, Stefan, & Buckland-Merrett, Gemma (2017). Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID’s contribution to global health. Global Challenges, 1(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.1018
Elzinga, Aant (2012). Features of the current science policy regime in historical perspective. Science and Public Policy, 39, 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs046
Fedoroff, Nina V. (2009). Science diplomacy in the 21st century. Cell, 136(1), 9–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.030
Feldbaum, Harley, & Michaud, Joshua (2010). Health diplomacy and foreign policy interests. PLoS Medicine, 7(4), e1000226. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000226
Flink, Tim, & Ruffini, Niccolò (2019). The current state of the art of science diplomacy. In Handbook on Science and Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784715946.00015
Flink, Tim, & Schreiterer, Ulrich (2010). Science diplomacy at the intersection of S&T policies and foreign affairs. Science and Public Policy, 37(9), 665–677. https://doi.org/10.3152/030234210X12778118264530
Hill, Ian (2012). Evolution of education for international mindedness. Journal of Research in International Education, 11(3), 245–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240912461990
Jarquin-Solis, María E., & Mauduit, Jean-Christophe (2021). Institutional capacity for science diplomacy in Central America. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 6, 663827. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2021.663827
Jogerst, Kristi, Callender, Brenda, Adams, Victoria, Evert, Jessica, Fields, Erica, Hall, Tricia, et al. (2015). Interprofessional global health competencies. Annals of Global Health, 81(2), 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.03.006
Katz, R., Kornblet, S., Arnold, G., Lief, E., & Fischer, J. E. (2011). Defining health diplomacy: Changing demands in the era of globalization. The Milbank Quarterly, 89(3), 503–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2011.00637.x
Khare, S., Gurry, C., Freitas, L., Schultz, M. B., Bach, G., Diallo, A., & GISAID Initiative. (2021). GISAID’s Role in Pandemic Response. China CDC Weekly, 3(49), 1049–1051. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2021.255
Knight, Jane (2015). International universities: Misunderstandings and emerging models? Journal of Studies in International Education, 19(2), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/102831531557289
Kocarnik, Jonathan M., et al. (2021). Cancer incidence, mortality, and DALYs for 29 cancer groups. JAMA Oncology, 7(3), 420–445. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6987
Koehn, Peter H., & Swick, Herbert M. (2006). Medical education for a changing world. Academic Medicine, 81(12), 1280–1285. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ACM.0000225217.15207.d4
Kron, Michael, Roenius, Margaret, Alqortasi, Mohammed, Alhaidari, Tarek, Hussein, Mahmoud, Hameed, Ebtisam K., et al. (2019). Medical education in Iraq: A science diplomacy case. Academic Medicine, 94(12), 1891–1897. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002918
Labonté, Ronald, & Gagnon, Marie (2010). Framing health and foreign policy. Globalization and Health, 6, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-6-14
Lee, Sook-Jung (2021). Vaccine diplomacy: Nation branding and China’s soft power. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 17(3), 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-021-00224-4
Liu, Peilong, Guo, Yajie, Qian, Xu, Tang, Shenglan, Li, Zheng, & Chen, Lincoln (2014). China’s distinctive engagement in global health. The Lancet, 384(9945), 793–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60725-X
Lopez-Verges, Sandra, Macias-Navarro, Luis, Hernández-Mondragón, Ana C., Corrales-Aguilar, Esteban, Soler, María G., & Guerra, Marta (2021). Strengthening science diplomacy in Latin America. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 6, 664880. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2021.664880
Mauduit, Jean-Christophe, & Soler, Sandra (2020). Building a science diplomacy curriculum. Frontiers in Education, 5, 138. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.00138
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