Ética y turismo en el marco de las ‘tribus morales’: el potencial moral indirecto de la actividad turística desde una perspectiva evolutiva
Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar una concepción del vínculo entre ética y turismo que puede ser pensada como alternativa a la predominante en la teoría del turismo actual. Para ello, se partirá de la perspectiva evolutiva de la moral de dos filósofos contemporáneos: Peter Singer y Joshua Greene. Según se argumentará, paralelamente a la ética del turismo y al turismo ético, también puede hablarse de una potencialidad moral del turismo cultural de masas, la cual no surge de una aplicación de preceptos éticos al turismo, sino que es inherente a este último.
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ASHLEY, C., ROE, D. y GOODWIN, H. (2001). Pro-poor Tourism Strategies: Making Tourism Work for the Poor: A Review of Experien-ce. Londres: Overseas Development Institute.
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CHOK, S., MACBETH, J. y WARREN, C. (2007). “Tourism as a tool for poverty alleviation: A critical analysis of ‘pro-poor tourism’ and implications for sustainability”. Current Issues in Tourism 10 (2&3), 144-165.
CHANGEUX, J. P. (2008). Du vrai, du beau, du bien. Une nouvelle approche neuronale. Paris: Odile Jacob.
COLE, S. (2007). “Implementing and evaluating a code of conduct for visitors”, Tourism Management 28 (2): 443-51.
DAVIS, J.B. (2001). “Commentary: Tourism research and social theory. Expanding the focus”. Tourism Geographies 3 (2), 125-34.
DENNETT, D. (1999). La Peligrosa Idea de Darwin. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg.
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PACK, S. (2006). Tourism and Dictatorship Europe’s Peaceful Invasion of Franco’s Spain. Nueva York: Palgrave.
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PINNA, M., CORREIA, A. y del CHIAPPA, G. (2018). “Being Good to Be Happy? The In?uence of Moral Values on Tourist Happiness”. En Kozak, M. y Kozak, N. (eds.). Tourist Behavior An Experiential Perspective. Cham: Springer.
ROBERTS, l. y ROGNVALDSON, G. (2001). “The roles of interpretation in facilitating access to and in the countryside”. En Roberts, L. y Hall, D. (eds.). Rural Tourism and Recreation: Principles to Practice. Wallingford: CABI, pp. 92-7.
SCHEYVENS, R. (2007). “Exploring the tourism-poverty nexus”. Current Issues in Tourism 10.
SCHILCHER, D. (2007). “Growth versus equity: The continuum of pro-poor tourism and neoliberal governance”. Current Issues in Tourism 10.
SINGER, P. (2012). Salvar una vida. Madrid: Katz.
SMITH, D. L. (ed.) (2017). How biology Shapes philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
SMITH, M. y DUFFY, R. (2004). The Ethics of Tourism Development. Nueva York: Routledge.
Suárez-Ruíz, E. J. (2020). “Aporías de la ética evolutiva: una revisión de la ética normativa como ‘ilusión efectiva’”. Artefactos, 9(2), 103-119.
TEARFUND (2000). A Tearfund Guide to Tourism: Don’t Forget your Ethics. London: Tearfund.
TEO, P. (2003). “Striking a balance for sustainable tourism: Implications of the discourse on globalization”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10 (6), 459-474.
TIKHONOVA, D. y KIM, S. (2018). “Conceptualising Challenging Experiences and Post-Travel Culture Involvement”. En Kozak, M. y Kozak, N. (eds.). Tourist Behavior An Experiential Perspective. Cham: Springer.
UNITED NATIONS (2000). A Better World for All. New York: UN.
VRASTI, W. (2013). Volunteer Tourism in the Global South Giving back in neoliberal times. Nueva York: Routledge.
WEAVER, D. (2001). Ecotourism. Milton: John Wiley & Sons.
WEAVER, D. (2006). Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice. Nueva York: Elsevier.
WEAVER, D. y Lawton, L. (2002). Tourism Management (Second edition). Milton: John Wiley & Sons.
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World Bank (2005). World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development. Washington: The World Bank.
YU, L. y DUVERGER, P. (2019). “Tourism and Economics: Technologically Enabled Transactions”. En FAYOS-SOLÀ, E. y COOPER, C. (eds.). The Future of Tourism Innovation and Sustainability. Cham: Spinger.
ZAVADIVKER, M. N. (2016). “Una deuda pendiente en las ciencias humanas: la inclusión de los aportes de la genética y la biología evolucionista”. Ludus Vitalis, 23(44), 163-178.
ASHLEY, C., ROE, D. y GOODWIN, H. (2001). Pro-poor Tourism Strategies: Making Tourism Work for the Poor: A Review of Experien-ce. Londres: Overseas Development Institute.
ATELJEVIC, I., Morgan, N. y Pritchard, A. (eds.) (2011). The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies: Creating an Academy of Hope. Londres: Routledge.
BRAICOVICH, R. (2019). “Hacia una filogénesis del sentido de justicia. Una revisión de la evidencia proveniente de la primatolo-gía”. Estudios de Antropología Biológica.
BRAND, C. (2016). Dual-Process Theories in Moral Psychology. Tübingen: Springer.
BROUDER, P. (2020). “Reset redux: possible evolutionary pathways towards the transformation of tourism in a COVID-19 world”. Tourism Geographies, 1-7.
BUTCHER, J. (2003). The Moralisation of Tourism. Sun, sand... and saving the world? Londres: Routledge.
BUTCHER, J. (2014). “Moralizing Tourism: Personal Qualities, Political Issues”. En Mostafanezhad, Mary y Hannam, Kevin (eds.). Moral Encounters in Tourism. Burlington: Ashgate.
BUTCHER, J. y SMITH, P. (2015). Volunteer Tourism The lifestyle politics of international development. Nueva York: Routledge.
CHEONG, S., y MILLER, M. (2000). “Power and tourism: a Foucauldian observation”, Annals of Tourism Research, 27: 371-90.
CHOK, S., MACBETH, J. y WARREN, C. (2007). “Tourism as a tool for poverty alleviation: A critical analysis of ‘pro-poor tourism’ and implications for sustainability”. Current Issues in Tourism 10 (2&3), 144-165.
CHANGEUX, J. P. (2008). Du vrai, du beau, du bien. Une nouvelle approche neuronale. Paris: Odile Jacob.
COLE, S. (2007). “Implementing and evaluating a code of conduct for visitors”, Tourism Management 28 (2): 443-51.
DAVIS, J.B. (2001). “Commentary: Tourism research and social theory. Expanding the focus”. Tourism Geographies 3 (2), 125-34.
DENNETT, D. (1999). La Peligrosa Idea de Darwin. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg.
FAYOS-SOLA, E. y COOPER, C. (eds.) (2019). The Future of Tourism Innovation and Sustainability. Cham: Springer.
FENNELL, D. (2019). “The Future of Ethics in Tourism”. En Fayos-Solà, Eduardo y Cooper, Chris (eds.). The Future of Tourism Inno-vation and Sustainability. Cham: Springer.
FENNELL, D. (2006). “Evolution in tourism: The theory of reciprocal altruism and tourist-host interactions”. Current Issues in Tou-rism, 9 (2), 105-124.
FENNELL, D. (2003). Ecotourism. Routledge, London.
GÖSSLING, S., SCOTT, D., & HALL, C. M. (2020). “Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-20.
GREENE, J. (2013). Moral tribes. Nueva York: The Penguin Press.
GRIFFITH, M. (2003). Pro Poor Growth. London: CAFOD.
HAIDT, J. (2001). “The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment”. Psychological Review, 108, 814-834.
HALL, M. (ed.) (2007). Pro-poor Tourism: Who Benefits? Perspectives on Tourism and Poverty Reduction. Toronto: Channel View Publications.
HIGGINS-DESBIOLLES, F. (2020a). “Socialising tourism for social and ecological justice after COVID-19”. Tourism Geographies, 1-14.
HIGGINS-DESBIOLLES, F. (2020b). “The “war over tourism”: challenges to sustainable tourism in the tourism academy after CO-VID-19”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-19.
HOLDEN, A. (2008). Environment and Tourism (Second Edition). Nueva York: Routledge.
HOLDEN, A. (2013). Tourism, Poverty and Development. Nueva York: Routledge.
JOYCE, R. (2006). The evolution of morality. Londres: MIT Press.
KAHNEMAN, D. (2012). Pensar rápido, pensar despacio. Buenos Aires: Debate.
KOZAK, M. y KOZAK, N. (eds.) (2018). Tourist Behavior, An Experiential Perspective. Cham: Springer.
LARIGUET, G. C. (2014). “Ética, giro experimentalista y naturalismo débil”. Estudios de Filosofía Práctica e Historia de las Ideas, 16, 2014.
LEW, A. A. (2017). “Tourism planning and place making: Place-making or placemaking?” Tourism Geographies, 19(3), 448-466.
LOVELOCK, B. y LOVELOCK, K. (2013). The ethics of tourism: Critical and applied perspectives. Londres: Routledge.
MCGEHEE, N. y SANTOS, C. (2005). “Social change, discourse, and volunteer tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (3), 760-76.
MCKERCHER, B. y DU CROS, H. (2002). Cultural Tourism: The Partnership Between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Management. Nueva York: Hawthorn Press.
MITCHELL, J. y Ashley, C. (2010). Tourism and Poverty Reduction: Pathways to Prosperity. Londres: Earthscan.
MOSTAFANEZHAD, M. y HANNAM, K. (eds.) (2014). Moral Encounters in Tourism. Burlington: Ashgate.
MOUFAKKIR, O. (2012). “Of Ethics, Leisure and Tourism: The ‘Serious Fun of Doing Tourism’”. En Moufakkir, Omar y Burns, Peter (eds.). Controversies in Tourism. Cambridge: CABI.
MOUFAKKIR, O. y Burns, P. (eds.) (2012). Controversies in Tourism. Cambridge: CABI.
MOWFORTH, M. y Munt, I. (2016). Tourism and Sustainability: Development, Globalisation and New Tourism in the Third World (Fourth edition). Nueva York: Routledge.
NIEWIADOMSKI, P. (2020). “COVID-19: from temporary de-globalisation to a re-discovery of tourism?”. Tourism Geographies, 1-6.
NOVELLI, M. (ed.) (2005). Niche Tourism: Contemporary Issues, Trends and Cases. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
PACK, S. (2006). Tourism and Dictatorship Europe’s Peaceful Invasion of Franco’s Spain. Nueva York: Palgrave.
PÉREZ ZAFRILLA, P. J. (2017). “Racionalismo y emotivismo en perspectiva neuroética”. Pensamiento. Revista de Investigación e Información Filosófica, 73, 575-579.
PINNA, M., CORREIA, A. y del CHIAPPA, G. (2018). “Being Good to Be Happy? The In?uence of Moral Values on Tourist Happiness”. En Kozak, M. y Kozak, N. (eds.). Tourist Behavior An Experiential Perspective. Cham: Springer.
ROBERTS, l. y ROGNVALDSON, G. (2001). “The roles of interpretation in facilitating access to and in the countryside”. En Roberts, L. y Hall, D. (eds.). Rural Tourism and Recreation: Principles to Practice. Wallingford: CABI, pp. 92-7.
SCHEYVENS, R. (2007). “Exploring the tourism-poverty nexus”. Current Issues in Tourism 10.
SCHILCHER, D. (2007). “Growth versus equity: The continuum of pro-poor tourism and neoliberal governance”. Current Issues in Tourism 10.
SINGER, P. (2012). Salvar una vida. Madrid: Katz.
SMITH, D. L. (ed.) (2017). How biology Shapes philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
SMITH, M. y DUFFY, R. (2004). The Ethics of Tourism Development. Nueva York: Routledge.
Suárez-Ruíz, E. J. (2020). “Aporías de la ética evolutiva: una revisión de la ética normativa como ‘ilusión efectiva’”. Artefactos, 9(2), 103-119.
TEARFUND (2000). A Tearfund Guide to Tourism: Don’t Forget your Ethics. London: Tearfund.
TEO, P. (2003). “Striking a balance for sustainable tourism: Implications of the discourse on globalization”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10 (6), 459-474.
TIKHONOVA, D. y KIM, S. (2018). “Conceptualising Challenging Experiences and Post-Travel Culture Involvement”. En Kozak, M. y Kozak, N. (eds.). Tourist Behavior An Experiential Perspective. Cham: Springer.
UNITED NATIONS (2000). A Better World for All. New York: UN.
VRASTI, W. (2013). Volunteer Tourism in the Global South Giving back in neoliberal times. Nueva York: Routledge.
WEAVER, D. (2001). Ecotourism. Milton: John Wiley & Sons.
WEAVER, D. (2006). Sustainable Tourism: Theory and Practice. Nueva York: Elsevier.
WEAVER, D. y Lawton, L. (2002). Tourism Management (Second edition). Milton: John Wiley & Sons.
World Commission for Environment and Development (WCED) (1987). Our Common Future. The Brundtland Report. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
World Bank (2005). World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development. Washington: The World Bank.
YU, L. y DUVERGER, P. (2019). “Tourism and Economics: Technologically Enabled Transactions”. En FAYOS-SOLÀ, E. y COOPER, C. (eds.). The Future of Tourism Innovation and Sustainability. Cham: Spinger.
ZAVADIVKER, M. N. (2016). “Una deuda pendiente en las ciencias humanas: la inclusión de los aportes de la genética y la biología evolucionista”. Ludus Vitalis, 23(44), 163-178.
Suárez-Ruíz, E. J. (2022). Ética y turismo en el marco de las ‘tribus morales’: el potencial moral indirecto de la actividad turística desde una perspectiva evolutiva. Azafea: Revista De Filosofía, 23(1), 307–330. https://doi.org/10.14201/azafea202123307330
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