Tolerance to Multisensory Immersive Virtual Environments and Electrodermal Ratio Measurement as an Identifier of ASD Population
Abstract
Finding quantifiable indicators to characterize the population with Autistic Disorder (ASD) is a priority to advance knowledge of the condition. For this reason, measures such as Electrodermal Activity (EDA) in Immersive Virtual Environments (EVI) can report objective measures obtained in contexts with the ability to obtain a response similar to that of reality. The objective of this study was to study the usability of an EVI and an EDA bracelet and which phases of it have the capacity to detect the ASD population in a multisensory stimulation context. A mixed experimental design was carried out with a between-subjects factor and a within-subjects factor. For this, there was a sample of 46 ASD participants and 40 normotypical. The results show a high adaptability of use of the EVI and the EDA measurement bracelet. In addition, the Ratio measure was the one that obtained the ability to differentiate the physiological behavior between groups. Therefore, these devices are susceptible in their clinical generalization, while the Ratio measure points to a greater perception of odors by the ASD population, which can be studied as an indicator of the condition.
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ALCAÑIZ, M., MADDALON, L., MINISSI, M. E., SIRERA, M. Y ABAD, L. (2022). Adaptive technological interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder: a literature review. Medicina, 82, 54-58. Recuperado de https://europepmc.org/article/med/35171809
ALCAÑIZ, M. L., OLMOS-RAYA, E. Y ABAD, L. (2019). Uso de entornos virtuales para trastornos del neurodesarrollo: una revisión del estado del arte y agenda futura. Medicina, 79, 77-81. Recuperado de https://www.medicinabuenosaires.com/PMID/30776285.pdf
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
AUTISM EUROPE. (2019). Diagnostic criteria. https://www.autismeurope.org/about-autism/diagnostic-criteria/
BENEDEK, M. Y KAERNBACH, C. (2010). A continuous measure of phasic electrodermal activity. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 190(1), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.04.028
BISQUERRA ALZINA, R. Y VILÁ BAÑOS, R. (2014). El análisis cuantitativo de los datos. En R. BISQUERRA (Coor.), Metodología de la investigación educativa (pp. 260-271). La Muralla.
BLASCOVICH, J., LOOMIS, J., BEALL, A. C., SWINTH, K. R., HOYT, C. L. Y BAILENSON, J. N. (2002). Immersive virtual environment technology as a methodological tool for social psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 13(2), 103-124. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1302_01
BOUDJARANE, M. A., GRANDGEORGE, M., MARIANOWSKI, R., MISERY, L. Y LEMONNIER, É. (2017). Perception of odors and tastes in Autism Spectrum Disorders: a systematic review of assessments. Autism Research, 10, 1045-1057. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1760
CHANG, M. C., PARHAM, L. D., BLANCHE, E. I., SCHELL, A., CHOU, C. P., DAWSON, M. Y CLARK, F. (2012). Autonomic and behavioural responses of children with autism to auditory stimuli. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(5), 567-576. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2012.004242
FRANCIS, K. (2005). Autism interventions: a critical update. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 47(7), 493-499. https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/S0012162205000952
GARCÍA GUILLÉN, S., GARROTE ROJAS, D. Y JIMÉNEZ FERNÁNDEZ, S. (2017). Uso de las TIC en el Trastorno de Espectro Autista: aplicaciones. EDMETIC, 5(2), 134. https://doi.org/10.21071/edmetic.v5i2.5780
GEORGIADES, S., SZATMARI, P., BOYLE, M., HANNA, S., DUKU, E., ZWAIGENBAUM, L., BRYSON, S., FOMBONNE, E., VOLDEN, J., MIRENDA, P., SMITH, I., ROBERTS, W., VAILLANCOURT, T., WADDELL, C., BENNETT, T. Y THOMPSON, A. (2013). Investigating phenotypic heterogeneity in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a factor mixture modeling approach. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), 206-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02588.x
GILLBERG, C. Y RASMUSSEN, P. (1994). Four case histories and a literature review of Williams syndrome and autistic behaviour. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(3), 381-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02172235
GOLESTAN, S., SOLEIMAN, P. Y MORADI, H. (2018). A comprehensive review of technologies used for screening, assessment, and rehabilitation of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Recuperado de https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1807/1807.10986.pdf
GÓMEZ, S. L. Y ÁLVAREZ, C. G. (2008). La conducta socio-afectiva en el trastorno autista: descripción e intervención psicoeducativa. Pensamiento Psicológico, 4(10), 111-121. Recuperado de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2792701.pdf
HODGES, H., FEALKO, C. Y SOARES, N. (2020). Autism Spectrum Disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation. Translational Pediatrics, 9(Suppl. 1), S55-S65. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2019.09.09
KERN, J. K., TRIVEDI, M. H., GARVER, C. R., GRANNEMANN, B. D., ANDREWS, A. A., SAVLA, J. S., JOHNSON D. G., MEHTA, J. A., JENNIFER L. Y SCHROEDER, J. L. (2006). The pattern of sensory processing abnormalities in autism. Autism, 10(5), 480-494. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361306066564
LEGIŠA, J., MESSINGER, D. S., KERMOL, E. Y MARLIER, L. (2013). Emotional responses to odors in children with high-functioning autism: autonomic arousal, facial behaviour and self-report. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(4), 869-879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1629-2
LI, D., LARSEN, L., YANG, Y., WANG, L., ZHAI, Y. Y SULLIVAN, W. C. (2019). Exposure to nature for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: benefits, caveats, and barriers. Health and Place, 55, 71-79. https://doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.11.005
LIEBERMAN, M. D. (2010). Social cognitive neuroscience (5.ª. ed.). En S. T. FISKE, D. T. GILBERT y G. LINDZEY (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (pp. 143-193). John Wiley and Sons. Recuperado de https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57265384b09f951c90d0fed2/t/59f897200846655cecec7e02/1509463842500/Lieberman-Hanbook-2010+%281%29.pdf
LOOMIS, J. M., BLASCOVICH, J. J. Y BEALL, A. C. (1999). Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology. Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 31(4), 557-564. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200735
LORD, C., LUYSTER, R. J., GOTHAM, K. Y GUTHRIE, W. (2015). Escala de Observación para el Diagnóstico del Autismo-2. Manual (Parte II): Módulo T. (T. Luque, Trad.) TEA Ediciones.
LORD, C., RUTTER, M., DILAVORE, P. C., RISI, S., GOTHAM, K. Y BISHOP, S. L. (2015). ADOS-2. Escala de Observación para el Diagnóstico del Autismo - 2. Manual (Parte I): Módulos 1-4. (T. Luque, Trad.) TEA Ediciones.
LOZANO-MARTÍNEZ, J., BALLESTA-PAGÁN, F. J. Y ALCARAZ-GARCÍA, S. (2011). Software for teaching emotions to students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Revista Comunicar, 18(36), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.3916/C36-2011-03-05
LYDON, S., HEALY, O., REED, P., MULHERN, T., HUGHES, B. M. Y GOODWIN, M. S. (2014). A systematic review of physiological reactivity to stimuli in autism. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 19(6), 335-355. https://doi.org/10.3109/17518423.2014.971975
MCCARTHY, C., PRADHAN, N., REDPATH, C. Y ADLER, A. (2016, mayo 29-31). Validation of the Empatica E4 wristband. EEE EMBS International Student Conference (ISC) (pp. 1-4). https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBSISC.2016.7508621
MCCORMICK, C., HESSL, D., MACARI, S. L., OZONOFF, S., GREEN, C. Y ROGERS, S. J. (2014). Electrodermal and behavioural responses of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders to sensory and repetitive stimuli. Autism Research, 7(4), 468-480. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1382
O’NEILL, M. Y JONES, R. S. (1997). Sensory-perceptual abnormalities in autism: a case for more research? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27(3), 283-293. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025850431170
PARSONS, S. (2016). Authenticity in virtual reality for assessment and intervention in autism: a conceptual review. Educational Research Review, 19, 138-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2016.08.001
PARSONS, S., BEARDON, L., NEALE, H. R., REYNARD, G., EASTGATE, R., WILSON, J. R., COBB, S. C. G., BENFORD, S. D., MITCHELL, P. Y HOPKINS, E. (2000, septiembre. Development of social skills amongst adults with Asperger’s Syndrome using virtual environments: the ‘AS Interactive’ project. Proceeding The 3rd International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies (ICDVRA). Alghero, Italy (pp. 23-25). Recuperado de https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.112.2969
PRINCE, E. B., KIM, E. S., WALL, C. A., GISIN, E., GOODWIN, M. S., SIMMONS, E. S., CHAWARSKA, K. Y SHIC, F. (2017). The relationship between autism symptoms and arousal level in toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder, as measured by electrodermal activity. Autism, 21(4), 504-508. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316648816
RUTTER, M., LE COUTEUR, A. Y LORD, C. (2003). Autism diagnostic interview-revised. Services, Western Psychological.
SCHOEN, S. A., MILLER, L. J., BRETT-GREEN, B. A. Y NIELSEN, D. M. (2009). Physiological and behavioral differences in sensory processing: a comparison of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and sensory modulation disorder. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 3(9). https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.07.029.2009
SHALOM, D. B., MOSTOFSKY, S. H., HAZLETT, R. L., GOLDBERG, M. C., LANDA, R. J., FARAN MCLEOD D. R., Y HOEHN-SARIC, R. (2006). Normal physiological emotions but differences in expression of conscious feelings in children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(3), 395-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0077-2
SLATER, M. Y USOH, M. (1994). Body centred interaction in immersive virtual environments. En N. MAGNENAT-THALMANN y D. THALMANN, Artificial life and virtual reality (pp. 125-148). Recuperado de https://www.cise.ufl.edu/research/lok/teaching/ve-s07/papers/bci.pdf
TRUJILLO, J. H., MORENO, C. T., DE JUAN RIPOLL, C., PROVINCIALE, J. G. Y RAYA, M. A. (2016). Estrés percibido por los pacientes de centros de salud. Un estudio mediante GSR y HRV como medidas complementarias al cuestionario. En CASEIB 2016 XXXIV Congreso Anual de la Sociedad Española de Ingeniería Biomédica: Libro de actas (pp. 101-104). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València.
VAN ENGELAND, H. (1984). The electrodermal orienting response to auditive stimuli in autistic children, normal children, mentally retarded children, and child psychiatric patients. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14(3), 261-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02409578
VENABLES, P. H. Y CHRISTIE, M. J. (1980). Electrodermal activity. En P. H. MARTIN e I. VENABLES (Eds.), Techniques in Psychophysiology (pp. 3-67). Wiley & So.
WICKER, B., MONFARDINI, E. Y ROYET, J. P. (2016). Olfactory processing in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Molecular Autism, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0070-3
WING, L. Y GOULD, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(1), 11-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01531288
ZEIDAN, J., FOMBONNE, E., SCORAH, J., IBRAHIM, A., DURKIN, M. S., SAXENA, S., YUSUF, A., SHIH, A. Y ELSABBAGH, M. (2022). Global prevalence of autism: a systematic review update. Autism Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2696
ALCAÑIZ, M. L., OLMOS-RAYA, E. Y ABAD, L. (2019). Uso de entornos virtuales para trastornos del neurodesarrollo: una revisión del estado del arte y agenda futura. Medicina, 79, 77-81. Recuperado de https://www.medicinabuenosaires.com/PMID/30776285.pdf
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
AUTISM EUROPE. (2019). Diagnostic criteria. https://www.autismeurope.org/about-autism/diagnostic-criteria/
BENEDEK, M. Y KAERNBACH, C. (2010). A continuous measure of phasic electrodermal activity. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 190(1), 80-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.04.028
BISQUERRA ALZINA, R. Y VILÁ BAÑOS, R. (2014). El análisis cuantitativo de los datos. En R. BISQUERRA (Coor.), Metodología de la investigación educativa (pp. 260-271). La Muralla.
BLASCOVICH, J., LOOMIS, J., BEALL, A. C., SWINTH, K. R., HOYT, C. L. Y BAILENSON, J. N. (2002). Immersive virtual environment technology as a methodological tool for social psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 13(2), 103-124. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1302_01
BOUDJARANE, M. A., GRANDGEORGE, M., MARIANOWSKI, R., MISERY, L. Y LEMONNIER, É. (2017). Perception of odors and tastes in Autism Spectrum Disorders: a systematic review of assessments. Autism Research, 10, 1045-1057. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1760
CHANG, M. C., PARHAM, L. D., BLANCHE, E. I., SCHELL, A., CHOU, C. P., DAWSON, M. Y CLARK, F. (2012). Autonomic and behavioural responses of children with autism to auditory stimuli. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(5), 567-576. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2012.004242
FRANCIS, K. (2005). Autism interventions: a critical update. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 47(7), 493-499. https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/S0012162205000952
GARCÍA GUILLÉN, S., GARROTE ROJAS, D. Y JIMÉNEZ FERNÁNDEZ, S. (2017). Uso de las TIC en el Trastorno de Espectro Autista: aplicaciones. EDMETIC, 5(2), 134. https://doi.org/10.21071/edmetic.v5i2.5780
GEORGIADES, S., SZATMARI, P., BOYLE, M., HANNA, S., DUKU, E., ZWAIGENBAUM, L., BRYSON, S., FOMBONNE, E., VOLDEN, J., MIRENDA, P., SMITH, I., ROBERTS, W., VAILLANCOURT, T., WADDELL, C., BENNETT, T. Y THOMPSON, A. (2013). Investigating phenotypic heterogeneity in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a factor mixture modeling approach. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), 206-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02588.x
GILLBERG, C. Y RASMUSSEN, P. (1994). Four case histories and a literature review of Williams syndrome and autistic behaviour. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(3), 381-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02172235
GOLESTAN, S., SOLEIMAN, P. Y MORADI, H. (2018). A comprehensive review of technologies used for screening, assessment, and rehabilitation of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Recuperado de https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1807/1807.10986.pdf
GÓMEZ, S. L. Y ÁLVAREZ, C. G. (2008). La conducta socio-afectiva en el trastorno autista: descripción e intervención psicoeducativa. Pensamiento Psicológico, 4(10), 111-121. Recuperado de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2792701.pdf
HODGES, H., FEALKO, C. Y SOARES, N. (2020). Autism Spectrum Disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation. Translational Pediatrics, 9(Suppl. 1), S55-S65. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2019.09.09
KERN, J. K., TRIVEDI, M. H., GARVER, C. R., GRANNEMANN, B. D., ANDREWS, A. A., SAVLA, J. S., JOHNSON D. G., MEHTA, J. A., JENNIFER L. Y SCHROEDER, J. L. (2006). The pattern of sensory processing abnormalities in autism. Autism, 10(5), 480-494. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361306066564
LEGIŠA, J., MESSINGER, D. S., KERMOL, E. Y MARLIER, L. (2013). Emotional responses to odors in children with high-functioning autism: autonomic arousal, facial behaviour and self-report. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(4), 869-879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1629-2
LI, D., LARSEN, L., YANG, Y., WANG, L., ZHAI, Y. Y SULLIVAN, W. C. (2019). Exposure to nature for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: benefits, caveats, and barriers. Health and Place, 55, 71-79. https://doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.11.005
LIEBERMAN, M. D. (2010). Social cognitive neuroscience (5.ª. ed.). En S. T. FISKE, D. T. GILBERT y G. LINDZEY (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (pp. 143-193). John Wiley and Sons. Recuperado de https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57265384b09f951c90d0fed2/t/59f897200846655cecec7e02/1509463842500/Lieberman-Hanbook-2010+%281%29.pdf
LOOMIS, J. M., BLASCOVICH, J. J. Y BEALL, A. C. (1999). Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology. Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 31(4), 557-564. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200735
LORD, C., LUYSTER, R. J., GOTHAM, K. Y GUTHRIE, W. (2015). Escala de Observación para el Diagnóstico del Autismo-2. Manual (Parte II): Módulo T. (T. Luque, Trad.) TEA Ediciones.
LORD, C., RUTTER, M., DILAVORE, P. C., RISI, S., GOTHAM, K. Y BISHOP, S. L. (2015). ADOS-2. Escala de Observación para el Diagnóstico del Autismo - 2. Manual (Parte I): Módulos 1-4. (T. Luque, Trad.) TEA Ediciones.
LOZANO-MARTÍNEZ, J., BALLESTA-PAGÁN, F. J. Y ALCARAZ-GARCÍA, S. (2011). Software for teaching emotions to students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Revista Comunicar, 18(36), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.3916/C36-2011-03-05
LYDON, S., HEALY, O., REED, P., MULHERN, T., HUGHES, B. M. Y GOODWIN, M. S. (2014). A systematic review of physiological reactivity to stimuli in autism. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 19(6), 335-355. https://doi.org/10.3109/17518423.2014.971975
MCCARTHY, C., PRADHAN, N., REDPATH, C. Y ADLER, A. (2016, mayo 29-31). Validation of the Empatica E4 wristband. EEE EMBS International Student Conference (ISC) (pp. 1-4). https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBSISC.2016.7508621
MCCORMICK, C., HESSL, D., MACARI, S. L., OZONOFF, S., GREEN, C. Y ROGERS, S. J. (2014). Electrodermal and behavioural responses of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders to sensory and repetitive stimuli. Autism Research, 7(4), 468-480. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1382
O’NEILL, M. Y JONES, R. S. (1997). Sensory-perceptual abnormalities in autism: a case for more research? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27(3), 283-293. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025850431170
PARSONS, S. (2016). Authenticity in virtual reality for assessment and intervention in autism: a conceptual review. Educational Research Review, 19, 138-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2016.08.001
PARSONS, S., BEARDON, L., NEALE, H. R., REYNARD, G., EASTGATE, R., WILSON, J. R., COBB, S. C. G., BENFORD, S. D., MITCHELL, P. Y HOPKINS, E. (2000, septiembre. Development of social skills amongst adults with Asperger’s Syndrome using virtual environments: the ‘AS Interactive’ project. Proceeding The 3rd International Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies (ICDVRA). Alghero, Italy (pp. 23-25). Recuperado de https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.112.2969
PRINCE, E. B., KIM, E. S., WALL, C. A., GISIN, E., GOODWIN, M. S., SIMMONS, E. S., CHAWARSKA, K. Y SHIC, F. (2017). The relationship between autism symptoms and arousal level in toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder, as measured by electrodermal activity. Autism, 21(4), 504-508. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316648816
RUTTER, M., LE COUTEUR, A. Y LORD, C. (2003). Autism diagnostic interview-revised. Services, Western Psychological.
SCHOEN, S. A., MILLER, L. J., BRETT-GREEN, B. A. Y NIELSEN, D. M. (2009). Physiological and behavioral differences in sensory processing: a comparison of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and sensory modulation disorder. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 3(9). https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.07.029.2009
SHALOM, D. B., MOSTOFSKY, S. H., HAZLETT, R. L., GOLDBERG, M. C., LANDA, R. J., FARAN MCLEOD D. R., Y HOEHN-SARIC, R. (2006). Normal physiological emotions but differences in expression of conscious feelings in children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(3), 395-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0077-2
SLATER, M. Y USOH, M. (1994). Body centred interaction in immersive virtual environments. En N. MAGNENAT-THALMANN y D. THALMANN, Artificial life and virtual reality (pp. 125-148). Recuperado de https://www.cise.ufl.edu/research/lok/teaching/ve-s07/papers/bci.pdf
TRUJILLO, J. H., MORENO, C. T., DE JUAN RIPOLL, C., PROVINCIALE, J. G. Y RAYA, M. A. (2016). Estrés percibido por los pacientes de centros de salud. Un estudio mediante GSR y HRV como medidas complementarias al cuestionario. En CASEIB 2016 XXXIV Congreso Anual de la Sociedad Española de Ingeniería Biomédica: Libro de actas (pp. 101-104). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València.
VAN ENGELAND, H. (1984). The electrodermal orienting response to auditive stimuli in autistic children, normal children, mentally retarded children, and child psychiatric patients. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 14(3), 261-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02409578
VENABLES, P. H. Y CHRISTIE, M. J. (1980). Electrodermal activity. En P. H. MARTIN e I. VENABLES (Eds.), Techniques in Psychophysiology (pp. 3-67). Wiley & So.
WICKER, B., MONFARDINI, E. Y ROYET, J. P. (2016). Olfactory processing in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Molecular Autism, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0070-3
WING, L. Y GOULD, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(1), 11-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01531288
ZEIDAN, J., FOMBONNE, E., SCORAH, J., IBRAHIM, A., DURKIN, M. S., SAXENA, S., YUSUF, A., SHIH, A. Y ELSABBAGH, M. (2022). Global prevalence of autism: a systematic review update. Autism Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2696
Olmos, E., Cascales-Martínez, A., & Contero González, M. (2023). Tolerance to Multisensory Immersive Virtual Environments and Electrodermal Ratio Measurement as an Identifier of ASD Population. Siglo Cero, 54(1), 115–133. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero202354128535
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