Universidad y democracia deliberativa. Hacia una educación para la ciudadanía
Resumen La democracia deliberativa representa una de las más relevantes teorías políticas y ha adquirido una importancia creciente dentro de los debates y las prácticas políticas. Sin embargo, esta teoría presenta algunos problemas esenciales en relación con los estándares de racionalidad muy elevados que requiere en los ciudadanos para que el proceso deliberativo tenga lugar, en particular los relacionados con la cuestión de la ignorancia pública y del deficit de capacidades. Este artículo plantea la necesidad de la educación para la vida política como prerrequisito fundamental para la democracia deliberativa. Debido al hecho de que esta teoría se enfoca principalmente en la participación de los adultos en la política, la tarea de ofrecer posibles soluciones a estas cuestiones se echa sobre las espaldas de la educación universitaria. El artículo incita a un fundamental papel ético y social de la universidad dentro de la sociedad sin el cual la discrepancia entre la teoría de la democracia deliberativa y sus prácticas determinaría su completo rechazo. Además, cualquier forma de participación democratica acabaría careciendo de sentido y, más aún, perjudicial.
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Boni, A. and Walker, M. (2013) Universities and Human Development. A New Imaginary for the University of the XXI Century. London, Routledge.
Brighouse, H. (2004) Justice. Cambridge, Polity Press.
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Chambers, S. (2009) Rhetoric and the Public Sphere: Has Deliberative Democracy Abandoned Mass Democracy? Political Theory, 37 (3), 323-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0090591709332336
Cohen, J. (1997) Deliberation and democratic legitimacy, in Rheg, W. and Bohman. J. (eds.) Deliberative democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, mit Press, 67-91.
Considine, D. M. (2009) From Gutenberg to Gates: Media matters. The Social Studies, 100 (2), 63-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/TSSS.100.2.63-74
Crocker, D. A. (2008) Ethics of global development: Agency, capability, and deliberative democracy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492594
De Cesare, T. (2013) Theorising democratic education from a Senian perspective. Studies in Philosophy of Education, 33, 149-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11217-013-9381-4
De Mauro, T. (2010) La cultura degli italiani. Roma-Bari, Laterza.
Dewey, J. (2008) Democracy and Education. New York, Courier Dover Publication.
Dryzek, J. (2007) Theory, Evidence and the Tasks of Deliberation, in Rosemberg, W. (ed.) Deliberation, Participation and Democracy. Can the people govern? London, Palgrave MacMillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230591080_11
Englund, T. (2000) Rethinking democracy and education: towards an education of deliberative citizens. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 32 (2), 305-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002202700182772
Ferejohn, J. (2008) Conclusion: The Citizens' Assembly model, in Pearse, H. and Warren, M. (eds.) Designing Deliberatibe Democracy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 192-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511491177.011
Fishkin, J. (2002) Deliberative Democracy, in Adams, G. and Berzonsky, M. (eds.) The Blackwell Guide to Social and Political Philosophy. ma, Blackwell, 221-238.
Fishkin, J. (2009) When the people speak. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Garsten, B. (2011) The rhetoric revival in political theory. The annual review of political science, 14 (1), 159-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.040108.104834
Gee, J. P. (2013) The anti-education era: Creating smarter students through digital learning. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
Glassman, M. (2011) Is education ripe for a paradigm shift? The case for the capability approach. Education as Change, 15 (1), 161-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16823206.2011.563241
Gutmann, A. (1999) Democratic Education. Princeton, Princeton University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400822911
Habermas, J. (1975) Legitimation Crisis. Cambridge ma, Beacon.
Habermas, J. (1998) Three normative models of democracy, in Habermas, J. (ed.) The inclusion of the other. Cambridge, MIT Press, 239-252.
Habermas, J. (2006) Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research. Communication Theory, 16, 411-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00280.x
Hanson, J. and Howe, K. (2011) The potential for deliberative democratic civic education. Democracy & education, 19 (2), 1-9.
Hart, C. S. (2013) Aspirations, Education and Social Justice. Applying Sen and Bourdieu. London-New York, Continuum.
Held, D. (2006) Models of Democracy. Stanford, Stanford University Press.
Hoechsmann, M. and Poyntz, S. (2012) Media literacies: A critical introduction. London, Wiley-Blackwell.
Honneth, A. (2013) La educación y el espacio público democrático. Un capítulo descuidado en la Filosofía Política. Isegoría. Revista de Filosofía Moral y Política, 49, 377-395.
Karpowitz, C.; Raphael, C. and Hammond, A. (2009) Deliberative Democracy and Inequality: Two Cheers for Enclave Deliberation among the Disempowered. Politics & Society, 37, 576-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032329209349226
Lefrançois, D. and Ethier, M. A. (2010) Translating the Ideal of Deliberative Democracy into Democratic Education: Pure Utopia? Educational Philosophy and Theory, 42 (3), 271-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2007.00385.x
Luzuriaga, L. (1961) El concepto de la nueva educación. Buenos Aires, Losada.
Marovah, T. (2013) Citizenship education and human capabilities: lynchpin for sustainable learning environment and social justice. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 9 (3), 593-607.
McClave, H. (2000) Deliberative democracy and political education. Irish Educational Studies, 19 (1), 245-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0332331000190120
McCowan, T. and Unterhalter, E. (2013) Education, citizenship and deliberative democracy: Sen's capability perspective, in Hedtke, R. and Zimenkova, T. (eds.) Education for civic and political participation: a critical approach. London, Routledge, 135-154.
Meyer, J. (1977) The Effects of Education as an Institution. American Journal of Sociology, 83 (1), 55-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/226506
Mutz, D. (2006) Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511617201
Nussbaum, M. (2006) Education and Democratic Citizenship: Capabilities and Quality Education. Journal of Human Development, 7 (3), 385-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649880600815974
Nussbaum, M. (2011) Creating Capabilities. The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, The Belknap Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674061200
Nussbaum, M. and Sen, A. (1993) The Quality of Life. Oxford, Clarendon Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0198287976.001.0001
OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills, oecd Publishing.
Ortega y Gasset, J. (2004-2010) Obras Completas. Madrid, Taurus.
Pateman, C. (1970) Participatory and Democratic Theory. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511720444
Parker, W. (2002) Teaching Democracy: Unity and Diversity in Public Life. New York, Teachers College Press.
Parker, W. (2006) Public Discourses in Schools: Purposes, Problems, Possibilities. Educational Researcher, 35 (8), 11-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189X035008011
Pateman, C. (2012) Participatory Democracy Revisited. Perspectives on Politics, 10 (1), 7-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1537592711004877
Posner, R. (2003) Law, Pragmatism, and Democracy. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Saito, M. (2003) Amartya Sen's capability approach to education: A critical exploration. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 37 (1), 17-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.3701002
Sartori, G. (1987) The theory of democracy revisited. Chatham, Chatham House.
Scotton, P. (2014) Education to political life. Individual and society in the thought of Ortega y Gasset since the Meditaciones del Quijote (1914). History of Education and Children's Literature, ix (2), 603-622.
Sen, A. (1992) Inequality reexamined. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Sen, A. (1999) Democracy as a universal value. Journal of Democracy, 10 (3), 3-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.1999.0055
Sen, A. (2005) Human rights and capabilities. Journal of Human Development, 6 (2), 151-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649880500120491
Sen, A. (2009) The Idea of Justice. Harvard, Harvard University Press.
Somin, I. (2004) Political Ignorance and the Countermajoritarian Difficulty: A New Perspective on the 'Central Obsession' of Constitutional Theory. Iowa Law Review, 87, 1287-1371.
Somin, I. (2006) Knowledge About Ignorance: New Directions in the Study of Political Information. Critical Review, 18 (1-3), 255-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08913810608443660
Somin, I. (2010) Deliberative Democracy and political ignorance. Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society, 22 (2-3), 253-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2010.508635
Standish, P. (2013) Rethinking democracy and education with Stanley Cavell. Foro de Educación, 11 (15), 49-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/fde.2013.011.015.002
Stitzlein, S. (2010) Deliberative democracy in teacher education. Journal of Public Deliberation, 6 (1), Art. 5.
Stoddart, J. (2014) The need for media education in democratic education. Democracy & Education, 22 (1), 1-9.
Talisse, R. B. (2004) Does public ignorance defeat deliberative democracy? Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society, 16 (4), 455-463.
Talisse, R. B. (2009) Democracy and moral conflict. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511635281
Thompson, D. and Gutmann, A. (2004) Why Deliberative Democracy? Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Tonella, G. (2012) Politiche di Partecipazione. Dalla filosofia politica alla scienza delle politiche: politiche deliberative, partecipative e di rendicontazione. Padova, Cleup.
Unterhalter, E. (2007) Gender equality, education and the Capability Approach, in Walker, M. and Unterhalter, E. (eds.) Amartya Sen's Capability Approach and Social Justice in Education. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 87-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230604810_5
Walker, M. (2006) Towards a capability-based theory of social justice for education policy-making. Journal of Education Policy, 21 (2), 163-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680930500500245
Zizek, S. (1989) The Sublime Object of Ideology. New York, Verso.
Zizek, S. (2008) In Defense of Lost Causes. New York, Verso.
Arenas Dolz, F. (2013) Deliberative Democracy, Active Citizenship and Critical Culture: From Aristotle's Rhetoric to Contemporary Political Philosophy. Icono, 11 (1), 163-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v11i1.518
Boni, A. and Walker, M. (2013) Universities and Human Development. A New Imaginary for the University of the XXI Century. London, Routledge.
Brighouse, H. (2004) Justice. Cambridge, Polity Press.
Brighouse, H. and Unterhalter, E. (2010) Education for primary goods or for capabilities?, in Brighouse, H. and Robeyns, I. (eds.) Measuring justice: Primary goods and capabilities. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 193-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511810916.009
Carcasson, M. and Sprain, L. (2012) Deliberative democracy and adult civic education. New direction for adult and continuing education, 135, 15-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ace.20022
Chambers, S. (2009) Rhetoric and the Public Sphere: Has Deliberative Democracy Abandoned Mass Democracy? Political Theory, 37 (3), 323-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0090591709332336
Cohen, J. (1997) Deliberation and democratic legitimacy, in Rheg, W. and Bohman. J. (eds.) Deliberative democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, mit Press, 67-91.
Considine, D. M. (2009) From Gutenberg to Gates: Media matters. The Social Studies, 100 (2), 63-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/TSSS.100.2.63-74
Crocker, D. A. (2008) Ethics of global development: Agency, capability, and deliberative democracy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492594
De Cesare, T. (2013) Theorising democratic education from a Senian perspective. Studies in Philosophy of Education, 33, 149-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11217-013-9381-4
De Mauro, T. (2010) La cultura degli italiani. Roma-Bari, Laterza.
Dewey, J. (2008) Democracy and Education. New York, Courier Dover Publication.
Dryzek, J. (2007) Theory, Evidence and the Tasks of Deliberation, in Rosemberg, W. (ed.) Deliberation, Participation and Democracy. Can the people govern? London, Palgrave MacMillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230591080_11
Englund, T. (2000) Rethinking democracy and education: towards an education of deliberative citizens. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 32 (2), 305-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002202700182772
Ferejohn, J. (2008) Conclusion: The Citizens' Assembly model, in Pearse, H. and Warren, M. (eds.) Designing Deliberatibe Democracy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 192-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511491177.011
Fishkin, J. (2002) Deliberative Democracy, in Adams, G. and Berzonsky, M. (eds.) The Blackwell Guide to Social and Political Philosophy. ma, Blackwell, 221-238.
Fishkin, J. (2009) When the people speak. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Garsten, B. (2011) The rhetoric revival in political theory. The annual review of political science, 14 (1), 159-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.040108.104834
Gee, J. P. (2013) The anti-education era: Creating smarter students through digital learning. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
Glassman, M. (2011) Is education ripe for a paradigm shift? The case for the capability approach. Education as Change, 15 (1), 161-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16823206.2011.563241
Gutmann, A. (1999) Democratic Education. Princeton, Princeton University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400822911
Habermas, J. (1975) Legitimation Crisis. Cambridge ma, Beacon.
Habermas, J. (1998) Three normative models of democracy, in Habermas, J. (ed.) The inclusion of the other. Cambridge, MIT Press, 239-252.
Habermas, J. (2006) Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research. Communication Theory, 16, 411-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00280.x
Hanson, J. and Howe, K. (2011) The potential for deliberative democratic civic education. Democracy & education, 19 (2), 1-9.
Hart, C. S. (2013) Aspirations, Education and Social Justice. Applying Sen and Bourdieu. London-New York, Continuum.
Held, D. (2006) Models of Democracy. Stanford, Stanford University Press.
Hoechsmann, M. and Poyntz, S. (2012) Media literacies: A critical introduction. London, Wiley-Blackwell.
Honneth, A. (2013) La educación y el espacio público democrático. Un capítulo descuidado en la Filosofía Política. Isegoría. Revista de Filosofía Moral y Política, 49, 377-395.
Karpowitz, C.; Raphael, C. and Hammond, A. (2009) Deliberative Democracy and Inequality: Two Cheers for Enclave Deliberation among the Disempowered. Politics & Society, 37, 576-615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032329209349226
Lefrançois, D. and Ethier, M. A. (2010) Translating the Ideal of Deliberative Democracy into Democratic Education: Pure Utopia? Educational Philosophy and Theory, 42 (3), 271-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2007.00385.x
Luzuriaga, L. (1961) El concepto de la nueva educación. Buenos Aires, Losada.
Marovah, T. (2013) Citizenship education and human capabilities: lynchpin for sustainable learning environment and social justice. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 9 (3), 593-607.
McClave, H. (2000) Deliberative democracy and political education. Irish Educational Studies, 19 (1), 245-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0332331000190120
McCowan, T. and Unterhalter, E. (2013) Education, citizenship and deliberative democracy: Sen's capability perspective, in Hedtke, R. and Zimenkova, T. (eds.) Education for civic and political participation: a critical approach. London, Routledge, 135-154.
Meyer, J. (1977) The Effects of Education as an Institution. American Journal of Sociology, 83 (1), 55-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/226506
Mutz, D. (2006) Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511617201
Nussbaum, M. (2006) Education and Democratic Citizenship: Capabilities and Quality Education. Journal of Human Development, 7 (3), 385-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649880600815974
Nussbaum, M. (2011) Creating Capabilities. The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, The Belknap Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674061200
Nussbaum, M. and Sen, A. (1993) The Quality of Life. Oxford, Clarendon Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0198287976.001.0001
OECD Skills Outlook 2013: First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills, oecd Publishing.
Ortega y Gasset, J. (2004-2010) Obras Completas. Madrid, Taurus.
Pateman, C. (1970) Participatory and Democratic Theory. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511720444
Parker, W. (2002) Teaching Democracy: Unity and Diversity in Public Life. New York, Teachers College Press.
Parker, W. (2006) Public Discourses in Schools: Purposes, Problems, Possibilities. Educational Researcher, 35 (8), 11-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189X035008011
Pateman, C. (2012) Participatory Democracy Revisited. Perspectives on Politics, 10 (1), 7-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1537592711004877
Posner, R. (2003) Law, Pragmatism, and Democracy. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Saito, M. (2003) Amartya Sen's capability approach to education: A critical exploration. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 37 (1), 17-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.3701002
Sartori, G. (1987) The theory of democracy revisited. Chatham, Chatham House.
Scotton, P. (2014) Education to political life. Individual and society in the thought of Ortega y Gasset since the Meditaciones del Quijote (1914). History of Education and Children's Literature, ix (2), 603-622.
Sen, A. (1992) Inequality reexamined. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Sen, A. (1999) Democracy as a universal value. Journal of Democracy, 10 (3), 3-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.1999.0055
Sen, A. (2005) Human rights and capabilities. Journal of Human Development, 6 (2), 151-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649880500120491
Sen, A. (2009) The Idea of Justice. Harvard, Harvard University Press.
Somin, I. (2004) Political Ignorance and the Countermajoritarian Difficulty: A New Perspective on the 'Central Obsession' of Constitutional Theory. Iowa Law Review, 87, 1287-1371.
Somin, I. (2006) Knowledge About Ignorance: New Directions in the Study of Political Information. Critical Review, 18 (1-3), 255-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08913810608443660
Somin, I. (2010) Deliberative Democracy and political ignorance. Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society, 22 (2-3), 253-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2010.508635
Standish, P. (2013) Rethinking democracy and education with Stanley Cavell. Foro de Educación, 11 (15), 49-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/fde.2013.011.015.002
Stitzlein, S. (2010) Deliberative democracy in teacher education. Journal of Public Deliberation, 6 (1), Art. 5.
Stoddart, J. (2014) The need for media education in democratic education. Democracy & Education, 22 (1), 1-9.
Talisse, R. B. (2004) Does public ignorance defeat deliberative democracy? Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society, 16 (4), 455-463.
Talisse, R. B. (2009) Democracy and moral conflict. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511635281
Thompson, D. and Gutmann, A. (2004) Why Deliberative Democracy? Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Tonella, G. (2012) Politiche di Partecipazione. Dalla filosofia politica alla scienza delle politiche: politiche deliberative, partecipative e di rendicontazione. Padova, Cleup.
Unterhalter, E. (2007) Gender equality, education and the Capability Approach, in Walker, M. and Unterhalter, E. (eds.) Amartya Sen's Capability Approach and Social Justice in Education. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 87-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230604810_5
Walker, M. (2006) Towards a capability-based theory of social justice for education policy-making. Journal of Education Policy, 21 (2), 163-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680930500500245
Zizek, S. (1989) The Sublime Object of Ideology. New York, Verso.
Zizek, S. (2008) In Defense of Lost Causes. New York, Verso.
Scotton, P. (2016). Universidad y democracia deliberativa. Hacia una educación para la ciudadanía. Teoría De La Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria, 28(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.14201/teoredu20162816182
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