Endemoniados, impostores o enfermos. Discernimiento de espíritus en los tratados demonológicos de la Inglaterra Reformada (1580-1630)
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ISSN online:
1989-9289
Prefijo Doi:
10.14201
Contenido principal del artículo
Vol. 12 (2021), Estudios, Páginas 301-332
Resumen
A partir de un análisis de los tratados sobre brujería publicados por teólogos y ministros protestantes, el presente artículo se propone estudiar las particularidades del discernimiento de espíritus en relación al problema de la posesión espiritual en la Inglaterra de finales del siglo xvi y comienzos del xvii. En este tipo de literatura teológica, los padecimientos de los posesos eran interpretados de tres maneras diferentes: como el resultado de una invasión demoníaca, como una enfermedad de origen natural o como un fingimiento. De esta manera, se propone como hipótesis que existía un explícito rechazo a la posibilidad de que los cuerpos poseídos fuesen anfitriones de la divinidad o de alguno de sus ángeles, algo comúnmente aceptado dentro del paradigma del discernimiento contemporáneo. Esta negativa sería el resultado del modo en que el discurso demonológico inglés entendía áreas más amplias de la teología como la Providencia y su relación con el colectivo humano, los milagros y los carismas, y la santidad, así como también del carácter inherentemente polémico de la tratadística contra la brujería del periodo.
Palabras clave:
discernimiento de espíritus, posesión, Inglaterra, demonología, protestantismo
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Almond, P. (2004). Demonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern England. Contemporary texts and their Cultural Contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511483417
Almond, P. (2012). The Lancashire Witches. A chronicle of sorcery and death on Pendle Hill. Londres-Nueva York: I. B Tauris & Co. Ltd. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755621132
Anon. (1597). The Most Wonderfull and true story of a certain Witch named Alice Gooderige, Londres (recopilado en: Almond, P. (2004). Demonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern England. Contemporary texts and their Cultural Contexts (pp. 150-192). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Apetrei, S. (2015). Gender, mysticism, and enthusiasm in the British postreformation. Reformation & Renaissance Review, 17(2), pp. 116-128. https://doi.org/10.1179/1462245915Z.00000000074
Behringer, W. (2004). Witches and witch-hunts. A global history. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bernard, R. (1627). A guide to grand iury men: divided into two books. Londres.
Bhogal, H. (2013) Rethinking Demonic Possession: The impact of the debates about the John Darrel case on later demonological thought, with particular reference to John Deacon and John Walker (tesis inédita de doctorado). Birbeck University of London.
Boddy, J. (1994). Spirit Possession Revisited: Beyond Instrumentality. Annu. Rev. Anthropol, 23, pp. 407-434. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.23.100194.002203
Bonzol, J. (2009). The Medical Diagnosis of Demonic Possession in an Early Modern English Community, Parergon, 26(1), pp. 115-140. https://doi.org/10.1353/pgn.0.0132
Boyer, P. y Nissembaum, S. (1993). Salem-Village Witchcraft: A Documentary Record of Local Conflict in Colonial New England. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Caciola, N. (2003). Discerning Spirits. Divine and Demonic Possession in the Middle Ages. Ithaca y Londres: Cornell University Press.
Calvino, J. (1560). Institution de la Religion Chrétienne, 1560 (reedición de 1888, Librarie de la Suisse Française: París, 1888).
Cameron, E. (2012). Angels, Demons, and Everything in Between: Spiritual Beings in Early Modern Europe. En C. Copeland y J. Machielsen (eds.), Angels of Light? Sanctity and the Discernment of Spirits in the Early Modern Period (pp. 15-52). Leiden: Brill.
Campagne. F. (2003). Witchcraft and the Sense-of-the-Impossible in Early Modern Spain: Some Reflections Based on the Literature of Superstition (ca. 1500-1800). Harvard Theological Review, 96(1), pp. 25-62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816003000324
Campagne, F. (2009). Strix Hispánica. Demonología cristiana y cultura folklórica en la España moderna. Buenos Aires: Prometeo.
Campagne, F. (2014). Profetas en ninguna tierra. Una historia del discernimiento de espíritus en Occidente. Buenos Aires: Prometeo.
Clark, S. (1997). Thinking with Demons. The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Clark, S. (2006). Demonology. En Golden, R (ed.), Encyclopedia of Witchcraft: The Western Tradition (pp. 259-263). California: ABC-Clio.
Clark. S. (2007). Vanities of the Eye. Vision in Early Modern European Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cohn, N. (1975). Europe’s Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt. Sussex y Londres: Sussex University Press and Heinemann Educational Books.
Cooper, T. (1617). The mystery of witchcraft. Londres.
Copeland, C. y Machielsen, J. (2012). Introduction. En Copeland, C y Machielsen, J. (eds.), Angels of Light? Sanctity and the Discernment of Spirits in the Early Modern Period (pp. 1-16). Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004233706_002
Cotta, J. (1625). The infallible, true and assured witch: or the second edition of the tryall of witchcraft: shewing the right and true method of the Discoverie. Londres.
Darrell, J. (1599). A brief apologie prouing the possession of William Sommers. Londres.
Darrell, J. (1600). A true narration of the strange and greuous vexation by the Devil, of seven persons in Lancashire. Londres.
De Waardt, Hans (2009). Jesuits, Propaganda and Faith Healing in the Dutch Republic. History, 94, pp. 344-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229X.2009.00459.x
del Olmo, I. (2018), Legio: Posesión diabólica y exorcismo en la Europa de los siglos XVI y XVII. Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico.
Eire, C. (2003). War Against the Idols. The Reformation of Worship from Erasmus to Calvin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Eliav-Feldon, M. (2012), Renaissance Impostors and Proofs of Identity. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137291370
Elliott, D. (2012). Raptus/Rapture. En A. Hollywood y P. Beckman (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Christian Mysticism (pp. 189-199). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139020886.013
Fairfax, E. (1621), Daemonologia. Londres (reedición de 1882: Londres: B. Ackrill).
Ferber, S. (2004). Demonic Possession and Exorcisms in Early Modern France. Londres: Routledge.
Gaskill, Malcolm (2005). Witchfinders: A Seventeenth Century English Tragedy. Londres: John Murray.
Gibson, M. (1999). Reading Witchcraft. Stories of Early English Witches. Londres: Routledge.
Gibson, M. (2006). Possession, Puritanism and Print. Londres: Pickering and Chatto.
Gifford, G. (1587). A Discourse of the Subtill Practises of Devills by Witches and Sorcerers. Londres.
Gifford, G. (1593). A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchrafts, Londres, 1593 (reedición de 1843: Londres: The Percy Society).
Gillespie, R. (2006). Imagining Angels in Early Modern England. En Marshall, P y Walsham, A (eds.), Angels in the Early Modern World (214-232). Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press.
Ginzburg, C. (1989). Storia notturna: Una decifrazione del Sabba. Turín: Einaudi.
Holland, H. (1590). A treatise against witchcraft: or, a dialogue, wherein the greatest doubts concerning that sinne, are briefly answered. Londres.
Howells, E. (2012). Early Modern Reformations. En A. Hollywood y P. Beckman (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Christian Mysticism (pp. 114-136). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139020886.006
Johnstone, N. (2006). The Devil and Demonism in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511495847
Keck, D. (1998). Angels and angelology in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kieckhefer, R. (1979). European Witch Trials: Their Foundations in Popular and Learned Culture, 1300-1500. California: University of California Press.
Levack, B. (2006), The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe. Nueva York: Routledge.
Levack, B. (2013a). The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199578160.001.0001
Levack, B. (2013b). The Devil Within. Possession & Exorcism in the Christian West. Nueva Haven y Londres: Yale University Press.
Macfarlane, A. (1970). Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A Regional and Comparative Study. Londres: Harper & Row. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203259481
Machielsen, J. (2020). Introduction. En J. Machielsen (ed.), The Science of Demons (pp. 1-16). Londres y Nueva York: Routledge, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203702512-101
Mack, P. (1992). Visionary Women: Ecstatic Prophecy in Seventeenth-Century England. Los Angeles, University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520915589
Méndez, A. (2020). El infierno está vacío. Demonología, caza de brujas y reforma en la Inglaterra temprano-moderna. Valencia: Publicacions Universitat de Valencia.
Millar, C. R. (2017). Witchcraft, the Devil, and Emotions in Early Modern England. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315547015
Monter, W. (1976), Witchcraft in France and Switzerland: The Borderlands during the Reformation. Cornell: Cornell University Press.
Montesano, M. (2020), Witchcraft, Demonology and Magic. Basilea: MDPI.
Moore, M. (1650). Wonderful Newes from the north, Londres (recopilado en: Almond, P. (2004), Demonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern England. Contemporary texts and their Cultural Contexts (pp. 358-390). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Muldoon, A. (2000). Recusants, Church-Papists, and ‘Comfortable’ Missionaries: Assessing the Post-Reformation English Catholic Community. The Catholic Historical Review, 86(2), pp. 242-257. https://doi.org/10.1353/cat.2000.0188
Norton, M.B. (2003). In the Devil’s Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692. Nueva York: Vintage.
Notestein, W. (1911). A History of Witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718. Washington: American Historial Association.
Oldridge, D. (2010), The Devil in Tudor and Stuart England. Gloucestershire: The History Press.
Ossa-Richardson, A. (2012). Gijsbert and Discretio Spirituum after Descartes. En C. Copeland y J. Machielse (eds.), Angels of Light? Sanctity and the Discernment of Spirits in the Early Modern Period (pp. 235-254). Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004233706_010
Ossa-Richardson, A. (2013). The Devil´s Tabernacle. The Pagan Oracles in Early Modern Thought. Princeton y Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Pearson, J. (2018). ‘Much like the Picture of the Devill in a Play’: Hypocrisy and Demonic Possession. En Nigri, L y Tsentourou, N (eds.), Forms of Hypocrisy in Early Modern England. Nueva York y Londres: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315265568-7
Perkins, W. (1608). A discourse of the damned Art of witchcraft. Londres.
Pitt-Rivers, J. (1991). Epílogo: el lugar de la gracia en la antropología. En J. Pitt-Rivers y J. G. Peristiany (eds.), Honor y gracia (pp. 280-321). Madrid: Alianza.
Purkiss, D. (1998). Invasions: Prophecy and Bewitchment in the Case of Margaret Muschamp. Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, 17(2), pp. 235-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/464387
Roberts, A. (1616). A Treatise of Witchcraft. Londres.
Rosen, B. (1991). Witchcraft in England 1558-1616. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Sands, K. (2004). Demon Possession in Elizabethan England. Londres: Preaeger.
Sangha, L. (2012). ‘Incorporeal Substances’: Discerning Angels in Later Seventeenth-Century England. En C. Copeland y J. Machielsen (eds.), Angels of Light? Sanctity and the Discernment of Spirits in the Early Modern Period (pp. 255-278). Leiden y Boston: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004233706_011
Schmidt, J. (2007). Melancholy and the Care of the Soul. Religion, Moral Philosophy and Madness in Early Modern England. Londres: Ashgate.
Scott, R. J (2012). Visions, Dreams, and the Discernment of Prophetic Passions: Sense and Reason in the Writings of the Cambridge Platonists and John Beale, 1640-60. En C. Copeland y J. Machielsen (eds.), Angels of Light? Sanctity and the Discernment of Spirits in the Early Modern Period (pp. 201-234). Leiden y Boston: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004233706_009
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Anon. (1597). The Most Wonderfull and true story of a certain Witch named Alice Gooderige, Londres (recopilado en: Almond, P. (2004). Demonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern England. Contemporary texts and their Cultural Contexts (pp. 150-192). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Apetrei, S. (2015). Gender, mysticism, and enthusiasm in the British postreformation. Reformation & Renaissance Review, 17(2), pp. 116-128. https://doi.org/10.1179/1462245915Z.00000000074
Behringer, W. (2004). Witches and witch-hunts. A global history. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bernard, R. (1627). A guide to grand iury men: divided into two books. Londres.
Bhogal, H. (2013) Rethinking Demonic Possession: The impact of the debates about the John Darrel case on later demonological thought, with particular reference to John Deacon and John Walker (tesis inédita de doctorado). Birbeck University of London.
Boddy, J. (1994). Spirit Possession Revisited: Beyond Instrumentality. Annu. Rev. Anthropol, 23, pp. 407-434. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.23.100194.002203
Bonzol, J. (2009). The Medical Diagnosis of Demonic Possession in an Early Modern English Community, Parergon, 26(1), pp. 115-140. https://doi.org/10.1353/pgn.0.0132
Boyer, P. y Nissembaum, S. (1993). Salem-Village Witchcraft: A Documentary Record of Local Conflict in Colonial New England. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
Caciola, N. (2003). Discerning Spirits. Divine and Demonic Possession in the Middle Ages. Ithaca y Londres: Cornell University Press.
Calvino, J. (1560). Institution de la Religion Chrétienne, 1560 (reedición de 1888, Librarie de la Suisse Française: París, 1888).
Cameron, E. (2012). Angels, Demons, and Everything in Between: Spiritual Beings in Early Modern Europe. En C. Copeland y J. Machielsen (eds.), Angels of Light? Sanctity and the Discernment of Spirits in the Early Modern Period (pp. 15-52). Leiden: Brill.
Campagne. F. (2003). Witchcraft and the Sense-of-the-Impossible in Early Modern Spain: Some Reflections Based on the Literature of Superstition (ca. 1500-1800). Harvard Theological Review, 96(1), pp. 25-62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816003000324
Campagne, F. (2009). Strix Hispánica. Demonología cristiana y cultura folklórica en la España moderna. Buenos Aires: Prometeo.
Campagne, F. (2014). Profetas en ninguna tierra. Una historia del discernimiento de espíritus en Occidente. Buenos Aires: Prometeo.
Clark, S. (1997). Thinking with Demons. The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Clark, S. (2006). Demonology. En Golden, R (ed.), Encyclopedia of Witchcraft: The Western Tradition (pp. 259-263). California: ABC-Clio.
Clark. S. (2007). Vanities of the Eye. Vision in Early Modern European Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cohn, N. (1975). Europe’s Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt. Sussex y Londres: Sussex University Press and Heinemann Educational Books.
Cooper, T. (1617). The mystery of witchcraft. Londres.
Copeland, C. y Machielsen, J. (2012). Introduction. En Copeland, C y Machielsen, J. (eds.), Angels of Light? Sanctity and the Discernment of Spirits in the Early Modern Period (pp. 1-16). Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004233706_002
Cotta, J. (1625). The infallible, true and assured witch: or the second edition of the tryall of witchcraft: shewing the right and true method of the Discoverie. Londres.
Darrell, J. (1599). A brief apologie prouing the possession of William Sommers. Londres.
Darrell, J. (1600). A true narration of the strange and greuous vexation by the Devil, of seven persons in Lancashire. Londres.
De Waardt, Hans (2009). Jesuits, Propaganda and Faith Healing in the Dutch Republic. History, 94, pp. 344-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229X.2009.00459.x
del Olmo, I. (2018), Legio: Posesión diabólica y exorcismo en la Europa de los siglos XVI y XVII. Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico.
Eire, C. (2003). War Against the Idols. The Reformation of Worship from Erasmus to Calvin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Eliav-Feldon, M. (2012), Renaissance Impostors and Proofs of Identity. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137291370
Elliott, D. (2012). Raptus/Rapture. En A. Hollywood y P. Beckman (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Christian Mysticism (pp. 189-199). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139020886.013
Fairfax, E. (1621), Daemonologia. Londres (reedición de 1882: Londres: B. Ackrill).
Ferber, S. (2004). Demonic Possession and Exorcisms in Early Modern France. Londres: Routledge.
Gaskill, Malcolm (2005). Witchfinders: A Seventeenth Century English Tragedy. Londres: John Murray.
Gibson, M. (1999). Reading Witchcraft. Stories of Early English Witches. Londres: Routledge.
Gibson, M. (2006). Possession, Puritanism and Print. Londres: Pickering and Chatto.
Gifford, G. (1587). A Discourse of the Subtill Practises of Devills by Witches and Sorcerers. Londres.
Gifford, G. (1593). A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchrafts, Londres, 1593 (reedición de 1843: Londres: The Percy Society).
Gillespie, R. (2006). Imagining Angels in Early Modern England. En Marshall, P y Walsham, A (eds.), Angels in the Early Modern World (214-232). Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press.
Ginzburg, C. (1989). Storia notturna: Una decifrazione del Sabba. Turín: Einaudi.
Holland, H. (1590). A treatise against witchcraft: or, a dialogue, wherein the greatest doubts concerning that sinne, are briefly answered. Londres.
Howells, E. (2012). Early Modern Reformations. En A. Hollywood y P. Beckman (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Christian Mysticism (pp. 114-136). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139020886.006
Johnstone, N. (2006). The Devil and Demonism in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511495847
Keck, D. (1998). Angels and angelology in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kieckhefer, R. (1979). European Witch Trials: Their Foundations in Popular and Learned Culture, 1300-1500. California: University of California Press.
Levack, B. (2006), The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe. Nueva York: Routledge.
Levack, B. (2013a). The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199578160.001.0001
Levack, B. (2013b). The Devil Within. Possession & Exorcism in the Christian West. Nueva Haven y Londres: Yale University Press.
Macfarlane, A. (1970). Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A Regional and Comparative Study. Londres: Harper & Row. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203259481
Machielsen, J. (2020). Introduction. En J. Machielsen (ed.), The Science of Demons (pp. 1-16). Londres y Nueva York: Routledge, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203702512-101
Mack, P. (1992). Visionary Women: Ecstatic Prophecy in Seventeenth-Century England. Los Angeles, University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520915589
Méndez, A. (2020). El infierno está vacío. Demonología, caza de brujas y reforma en la Inglaterra temprano-moderna. Valencia: Publicacions Universitat de Valencia.
Millar, C. R. (2017). Witchcraft, the Devil, and Emotions in Early Modern England. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315547015
Monter, W. (1976), Witchcraft in France and Switzerland: The Borderlands during the Reformation. Cornell: Cornell University Press.
Montesano, M. (2020), Witchcraft, Demonology and Magic. Basilea: MDPI.
Moore, M. (1650). Wonderful Newes from the north, Londres (recopilado en: Almond, P. (2004), Demonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern England. Contemporary texts and their Cultural Contexts (pp. 358-390). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Muldoon, A. (2000). Recusants, Church-Papists, and ‘Comfortable’ Missionaries: Assessing the Post-Reformation English Catholic Community. The Catholic Historical Review, 86(2), pp. 242-257. https://doi.org/10.1353/cat.2000.0188
Norton, M.B. (2003). In the Devil’s Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692. Nueva York: Vintage.
Notestein, W. (1911). A History of Witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718. Washington: American Historial Association.
Oldridge, D. (2010), The Devil in Tudor and Stuart England. Gloucestershire: The History Press.
Ossa-Richardson, A. (2012). Gijsbert and Discretio Spirituum after Descartes. En C. Copeland y J. Machielse (eds.), Angels of Light? Sanctity and the Discernment of Spirits in the Early Modern Period (pp. 235-254). Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004233706_010
Ossa-Richardson, A. (2013). The Devil´s Tabernacle. The Pagan Oracles in Early Modern Thought. Princeton y Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Pearson, J. (2018). ‘Much like the Picture of the Devill in a Play’: Hypocrisy and Demonic Possession. En Nigri, L y Tsentourou, N (eds.), Forms of Hypocrisy in Early Modern England. Nueva York y Londres: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315265568-7
Perkins, W. (1608). A discourse of the damned Art of witchcraft. Londres.
Pitt-Rivers, J. (1991). Epílogo: el lugar de la gracia en la antropología. En J. Pitt-Rivers y J. G. Peristiany (eds.), Honor y gracia (pp. 280-321). Madrid: Alianza.
Purkiss, D. (1998). Invasions: Prophecy and Bewitchment in the Case of Margaret Muschamp. Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, 17(2), pp. 235-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/464387
Roberts, A. (1616). A Treatise of Witchcraft. Londres.
Rosen, B. (1991). Witchcraft in England 1558-1616. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Sands, K. (2004). Demon Possession in Elizabethan England. Londres: Preaeger.
Sangha, L. (2012). ‘Incorporeal Substances’: Discerning Angels in Later Seventeenth-Century England. En C. Copeland y J. Machielsen (eds.), Angels of Light? Sanctity and the Discernment of Spirits in the Early Modern Period (pp. 255-278). Leiden y Boston: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004233706_011
Schmidt, J. (2007). Melancholy and the Care of the Soul. Religion, Moral Philosophy and Madness in Early Modern England. Londres: Ashgate.
Scott, R. J (2012). Visions, Dreams, and the Discernment of Prophetic Passions: Sense and Reason in the Writings of the Cambridge Platonists and John Beale, 1640-60. En C. Copeland y J. Machielsen (eds.), Angels of Light? Sanctity and the Discernment of Spirits in the Early Modern Period (pp. 201-234). Leiden y Boston: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004233706_009
Sharpe, J. (1630). The triall of the protestant priuate spirit. Saint-Omer.
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