Populismo, legitimidad y educación financiada por el Estado
Resumen En este artículo, analizo una muestra de las prácticas educativas actuales en los movimientos populistas educativos de Brasil, Estados Unidos e Israel. Tras un breve examen de estas formas de populismo, que revela tendencias políticas de nacionalismo étnico, ortodoxia religiosa, antisecularismo y autoritarismo, reviso la teoría democrática para interpretar el populismo desde una posición teórica democrática dual: pragmatismo, y teoría democrática crítica o radical. Utilizo reflexiones pragmáticas en la esfera pública (Dewey, 1927; Frega, 2010, 2019), para explicar cómo y por qué emergen colectivos en la dinámica de las instituciones estatales democráticas de educación. Y posteriormente, paso a la teoría democrática radical para analizar la idea de la expresión populista y su función en la política democrática (Laclau, 2005; Mouffe, 2018). En términos pragmáticos, los movimientos populistas son colectivos en potencia, basados en una idea experimentalista de la vida política que incluye asociaciones de grupos en la sociedad civil que generan opinión, acción y desacuerdo en intentos de conformar decisiones en las instituciones estatales. Pero muchos movimientos populistas no llegan a ser colectivos democráticos en la medida en que se caracterizan por reducidos intereses privados, hábitos irreflexivos y prácticas que son antagónicas a la interpelación, la capacidad de respuesta y la deliberación. Como tales, los movimientos populistas amenazan la legitimidad normativa y la estabilidad de las instituciones estatales democráticas liberales de enseñanza. Aunque las versiones minimalistas o menos militantes de populismo son compatibles con, y vehículos importantes para la política educativa, las versiones maximalistas actualmente dominantes perfiladas en este artículo amenazan el proyecto de estado liberal-democrático (Sant, 2020). Las teorías pragmáticas de política democrática y acciones colectivas (Frega, 2019) ofrecen vías para conocer el momento populista, pero contienen significativas implicaciones de rediseño y reforma institucional para su materialización.
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Brubaker, R. (2017). Why populism? Theory and Society, 46(5), 357–385.
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Dewey, J. (1938). Freedom and Culture. Henry Holt.
Diaz, J. (2022, March 28). Florida's Governor signs Controversial Law Opponents dubbed 'Don't Say Gay'. National Public Radio https://www.npr.org/2022/03/28/1089221657/dont-say-gay-florida-desantis
Frank, T. (2020). The People, NO: A Brief History of Populism. Metropolitan Books.
Frega, R. (2010). What Pragmatism means by Public Reason. Etica & Politica / Ethics & Politics, XII (1), 28−51.
Frega, R. (2012). Equal Accessibility to All: Habermas, Pragmatism, and the Place of Religious Beliefs in a Post-Secular Society. Constellations, 19 (2), 267-287.
Frega, R. (2019). Pragmatism and the Wide View of Democracy. Palgrave-MacMillan.
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Hussain, S. & Yudas, R. (2021). Right-wing Populism and Education: Introduction to the Special Issue. British Educational Research Journal, 47 (2), 247–263. https://doi.10.1002/berj.3726
Knesset News (2018). Knesset passes Jewish naton-state bill into law. The Knesset. https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/News/PressReleases/Pages/Pr13979_pg.aspx
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Laclau, E. (2005). On Populist Reason. Verso.
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Mazzarella, W. (2019). The Anthropology of Populism: Beyond the Liberal Settlement. Annual Review of Anthropology 48, 45-60. https://doi.10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-011412
Moreira, P. G. (2022) Laclau’s New Postmodern Radicalism: Politics, Democracy, and the Epistemology of Certainty. Critical Review, 34 (2,) 244-278. https://doi.10.1080/08913811.2022.2060540
Mouffe, C. (2000, December). Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism. Vienna: Institute for Advanced Studies.
Mouffe, C. (2018). For a Left Populism. New York: Verso.
Mudde, C. (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39 (4), 541-563. https://doi.10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
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Peterson, F., H. Brunkhorts, & Seeliger, M. (2022). Critical problems and pragmatist solutions. Philosophy and Social Criticism, 48(10), 1341–1352. https://doi.10.1177/01914537221114916
Rogers, M. L. (2009). The Undiscovered Dewey: Religion, Morality, and the Ethos of Democracy. Columbia University Press.
Rogers, M. L. (2010). Introduction: Revisiting The Public and Its Problems, Contemporary Pragmatism, 7(1), 1–7.
Sant, E. (2021) Political Education in Times of Populism. Palgrave-Macmillan.
Schwartz, S. (2021, updated January 12, 2023). Map: Where Critical Race Theory is Under Attack. Education Week https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/map-where-critical-race-theory-is-under-attack/2021/06
Shuffelton, A. (2022). The Hard Truth of Cinderella's Gender Identity. Philosophical Studies in Education 22, (53), forthcoming.
Silberberga, R., & Agbaria.A. (2021). Legitimising Populist Education in Israel: The Role of Religion. British Educational Research Journal 47 (2), 316–331. https://doi.10.1002/berj.3693
Sullivan, D. (2019). Education, Liberal Democracy and Populism: Arguments from Plato, Locke, Rousseau, and Mill. Routledge.
Talisse, R. (2019). Overdoing Democracy: Why We must Put Politics in its Place. Oxford University Press.
Vasilev, G. (2015). On Mouffe’s Agonism: Why it is not a Refutation of Consensus. Democratic Theory, 2 1), 4–21. https://doi.10.3167/dt.2015.020102
Waks, L. J. (2010). Dewey’s Theory of the Democratic Public and the Public Character Of Charter Schools. Educational Theory 60, 6, 665-681.
White, A., & Neblo, M. (2021). Capturing the Public: Beyond Technocracy & Populism in the U.S. Administrative State. Daedalus, 150(3), 172-187. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_01866
Williams, P. (2022, November 7). Class warfare: School boards are being attacked by partisan sabotuers. The New Yorker, pp. 52-63.
Zamora, J. S., & Santarelli, M. (2021). Populism or Pragmatism? Two Ways of Understanding Political Articulation. Constellations, 28, 496–510. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12522
Alvesa, M. A., Segattob, C. I., & Pinedaa, A. M. (2021). Changes in Brazilian Education Policy and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism. British Educational Research Journal, 47(2), 332–354. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3699
Bailey, A. (2022, September 26). Moms for Liberty expands efforts to ban books. Arkansas Times https://arktimes.com/arkansas-blog/2022/09/26/moms-for-liberty-expands-efforts-to-ban-books
Bayless, K. (2022, April 14). ’Attack on public education.’ Missouri’s ‘parents bill of rights’ follows national strategy,” Kansas City Star.
Boyte, H. C. (2012). Populism—Bringing Culture Back In. The Good Society, 21 (2), 300-319.
Brubaker, R. (2017). Why populism? Theory and Society, 46(5), 357–385.
Dewey, J. (1927). The Public and its Problems. Henry Holt.
Dewey, J. (1938). Freedom and Culture. Henry Holt.
Diaz, J. (2022, March 28). Florida's Governor signs Controversial Law Opponents dubbed 'Don't Say Gay'. National Public Radio https://www.npr.org/2022/03/28/1089221657/dont-say-gay-florida-desantis
Frank, T. (2020). The People, NO: A Brief History of Populism. Metropolitan Books.
Frega, R. (2010). What Pragmatism means by Public Reason. Etica & Politica / Ethics & Politics, XII (1), 28−51.
Frega, R. (2012). Equal Accessibility to All: Habermas, Pragmatism, and the Place of Religious Beliefs in a Post-Secular Society. Constellations, 19 (2), 267-287.
Frega, R. (2019). Pragmatism and the Wide View of Democracy. Palgrave-MacMillan.
Habermas, J. (1996). Between Facts and Norms. Polity Press.
Hussain, S. & Yudas, R. (2021). Right-wing Populism and Education: Introduction to the Special Issue. British Educational Research Journal, 47 (2), 247–263. https://doi.10.1002/berj.3726
Knesset News (2018). Knesset passes Jewish naton-state bill into law. The Knesset. https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/News/PressReleases/Pages/Pr13979_pg.aspx
Knight Abowitz, K. (2014). Publics for Public Schools: Democracy, Legitimacy, and Leadership. Routledge.
Laclau, E. (2005). On Populist Reason. Verso.
Laclau, E. & Mouffe, C. (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Verso.
Lowndes, V., & Paxton, M. (2018). Can Agonism be Institutionalised? Can Institutions be Agonised? Prospects for Democratic Design. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 20(3), 693–710. https://doi.10.1177/1369148118784756
Mazzarella, W. (2019). The Anthropology of Populism: Beyond the Liberal Settlement. Annual Review of Anthropology 48, 45-60. https://doi.10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-011412
Moreira, P. G. (2022) Laclau’s New Postmodern Radicalism: Politics, Democracy, and the Epistemology of Certainty. Critical Review, 34 (2,) 244-278. https://doi.10.1080/08913811.2022.2060540
Mouffe, C. (2000, December). Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism. Vienna: Institute for Advanced Studies.
Mouffe, C. (2018). For a Left Populism. New York: Verso.
Mudde, C. (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39 (4), 541-563. https://doi.10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
Peterson, F. (2022). Pragmatist Democracy and the Populist Challenge. Philosophy and Social Criticism 48 (10), 1427-1444.
Peterson, F., H. Brunkhorts, & Seeliger, M. (2022). Critical problems and pragmatist solutions. Philosophy and Social Criticism, 48(10), 1341–1352. https://doi.10.1177/01914537221114916
Rogers, M. L. (2009). The Undiscovered Dewey: Religion, Morality, and the Ethos of Democracy. Columbia University Press.
Rogers, M. L. (2010). Introduction: Revisiting The Public and Its Problems, Contemporary Pragmatism, 7(1), 1–7.
Sant, E. (2021) Political Education in Times of Populism. Palgrave-Macmillan.
Schwartz, S. (2021, updated January 12, 2023). Map: Where Critical Race Theory is Under Attack. Education Week https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/map-where-critical-race-theory-is-under-attack/2021/06
Shuffelton, A. (2022). The Hard Truth of Cinderella's Gender Identity. Philosophical Studies in Education 22, (53), forthcoming.
Silberberga, R., & Agbaria.A. (2021). Legitimising Populist Education in Israel: The Role of Religion. British Educational Research Journal 47 (2), 316–331. https://doi.10.1002/berj.3693
Sullivan, D. (2019). Education, Liberal Democracy and Populism: Arguments from Plato, Locke, Rousseau, and Mill. Routledge.
Talisse, R. (2019). Overdoing Democracy: Why We must Put Politics in its Place. Oxford University Press.
Vasilev, G. (2015). On Mouffe’s Agonism: Why it is not a Refutation of Consensus. Democratic Theory, 2 1), 4–21. https://doi.10.3167/dt.2015.020102
Waks, L. J. (2010). Dewey’s Theory of the Democratic Public and the Public Character Of Charter Schools. Educational Theory 60, 6, 665-681.
White, A., & Neblo, M. (2021). Capturing the Public: Beyond Technocracy & Populism in the U.S. Administrative State. Daedalus, 150(3), 172-187. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_01866
Williams, P. (2022, November 7). Class warfare: School boards are being attacked by partisan sabotuers. The New Yorker, pp. 52-63.
Zamora, J. S., & Santarelli, M. (2021). Populism or Pragmatism? Two Ways of Understanding Political Articulation. Constellations, 28, 496–510. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12522
Knight Abowitz, K. (2023). Populismo, legitimidad y educación financiada por el Estado. Teoría De La Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria, 35(2), 37–55. https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.31000
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