Assessment of Staff Attitudes towards People with Disability

  • Víctor Arias González
    Universidad de Talca viarias[at]utalca.cl
  • Benito Arias Martínez
    Universidad de Valladolid
  • Miguel Ángel Verdugo Alonso
    Universidad de Salamanca
  • Mariano Rubia Avi
    Universidad de Valladolid
  • Cristina Jenaro Río
    Universidad de Salamanca

Abstract

The main purpose of this study was the construction and validation of a scale of attitudes towards people with disabilities, mainly directed at professionals in the areas of health and education. Participants were 976 professionals from different fields (health, education, career counseling, media, administration), with an age range between 18 and 65 years. 49.1% were women. After analyzing agreement between expert judges to evaluate the content of the items, three types of analysis were performed: comparison of correlation structures, exploratory factor analysis by common factor method, and confirmatory factor analysis on polichoric correlations matrix. Two models were compared: Unidimensional and three-correlated factors. Results have shown good metric qualities of reliability (internal consistency, reliability of individual indicators, construct reliability and standard error of measurement) and validity (content, convergent and discriminant).
  • Referencias
  • Cómo citar
  • Del mismo autor
  • Métricas
AKRAMI, N., EKEHAMMER, B., CLAESSON, M. Y SONNANDER, K. (2006). Classical and modern prejudice: Attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 27, 605-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2005.07.003

ALI, A., STRYDOM, A., HASSIOTIS, A., WILLIAMS, R. Y KING, M. (2008). A measure of perceived stigma in people with intellectual disability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193 (5), 410-415.

American Educational Research Association (AERA), American Psychological Association (APA) y National council on Measurement in Education (NCME) (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: AERA. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.045823

ANTONAK, R. F. (1979). An orderic-theoretic analysis of attitudes toward disabled persons. Rehabilitation Psychology, 26, 136-144. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0090918

ANTONAK, R. F. (1981). Development and psychometric analysis of the Scale of Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons (Technical Report n. º 1). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, Education Department.

ANTONAK, R. F. (1985). Construct validation of the Scale of Attitudes toward Disabled Persons. The Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 16 (1), 7-10.

ANTONAK, R. F. Y LIVNEH, H. (1994). Direct and indirect methods to measure attitudes toward persons with disabilities, with an exegesis of the error-choice test method. Rehabilitation Psychology, 40, 3-24.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0090-5550.40.1.3

ANTONAK, R. F. Y LIVNEH, H. (2000). Measurement of attitudes towards persons with disabilities. Disability and Rehabilitation: An International Multidisciplinary Journal, 22, 211-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/096382800296782

ANTONAK, R. F. Y RANKIN, P. R. (1982). Measurement and analysis of knowledge and attitudes about epilepsy and persons with epilepsy. Social Science and Medicine, 16, 1591-1593. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(82)90170-8

ARIAS, B. (1993). Evaluación de actitudes hacia la integración de alumnos con necesidades educativas especiales (Tesis doctoral no publicada). Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca.

ARIAS, B. Y MORENTIN, R. (2004). Opiniones y actitudes de las familias de personas con discapacidad en Castilla y León. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León.

ARIAS, B., VERDUGO, M. Á. Y RUBIO, V. J. (1995). Evaluación de la Actividad Modelo Local de Valladolid. Madrid: Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.

ASPAROUHOV, T. Y MUTHÉN, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 16, 397-438. doi:10.1080/10705510903008204.

BAGLEY, M. T. Y GREENE, J. F. (1981). Peer attitudes toward the handicapped. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.

BAILEY, A., BARR, O. Y BUNTING, B. (2001). Police attitudes toward people with intellectual disability: An evaluation of awareness training. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45, 344-350. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2001.00339.x.

BANGDIWALA, K. (1987). Using SAS software graphical procedures for the observer agreement chart. Proceedings of the SAS User’s Group International Conference, 12, 1083-1088.

BARTLETT, C. J., QUAY, L. C. Y WRIGHTSMAN, L. S. (1960). A comparison of two methods of attitude measurement: Likert-type and forced choice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 699-704. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000405

BEAUDUCEL, A. Y HERZBERG, P. Y. (2006). On the performance of maximum likelihood versus means and variance adjusted weighted least squares estimation in CFA. Structural Equation Modeling, 13 (2), 186-203. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1302_2.

BERRYMAN, J. D. Y NEAL, W. R. (1980). The cross validation of the Attitudes Toward Mainstreaming Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40, 469-474. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316448004000227

BIGBY, C., CLEMENT, T., MANSELL, J. Y BEADLE-BROWN, J. (2009). ‘It’s pretty hard with our ones, they can’t talk, the more able bodied can participate’: Staff attitudes about the applicability of disability policies to people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53, 363-376. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01154.x.

BOHNER, G. Y WÄNKE, M. (2014). Attitudes and Attitude Change. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.

BRECKLER, S. J. Y WIGGINS, E. C. (1992). On defining attitude and attitude theory: Once more with feeling. En A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler y A. C. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 407-427). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

BROWNE, M. W. Y CUDECK, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21, 230-258. doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005.

BRUNNER, M., NAGY, G. Y WILHELM, O. (2012). A tutorial on hierarchically structured constructs. Journal of Personality, 80 (4), 796-846. doi:10.1080/10107013051070418.

CAMPBELL, J. M. (2008). Brief report: reliability and validity of the Shared Activities Questionnaire as a measure of middle school students’ attitudes toward autism. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorders, 38, 1598-1604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0534-6

CANIMAS, J. (2015). ¿Discapacidad o diversidad funcional? Siglo Cero, 46 (2), 79-97. http:// dx.doi.org/10.14201/scero20154627997.

CHADD, E. H. Y PANGILINAN, P. H. (2011). Disability attitudes in health care: a new scale instrument. American Journal of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 90 (1), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e3182017269

CHEN, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indices to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464-504. doi:10.1080/10705510701301834.

CHEUNG, G. W. y RENSVOLD, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233-255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5.

CLAYFIELD, J. C., FLETCHER, K. E. y GRUDZINKAS, A. J. (2011). Development and validation of the mental health attitude survey for police. Community Mental Health, 47 (6), 742-751.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-011-9384-y

COHEN, J. S. Y STRUENING, E. L. (1959). Factors underlying opinions about mental illness in the personnel of a large mental hospital. American Psychologist, 14, 339.

COHEN, J. S. Y STRUENING, E. L. (1960). Attitudes toward the mental ill of psychiatric hospital personnel as a function of occupation, education, age and sex. American Psychologist, 15, 417. Cohen, J. S. y Struening, E. L. (1962). Opinions about mental illness in the personnel of two large mental hospitals. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, 349-360. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045526

COOPER, A., ROSE, J. Y MASON, O. (2004). Measuring the attitudes of human service professionals toward deafness. American Annals of Deafness, 148 (5), 385-389. https://doi.org/10.1353/aad.2004.0001

COWEN, E. L., BOBROVE, P. H., ROCKWAY, A. M. Y STEVENSON, J. (1967). Development and evaluation of an attitude to deafness scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6 (2), 297-304.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024552

COWEN, E. L., UNDERBERG, R. P. Y VERILLO, R. T. (1958). The development and testing of an attitude to blindness scale. The Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 297-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1958.9919294

EAGLY, A. Y CHAIKEN, S. (1995). Attitude strength, attitude structure and resistance to change. En R. PETTY AND J. KOSNIK (Eds.), Attitude Strength (pp. 413-432). MAHWAH, NJ: ERLBAUM. EDWARDS, N., LENNOX, N. Y WHITE, P. (2007). Queensland psychiatrists’ attitudes and perceptions of adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51, 75-81. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00870.x.

EFRON, R. E. Y EFRON, H. Y. (1967). Measurement of attitudes toward the retarded and an application with educators. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 72, 100-106.

ESPOSITO, B. G. Y PEACH, W. J. (1983). Changing attitudes of preschool children toward handicapped persons. Exceptional Children, 49 (4), 361-363.

FELLINGHAUER, B., ROTH, A., BUGARI, K. Y REINHARDT, J. (2011). Construct validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency of the Photo Elicitation Semantic Differential scale (Pesd) in disability studies. Journal of Developmental Physical Disabilies, 23, 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-010-9224-y

FIEDLER, C. Y SIMPSON, R. (1987). Modifyint the attitudes of non-handicapped high school students toward handicapped peers. Exceptional Children, 19, 342-349.

FINDLER, L., VILCHINSKY, N. Y WERNER, S. (2007). The multidimensional attitudes scale toward persons with disabilities (MAS): construction and validation. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 50 (3), 166-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/00343552070500030401

FORGAS, J. P., COOPER, J. Y CRANO, W. D. (2010). The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude Change. New York: Psychology Press.

FORNELL, C. Y LARCKER, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312

GADERMANN, A. M., GUHN, M. Y ZUMBO, B. D. (2012). Estimating ordinal reliability for Likerttype and ordinal item response data: A conceptual, empirical, and practical guide. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 17 (3), 1-13.

GAN, J., TYMCHUK, A. J. y NISHIHARA, A. (1977). Mildly retarded adults: their attitudes toward retardation. Mental Retardation, 15, 5-9.

GILBERT, D. C. Y LEVINSON, D. J. (1956). Ideology, personality, and institutional policy in the mental hospital. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 53 (3), 263-271.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0041987

GRAHAM, S., HERBERT, R., PRICE, S. Y WILLIAMS, S. (2004). Attitudes and emotions of trainees in learning disability psychiatry. Psychiatric Bulletin, 28, 254-256. doi:10.1192/pb.28.7.254.

GRAND, S. A., BERNIER, J. E. Y STROHMER, D. C. (1982). Attitudes toward disabled persons as a function of social context and specific disability. Rehabilitation Psychology, 27, 165-174.

GROOMES, D. Y LINKOWSKI, D. (2007). Examining the structure of the revised acceptance disability scale. Journal of Rehabilitation, 73 (3), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.28.7.254

HAIR, J. F., BLACK, W. C., BABIN, B. J. Y ANDERSON, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis, 7th. ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

HAMPTON, N. Y XIAO, F. (2007). Attitudes toward people with developmental disabilities in Chinese and American students: The role of cultural values, contact, and knowledges. The Journal of Rehabilitation, 73 (4). Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/ mi_m0825/is_4_73/ai_n24354968/?tag=content;col1.

HAMPTON, N. Y XIAO, F. (2008). Psychometric properties of the mental retardation attitude Inventory-revised in Chinese college students. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52 (4), 299-308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2007.01020.x

HARTH, R. (1974). Attitudes and mental retardation. A review of literature. Training School Bulletin, 69, 150-164.

HATTON, C., AKRAM, Y., ROBERTSON, J., SHAH, R. Y EMERSON, E. (2003). The disclosure process and its impact on South Asian families with a child with severe intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 16 (3), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-3148.2003.00167.x

HENRY, D., KEYS, C., JOPP, F. Y BALCAZAR, F. (1996). The Community Living Attitudes Scale, mental retardation form: development and psychometric properties. Mental Retardation, 34 (3), 149-158.

HORNE, M. D. (1985). Attitudes toward handicapped students: Professional, peer, and parent reactions. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

HU, L. y BENTLER, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.

JENNRICH, R. I. Y BENTLER, P. M. (2011). Exploratory bi-factor analysis. Psychometrika, 76, 537-549. doi:10.1007/s11336-011-9218-4.

JENNRICH, R. I. Y BENTLER, P. M. (2012). Exploratory bi-factor analysis: The oblique case. Psychometrika, 77, 442-454. doi:10.1007/s11336-012-9269-1.

JÖRESKOG, K. G. Y SÖRBOM, D. (1993). Lisrel user’s reference guide. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.

KASSAM, A., GLOZIER, N., LEESE, M., HENDERSON, C. Y THOMICROFT, G. (2010). Development and responsiveness of a scale to measure clinicians’ attitudes to people with mental illness (medical student version). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 122 (2), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01562.x

KIERTSCH, M. S., HANSON, P. L. Y DUHOUX, M. A. (1980). Preparing the mainstream: Changing children’s attitudes toward the disabled. School Psychology Review, 9 (3), 279-283.

LANGEVIN, M. Y HAGLER, P. (2004). Development of a scale to measure peer attitudes toward children who stutter. En A. Bothe (Ed.), Evidence-based Treatment of Stuttering: Empirical Bases and Clinical Applications. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

LARRIVEE, B. Y COOK, L. (1979). Mainstreaming: A study of the variables affecting teacher attitudes. Journal of Special Education, 13 (3), 315-324. https://doi.org/10.1177/002246697901300310

LAZAR, A. L., GENSLEY, J. T. Y ORPET, R. E. (1971). Changing attitudes of young gifted children toward handicapped persons. Exceptional Children, 37, 600-602.

LIDSLEY, J. D. Y FRITH, G. H. (1983). The effects of nonhandicapped students’ personal characteristics on their attitude toward handicapped peers. Journal for Special Educators, 20, 64-69. LILIENFELD, M. Y ALANT, E. (2002). Attitudes of children toward an unfamiliar peer using an AAC device with and without voice output. Augmentative Alternative Communication, 18, 91-101.

LIVNEH, H. (1985). Factor structure of attitudes toward individuals with disabilities: A replication. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 29, 53-58.

LOMBARDI, A. R. Y MURRAY, C. (2011). Measuring university faculty attitudes toward disability: Willingness to accommodate and adopt Universal Design principles. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 34, 43-56. doi:10.3233/JVR-2010-0533.

MARSH, V. Y FRIEDMAN, R. (1972). Changing public attitudes toward blindness. Exceptional Children, 38, 426-428.

MCDONALD, R. P. (2013). Test theory: A unified treatment. New York: Psychology Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199934874.013.0007

MILLER, M., ARMSTRONG, S. Y HAGAN, M. (1981). Effects on teaching on elementary students’ attitudes toward handicapped. Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded, 16, 110-113.

Morin, D., Crocker, G., Beaulieu-Bergeron, R. Y Caron, J. (2013). Validation of the attitudes toward intellectual disability e ATTID questionnaire. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57 (3), 268-278.

NUNNALLY, J. C. (1961). Popular conceptions of mental health: their development and change. New York: Hol, Rinehart and Winston.

OSTAPCZUK, M. Y MUSCH, J. (2011). Estimating the prevalence of negative attitudes towards people with disability: A comparison of direct questioning, projective questioning and randomised response. Disability and Rehabilitation: An International, Multidisciplinary Journal, 33, 399-411. doi:10.3109/09638288.2010.492067.

PARISH, T. S. Y COPELAND, T. F. (1978). Teachers’ and students’ attitudes in mainstreamed classrooms. Psychological Reports, 43 (1), 54.
https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1978.43.1.54

POPOVICH, P. M., SCHERBAUM, C. A., SCHERBAUM, K. L. Y POLINKO, N. (2003). The assessment of attitudes toward individuals with disabilities in the workplace. Journal of Psychology, 137 (2), 163-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980309600606

POWER, M. J., GREEN, A. M., CATCHPOLE, C. ET AL. (2010). The Attitudes to Disability Scale (ADS): development and psychometric properties. Journal of Intellectual Disability, 54 (9), 860-874. Pruett, S. y chAn, F. (2006). Development and psychometric validation of the disability attitude implicit association test. Rehabilitation Psychology, 51 (3), 202-213.

R CORE TEAM (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. URL: http://www.R-project.org/.

REISE, S. P. (2012). The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47 (5), 667-696. doi:10.1080/00273171.2012.715555.

REISE, S. P., SCHEINES, R., WIDAMAN, K. Y HAVILAND, M. (2013). Multidimensionality and structural coefficient bias in structural equation modeling: a bifactor perspective. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 73 (1), 5-26.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164412449831

RELLO, C. F., GAROZ, I. Y DÍAZ, M. (2014). Determinantes de las técnicas de cambio de actitudes hacia la discapacidad en programas educativos: una revisión internacional. Siglo Cero, 45 (3), 28-46.

REYNOLDS, W. M. Y GRECO, V. T. (1980). The reliability and factorial validity of a scale for measuring teachers’ attitudes toward mainstreaming. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40, 463-468. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316448004000226

ROSENBAUM, P., ARMSTRONG, R. Y KING, S. (1985). Children’s attitudes toward disabled peers: a self-report measure. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 11 (4), 517-530. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/11.4.517

RUCKER, C. Y GABLE, R. (1974). The Rucker-Gable Educational Programming Scale. Storrs, CT: Rucker-Gable Associates.

Saunders, G. H., Cienkowski, K. M., Forsline, A. Y Fausti, S. (2005). Normative data for the attitudes towards loss of hearing questionnaire. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 16 (9), 637-652. https://doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.16.9.2

SCHMELKIN, L. P. (1981). Teachers’ and non-teachers’ attitudes toward mainstreaming. Exceptional Children, 48, 42-47.

SCIENTIFIC SOFTWARE INTERNATIONAL (2013). LISREL (Version 9.3) [Computer software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.

SCIOR, K. (2011). Public awareness, attitudes and beliefs regarding intellectual disability: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32 (6), 2164-2182.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2011.07.005

SCIOR, K. Y FURNHAM, A. (2011). Development and validation of the Intellectual Disability Literacy Scale for assessment of knowledge, beliefs and attitudes to intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 1530-1541. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.044.

SCIOR, K. Y WERNER, S. (2015). Changing attitudes to learning disability: A review of the evidence. Jerusalem: Mencap.

SEO, H., LITTLE, T. D., SHOGREN, K. A. Y LANG, K. M. (in press). On the benefits of latent variable modeling for norming scales: The case of the Supports Intensity Scale – Children’s version. International Journal of Behavioral Development. doi:10.1177/0165025415591230.

SILLER, J., FERGUSON, L. T., VANN, D. H. Y HOLLAND, B. (1967). Structure of attitudes toward the physically disabled: The Disability Factor Scales Amputation, Blindness, Cosmetic Conditions. Studies in Reaction to Disability: XII. New York: New York University School of Education.

SYMONS, A. B., FISH, R., MCGUIGAN, D., FOX, J. Y AKL, E. A. (2012). Development of an instrument to measure medical students’ attitudes toward persons with disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilies, 50 (3), 251-260.
https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-50.3.251

TACHIBANA, T. Y WATANABE, K. (2003). Schemata and attitude toward persons with intellectual disability in Japan. Psychological Reports, 93, 1161-1172.
https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.3f.1161

TACHIBANA, T. Y WATANABE, K. (2004). Attitudes of Japanese adults toward persons with intellectual disability: Relationship between attitudes and demographic variables. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 39, 109-126.

TAYLOR, R. L. (2008). Assessment of exceptional students: Educational and psychological procedures (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

TAYLOR, S. Y DEAR, M. (1981). Scaling community attitudes toward the mentally ill. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 7 (2), 225-240. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/7.2.225

THOMAS, A., PALMER, J., COKER-JUNEAU, C. Y WILLIAMS, D. (2002). Factor structure and construct validity of the interaction with disabled persons scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63 (3), 465-483.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164403063003008

TIMMERMAN, M. E. Y LORENZO-SEVA, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16 (2), 209.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023353

TOWFIGHY-HOSHYAR, N. Y ZINGLE, H. W. (1984). Regular class students’ attitudes toward integrated multiply handicapped peers. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88 (6), 630-637.

TRIANDIS, H. C. (1971). Attitudes and attitude change. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

TRINGO, J. L. (1970). The hierarchy of preferences toward disability groups. Journal of Special Education, 4, 295-306.
https://doi.org/10.1177/002246697000400306

UPTON, T. D. Y HARPER, D. C. (2002). Multidimensional disability attitudes and equitable evaluation of educational accommodations in higher education. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 15 (2), 115-130.

VERDUGO, M. Á., ARIAS, B. Y JENARO, C. (1994). Actitudes hacia las personas con minusvalía. Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Servicios Sociales.

VERDUGO, M. Á., JENARO, C. Y ARIAS, B. (1995). Actitudes sociales y profesionales hacia las personas con discapacidad: estrategias de evaluación e intervención. En M. Á. Verdugo (Dir.), Personas con discapacidad: perspectivas psicopedagógicas y rehabilitadoras (pp. 79143). México: Siglo XXI.

VOELTZ, L. M. (1980). Effects of structured interactions with severely handicapped peers to children’s attitudes. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86 (4), 380-390.

VON EYE, A. Y MUN, E. Y. (2005). Analyzing rater agreement: Manifest variable methods. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

WIDAMAN, K. F., LITTLE, T. D., PREACHER, K. J. Y SAWALANI, G. M. (2011). On creating and using short forms of scales in secondary research. En K. H. TRZESNIEWSKI, M. B. DONNELLAN Y R. E. LUCAS (Eds.), Secondary data analysis: An introduction for psychologists (pp. 39-61). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/12350-003

WILLEMS, A., EMBREGTS, P., STAMS, G. Y MOONEN, X. (2010). The relation between intrapersonal and interpersonal staff behaviour towards clients with ID and challenging behaviour: a validation study of the Staff-Client Interactive Behaviour Inventory. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 40-51.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01226.x

WILLIAMS, R. Y ROSE, J. (2007). The development of a questionnaire to assess the perceptions of care staff towards people with intellectual disabilities who display challenging behaviour. Journal of Intellectual Disability, 11 (2), 197-211.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629507076932

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2011). World Report on Disability 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization Press.

YUKER, H. E., BLOCK, J. R. Y YOUNNG, J. H. (1960). The measurement of attitudes toward disabled persons. Albertson, NY: Human Resources Center.

ZINBARG, R. E., REVELLE, W., YOVEL, I. Y LI, W. (2005). Cronbach’s ?, Revelle’s b, and McDonald’s ?H: Their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Psychometrika, 70, 123-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-003-0974-7
Arias González, V., Arias Martínez, B., Verdugo Alonso, M. Ángel, Rubia Avi, M., & Jenaro Río, C. (2016). Assessment of Staff Attitudes towards People with Disability. Siglo Cero, 47(2), 7–41. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero2016472741

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >> 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Víctor Arias González

,
Universidad de Talca
Facultad de Psicología. Universidad de Talca. Av Lircay, Talca, VII Región, Chile

Benito Arias Martínez

,
Universidad de Valladolid
Facultad de Educación. Universidad de Valladolid. Campus Universitario Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén, 1, 47011 Valladolid, España

Miguel Ángel Verdugo Alonso

,
Universidad de Salamanca
Facultad de Psicología. Universidad de Salamanca. Avenida de la Merced, 109, 37005 Salamanca, España

Mariano Rubia Avi

,
Universidad de Valladolid
Facultad de Educación. Universidad de Valladolid. Campus Universitario Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén, 1, 47011 Valladolid, España

Cristina Jenaro Río

,
Universidad de Salamanca
Facultad de Psicología. Universidad de Salamanca. Avenida de la Merced, 109, 37005 Salamanca, España
+