Building an inclusive society
Abstract This article defines the characteristics of an inclusive society for people with disabilities and describes three building blocks for developing such a society. These three literature-supported building blocks involve building on a firm foundation; building with a guiding purpose; and building to bring about meaningful systemic change. The article emphasizes that building an inclusive society is a gradual and networked process that involves applying these three building blocks to bring about systemic changes in attitudes, behaviors, laws, policies, practices, and institutions.
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Buntinx, W. H. E., Yu Tan, I. and Aldenkamp, A. P. (2018). Support values through the eyes of the patient: An exploratory study into long-term support of persons with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior, 82, 155-163. https://doi.org/19.1016/j.yebeh.2018.02.031
Claes, C., Schalock, R. L. and van Hove, G. (in press). The components and use of a shared citizenship measurement model. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities.
Claes, C., Vandenbussche, H. and Lombardo, M. (2016). Human rights and quality of life domains: Identifying cross-cultural indicators. En R. L. Schalock and K. D. Keith (Eds.), Cross-cultural quality of life: Enhancing the lives of persons with intellectual disability (pp. 167-174). AAIDD.
European Commission. (2021). Union of equality: Strategy for the rights of people with disabilities 2021-2030. Publication Office of the European Commission.
Lombardi, M. (in press). Towards an operational definition of supports, systems of supports, and elements of a system of supports. Evaluation and Program Planning.
Luckasson, R., Schalock, R. L. and Bradley, V. J. (2024). Diffusion of the shared citizenship paradigm: Strategies and next steps. American Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 129, 362-376.
Luckasson, R., Schalock, R. L., Tasse, M. J. and Shogren, K. A. (2022). The intellectual and developmental disabilities Shared Citizenship Paradigm: Its cross-cultural status, implementation, and confirmation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 67, 64-76.
Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovation (5th ed.). Free Press.
Schalock, R. L. (in press). Intellectual and developmental disabilities: Best practices and anemerging integrative paradigm. In G. Bennett and E. Goodall (Eds.), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Disability. Springer Nature.
Schalock, R. L. and Keith, K. D. (Eds.). (2016). Cross-cultural quality of life: Enhancing the lives of persons with intellectual Disability. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R. and Tasse, M. J. (2021a). Intellectual disability: Definition, diagnosis, classification, and systems of supports (12th Ed.). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R. and Tasse M. J. (2021b). Ongoing transformation in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities: Taking action for the future. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 59, 380-391.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., Tasse, M. J. and Shogren, K. A. (2022). The IDD paradigm of shared citizenship: Its operationalization, application, evaluation, and shaping for the future. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 60, 426-443.
Schalock, R. L., Thompson, J. R. and Tasse, M. J. (2018). A systematic approach to personal support plans. AAIDD.
Shogren, K. A., Luckasson, R. and Schalock, R. L. (2021). Leveraging the power of context in disability policy development, implementation, and evaluation: Multiple applications to enhance personal outcomes. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 31, 230-243.
Stancliffe, R. J., Arnold, S. R. C. and Riches, V. C. (2016). The supports paradigm. In R. L. Schalock and K. D. Keith (Eds.), Cross-cultural quality of life: Enhancing the lives of persons with intellectual Disability (pp. 133-142). AAIDD.
Thompson, J. R., Schalock, R. L., Agosta, J., Teninty, L. and Fortune, J. (2014). How the supports paradigm is transforming service systems for persons with intellectual and related developmental disabilities. Inclusion, 2, 86-99. https://doi.org/0.1352/2326-6988-2.2.86
Thompson, J. R., Schalock, R. L., Shogren, K. A., Tasse, M. J., Wehmeyer, M. L. and Hughes, C. (2023). Support Intensity Scale-Adult Version, user’s manual (2nd Ed.). AAIDD.
Thompson, J. R., Wehmeyer, M. L., Hughes, C.., Shogren, K. A., Seo, H., Little, T. … Tasse, M. J. (2016). Supports Intensity Scale—Children’s Version (SIS-C). Interview and profile form. AAIDD.
United Nations. (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. https://www.in.org/disability/convevtion/convention.shtml
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (1948). The UN Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). United Nations General Assembly.
Verdugo, M. Á., Gómez, L. E., Schalock, R. L. and Navas, P. (2023). A systematic approach to implementing, evaluating, and sustaining the shared citizenship paradigm. Behavioral Sciences, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs/13120970
Verdugo, M. Á., Schalock, R. L. and Gómez, L. E. (2023). The quality of life supports model as a major component in applying the quality of life framework. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 21(1), 12468. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi,12468
Claes, C., Schalock, R. L. and van Hove, G. (in press). The components and use of a shared citizenship measurement model. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities.
Claes, C., Vandenbussche, H. and Lombardo, M. (2016). Human rights and quality of life domains: Identifying cross-cultural indicators. En R. L. Schalock and K. D. Keith (Eds.), Cross-cultural quality of life: Enhancing the lives of persons with intellectual disability (pp. 167-174). AAIDD.
European Commission. (2021). Union of equality: Strategy for the rights of people with disabilities 2021-2030. Publication Office of the European Commission.
Lombardi, M. (in press). Towards an operational definition of supports, systems of supports, and elements of a system of supports. Evaluation and Program Planning.
Luckasson, R., Schalock, R. L. and Bradley, V. J. (2024). Diffusion of the shared citizenship paradigm: Strategies and next steps. American Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 129, 362-376.
Luckasson, R., Schalock, R. L., Tasse, M. J. and Shogren, K. A. (2022). The intellectual and developmental disabilities Shared Citizenship Paradigm: Its cross-cultural status, implementation, and confirmation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 67, 64-76.
Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovation (5th ed.). Free Press.
Schalock, R. L. (in press). Intellectual and developmental disabilities: Best practices and anemerging integrative paradigm. In G. Bennett and E. Goodall (Eds.), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Disability. Springer Nature.
Schalock, R. L. and Keith, K. D. (Eds.). (2016). Cross-cultural quality of life: Enhancing the lives of persons with intellectual Disability. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R. and Tasse, M. J. (2021a). Intellectual disability: Definition, diagnosis, classification, and systems of supports (12th Ed.). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R. and Tasse M. J. (2021b). Ongoing transformation in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities: Taking action for the future. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 59, 380-391.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., Tasse, M. J. and Shogren, K. A. (2022). The IDD paradigm of shared citizenship: Its operationalization, application, evaluation, and shaping for the future. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 60, 426-443.
Schalock, R. L., Thompson, J. R. and Tasse, M. J. (2018). A systematic approach to personal support plans. AAIDD.
Shogren, K. A., Luckasson, R. and Schalock, R. L. (2021). Leveraging the power of context in disability policy development, implementation, and evaluation: Multiple applications to enhance personal outcomes. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 31, 230-243.
Stancliffe, R. J., Arnold, S. R. C. and Riches, V. C. (2016). The supports paradigm. In R. L. Schalock and K. D. Keith (Eds.), Cross-cultural quality of life: Enhancing the lives of persons with intellectual Disability (pp. 133-142). AAIDD.
Thompson, J. R., Schalock, R. L., Agosta, J., Teninty, L. and Fortune, J. (2014). How the supports paradigm is transforming service systems for persons with intellectual and related developmental disabilities. Inclusion, 2, 86-99. https://doi.org/0.1352/2326-6988-2.2.86
Thompson, J. R., Schalock, R. L., Shogren, K. A., Tasse, M. J., Wehmeyer, M. L. and Hughes, C. (2023). Support Intensity Scale-Adult Version, user’s manual (2nd Ed.). AAIDD.
Thompson, J. R., Wehmeyer, M. L., Hughes, C.., Shogren, K. A., Seo, H., Little, T. … Tasse, M. J. (2016). Supports Intensity Scale—Children’s Version (SIS-C). Interview and profile form. AAIDD.
United Nations. (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. https://www.in.org/disability/convevtion/convention.shtml
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (1948). The UN Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). United Nations General Assembly.
Verdugo, M. Á., Gómez, L. E., Schalock, R. L. and Navas, P. (2023). A systematic approach to implementing, evaluating, and sustaining the shared citizenship paradigm. Behavioral Sciences, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs/13120970
Verdugo, M. Á., Schalock, R. L. and Gómez, L. E. (2023). The quality of life supports model as a major component in applying the quality of life framework. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 21(1), 12468. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi,12468
Schalock, R. L. (2025). Building an inclusive society. Siglo Cero, 56(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero.32216
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