Metáforas de la educación universitaria
Resumen Este artículo realiza un recorrido por las principales metáforas que se han desarrollado para sintetizar las distintas ideas de la universidad humanista, a saber: la torre de marfil, los grandes libros, la conversación y el agôn. Para ello, desarrolla una aproximación hermenéutica que busca comprender los fines de la universidad, sus instrumentos o la propia institución, a la luz de esas imágenes. Se observa que lo que podría parecer una única interpretación sobre la idea clásica de la universidad es, en realidad, un crisol con diferencias internas muy significativas. El análisis llevado a cabo permite extraer unas notas que permanecen constantes en todas las metáforas, a partir de las cuales es posible repensar la realidad de una universidad de inspiración humanista hoy.
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Adler, M. J. (1977) Philosopher at large: an intellectual autobiography, 1902-1973. New York, Scribner Paper Fiction.
Adler, M. J. (1982) The Paideia Proposal. An educational manifesto. New York, MacMillan Publishing Company.
Adler, M. J. (1986) A Guidebook to Learning for the lifelong pursuit of the wisdom. New York, MacMillan Publishing Company.
Adler, M. J. (1988) Reforming education. The opening of American mind. New York, MacMillan Publishing Company.
Amilburu, M.ª G. (1997) Aprendiendo a ser humanos. Una antropología de la educación. Pamplona, eunsa.
Bottone, A. (2010) The Philosophical Habit of Mind. Bucharest, Zeta Books. - https://doi.org/10.7761/9789731997629
Bruce, B. C. (2011) John Dewey's Great Debates Reconstructed. Charlotte, NC., Information Age Publishing.
Brzozowski, A. M. et al. (1997) Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor. Nature, 389, 753-758. - https://doi.org/10.1038/39645
Chaddock, K. E. y Cooke, A. J. (2015) Endurance Testing: Histories of Liberal Education in U.S. Higher Education, en Paulsen, M. B. (ed.) Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research. New York, Springer International Publishing, 187-244.
Chantler, A. (2016) The Ivory Tower revisited. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 37 (2), 215-229. - https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2014.963517
Clegg, S. (2008) Academic identities under threat? British Educational Research Journal, 34 (3), 329-345. - https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920701532269
Cowlin, M. (1994) Alasdair MacIntyre, Religion and the University. The New Criterion, 12 (6), 1-9.
Culler, A. D. (1958) The Imperial Intellect. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Curren, R. (2007) Philosophy and the Necessity of Public Education. Philosophy Now, 63, 24-27.
Curren, R. (2017) Philosophy of Education: its current trajectory and challenges, en Peters, M. A. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory. Singapore, Springer, 1863-1866. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-588-4_356
Dzuback, M. A. (1990) Hutchins, Adler and the University of Chicago: a critical juncture. American Journal of Education, 99 (1), 57-76. - https://doi.org/10.1086/444281
Engel, S. M. (2007) Political Education in/as the Practice of freedom: a Paradoxical Defence from the perspective of Michael Oakeshott. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 3, 325-349. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9752.2007.00560.x
Etzkowitz, H. et al. (2000) The future of the university and the university of the future: evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm. Research Policy, 29 (2), 313-330. - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00069-4
Forman-Barzilai, D. (2003) Agonism in Faith: Buber's Eternal Thou after the Holocaust. Modern Judaism, 23 (2), 156-179. - https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjg011
Franco, P. (2004) Oakeshott. An introduction. Great Britain, St. Edmundsbury Press.
Frowe, I. (2007) 'The politics of faith and the politics of scepticism': Michael Oakeshott, education and extremism. British Journal of Educational Studies, 55 (3), 264-285. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00379.x
Fuller, T. (2003) The Idea of the University in Newman, Oakeshott, and Strauss. Academic Questions, 37-53.
García Baró, M. (2014) El peligroso momento actual de la universidad. Sal Terrae, 102 (1195), 939-952.
Gary, K. (2006) Leisure, freedom and liberal education. Educational Theory, 56 (2), 121-136. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2006.00007.x
Gary, K. (2017) Neoliberal Education for Work Versus Liberal Education for Leisure. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 36 (1), 83-94. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-016-9545-0
Glucksberg, S. y Keysar, B. (1993) How metaphor work, en Ortony, A. (ed.). Metaphor and Tought. New York, Cambridge University Press, 401-424. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.020
Gomá, J. (2016) La misión de la universidad: formar profesionales y ciudadanos. El País, 15 de agosto.
Gracia, J. (2011) El intelectual melancólico. Un panfleto. Barcelona, Anagrama.
Green, Th. F. (1993) Learning without metaphor, en Ortony, A. (ed.) Metaphor and Tought. New York, Cambridge University Press, 610-620. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.028
Harris, S. (2012) The University's Uncommon Community. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 46 (2), 236-250. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9752.2012.00850.x
Hatab, L. J. (2002) Prospects For A Democratic Agon: Why We Can Still Be Nietzscheans. The Journal of Nietzsche Studies, 24, 132-147. - https://doi.org/10.1353/nie.2002.0013
Hawhee, D. (2002) Agonism and Aretê. Philosophy & Rhetoric, 35 (3), 185-207. - https://doi.org/10.1353/par.2003.0004
Heldke, L. (2005) Robert Maynard Hutchins, John Dewey and the Nature of the Liberal Arts. The Cresset. A review of literatura, the arts and public affairs, lxix (2), 8-13.
Himmelfarb, G. (1975) The Conservative Imagination: Michael Oakeshott. American Scholar, 44 (3), 405-420.
Hochschild, J. P. (2003) The re-Imagined Aristotelianism of John Henry Newman. Modern Age, 45, 333-342.
Hutchins, R. M. (1936) The Higher Learning in America. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Hutchins, R. M. (1959) La universidad de Utopía. Buenos Aires, eduba.
Jover Olmeda, G. y Gozálvez, V. (2012) La universidad como espacio público: un análisis a partir de dos debates en torno al pragmatismo. Bordón, 64 (3), 39-52.
Lacy, T. (2006) Making a democratic culture: the Great Book Idea, Mortimer J. Adler, and the twentieth-century America. Chicago, Ill., Loyola University Chicago.
Lacy, T. (2008) Dreams of a culture: Revising the Origins of the Great Books Idea, 1869-1921. Society for Historians of the Gilded Age & Pregressive Era, 7 (4), 397-441. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537781400000840
Lacy, T. (2010) The Lovejovian Roots of Adler's Philosophy of History: Authority, Democracy, Irony, and Paradox in Britannica's «Great Books of the Western World». Journal of the History of Ideas, 71 (1), 113-137. - https://doi.org/10.1353/jhi.0.0066
Lacy, T. (2013) The Dream of a democratic culture. Mortimer J. Adler and the Great Books Idea. New York, Palgrave MacMillan.
Lakoff, G. y Johnson, M. (1980) We lived by metaphors. Chicago & London, Chicago University Press.
Lee, M. J. (2012) The Conservative Canon and Its Uses. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 15 (1), 1-39. - https://doi.org/10.1353/rap.2012.0008
Llovet, J. (2011) Adiós a las universidades. El eclipse de las Humanidades. Barcelona, Galaxia Gutenberg.
MacIntyre, A. (1992) Tres visiones rivales de la ética. Madrid, Rialp.
MacIntyre, A. (1994) Justicia y Racionalidad. Barcelona, eiunsa.
MacIntyre, A. (2001) Catholic. Universities. Dangers, Hopes, Choices, en Sullivan, R. E. (ed.) Higher Learning and Catholic Traditions. Indiana, University of Notre Dame Press.
MacIntyre, A. (2006) The End of Education. The Fragmentation of American University. Commonweal. A Review of Religion, Politics and Culture, 133, 10-14.
MacIntyre, A. (2009) The very idea of a university: Aristotle, Newman and us. British Journal of Educational Studies, 57 (4), 347. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8527.2009.00443.x
MacIntyre, A. (2012) Dios, filosofía, universidades. Historia selectiva de la tradición filosófica católica. Granada, Nuevo Inicio.
MacIntyre, A. (2013) Tras la virtud. Barcelona, Austral.
Martin, J. R. (1994) Changing the Educational Landscape: Philosophy, Women, and Curriulum. New York, Routledge.
Martínez, M. A.; Sauleda, N. y Huber, G. L. (2001) Metaphors as blueprints of thinking about teaching and learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17, 965-977. - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00043-9
McGrath, F. (1951) Newman's University. Idea and Reality. London, Longmans Green & Co.
McIntyre, K. B. (2013) Liberal education and the teleological question; or Why should a dentist read Chaucer? Journal of Philosophy of Education, 47 (3), 341-363. - https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12003
Newman, J. H. (1997) Ensayo sobre el desarrollo de la doctrina cristiana. Salamanca, Bibliotheca Oecumenica Salmanticensis.
Newman, J. H. (2011) Discursos sobre el fin y la naturaleza de la educación universitaria. Navarra, eunsa.
Oakeshott, M. (2002) Experience and its modes. New York, Cambridge University Press.
Oakeshott, M. (2003) On human conduct. New York, Oxford University Press.
Oakeshott, M. (2009a) La actitud conservadora. Madrid, Sequitur.
Oakeshott, M. (2009b) La voz del aprendizaje liberal. Madrid, Katz.
Oakeshott, M. (2013) Sobre la historia y otros ensayos. Madrid, Katz.
Oakeshott, M. (2017) Ser conservador y otros ensayos escépticos. Madrid, Alianza editorial.
Pérez díaz, V. (2010) Universidad, ciudadanos y nómadas. Oviedo: Ediciones Nobel.
Peters, R. S. (1968) Michael Oakeshott's philosophy of education, en King, P. y Parekh, B. C. (eds.) Politics and experience. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 43-63.
Petrie, H. G. y Oshlag, R. S. (1993) Metaphor and learning, en Andrew Ortony, A. (ed.) Metaphor and Tought. New York, Cambridge University Press, 579-609. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.027
Plotica, L. K. (2015) Michael Oakeshott and the Conversation of Modern Political Thought. New York, Sunny Press.
Scott Johnston, J. (2011) The Dewey-Hutchins debate: a dispute over moral teleology. Educational Theory, 61 (1), 1-16. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2011.00388.x
Searle, J. (1993) Metaphor, en Ortony, Andrew (ed.) Metaphor and Tought. New York, Cambridge University Press, 83-111. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.008
Shapin, S. (2012) The Ivory Tower: the history of a figure of speech and its cultural uses. bjhs, 45 (1), 1-27. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087412000118
Shin, A. Y. (2018) Outside of the Ivory Tower. Techniques in Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery, 22 (2), 37-38. - https://doi.org/10.1097/BTH.0000000000000194
Shrimpton, P. (2014) The 'Making of Men'. The Idea and reality of Newman's university in Oxford and Dublin. Leominster, Gracewing.
Siegel, H. (1981) How 'practical' should philosophy of education be? Educational Studies: a Journal of the American Educational Studies Association, 12 (2), 125-134. - https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326993es1202_2
Standish, P. (2003) The nature and purposes of education, en Curren, Randall (ed.) A Companion of Philosophy of Education. United Kingdom, Blackwell Publishing, 221-231. - https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996454.ch16
Stevens, A. H. (2001) The philosophy of general education and its contradictions: the influence of Hutchins. The Journal of General Education, 2001, 50 (3), 165-191. - https://doi.org/10.1353/jge.2001.0021
Tillman, K. (2008) 'A Rhetoric in Conduct': The Gentleman of the University and the Gentleman of the Oratory. Newman Studies Journal, 5 (2), 6-25. - https://doi.org/10.5840/nsj20085216
Tingley, E. (2002) Knowledge for the Sake of Knowledge. First Things, 119, 15-17.
Tripp, S. (1992) Michael Oakeshott's Philosophy of Education and its Implications for Instructinal Design Theory and Practice. Consultado el 03 de febrero de 2018. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED353951.pdf.
Visser-Wijnveen, G. J. et al. (2009) The relationship between academics' conceptions of knowledge, research and teaching –a metaphor study. Teaching in Higher Education, 14 (6), 673-686. - https://doi.org/10.1080/13562510903315340
Weltman, B. (2002) Individualism versus socialism in American education: rereading Mortimer J. Adler and the Paideia Proposal. Educational Theory, 52 (1), 61-79. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2002.00061.x
Williams, K. (2007) Education and the voice of Michael Oakeshott. Thoverton, Exeter and Charlotesville, va, Imprint Academic.
Wright, L. (1999) On the passivity of Newman's 'gentleman': negotiating incoherence. English Studies: A Journal of English Language and Literature, 3, 239. - https://doi.org/10.1080/00138389908599180
Úcar, X. (2018) Metáforas de la intervención socioeducativa: implicaciones pedagógicas para la práctica. Revista Espa-ola de Pedagogía, 76 (270), 209-224. - https://doi.org/10.22550/REP76-2-2018-01
Adler, M. J. (1982) The Paideia Proposal. An educational manifesto. New York, MacMillan Publishing Company.
Adler, M. J. (1986) A Guidebook to Learning for the lifelong pursuit of the wisdom. New York, MacMillan Publishing Company.
Adler, M. J. (1988) Reforming education. The opening of American mind. New York, MacMillan Publishing Company.
Amilburu, M.ª G. (1997) Aprendiendo a ser humanos. Una antropología de la educación. Pamplona, eunsa.
Bottone, A. (2010) The Philosophical Habit of Mind. Bucharest, Zeta Books. - https://doi.org/10.7761/9789731997629
Bruce, B. C. (2011) John Dewey's Great Debates Reconstructed. Charlotte, NC., Information Age Publishing.
Brzozowski, A. M. et al. (1997) Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor. Nature, 389, 753-758. - https://doi.org/10.1038/39645
Chaddock, K. E. y Cooke, A. J. (2015) Endurance Testing: Histories of Liberal Education in U.S. Higher Education, en Paulsen, M. B. (ed.) Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research. New York, Springer International Publishing, 187-244.
Chantler, A. (2016) The Ivory Tower revisited. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 37 (2), 215-229. - https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2014.963517
Clegg, S. (2008) Academic identities under threat? British Educational Research Journal, 34 (3), 329-345. - https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920701532269
Cowlin, M. (1994) Alasdair MacIntyre, Religion and the University. The New Criterion, 12 (6), 1-9.
Culler, A. D. (1958) The Imperial Intellect. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Curren, R. (2007) Philosophy and the Necessity of Public Education. Philosophy Now, 63, 24-27.
Curren, R. (2017) Philosophy of Education: its current trajectory and challenges, en Peters, M. A. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory. Singapore, Springer, 1863-1866. - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-588-4_356
Dzuback, M. A. (1990) Hutchins, Adler and the University of Chicago: a critical juncture. American Journal of Education, 99 (1), 57-76. - https://doi.org/10.1086/444281
Engel, S. M. (2007) Political Education in/as the Practice of freedom: a Paradoxical Defence from the perspective of Michael Oakeshott. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 3, 325-349. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9752.2007.00560.x
Etzkowitz, H. et al. (2000) The future of the university and the university of the future: evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm. Research Policy, 29 (2), 313-330. - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00069-4
Forman-Barzilai, D. (2003) Agonism in Faith: Buber's Eternal Thou after the Holocaust. Modern Judaism, 23 (2), 156-179. - https://doi.org/10.1093/mj/kjg011
Franco, P. (2004) Oakeshott. An introduction. Great Britain, St. Edmundsbury Press.
Frowe, I. (2007) 'The politics of faith and the politics of scepticism': Michael Oakeshott, education and extremism. British Journal of Educational Studies, 55 (3), 264-285. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00379.x
Fuller, T. (2003) The Idea of the University in Newman, Oakeshott, and Strauss. Academic Questions, 37-53.
García Baró, M. (2014) El peligroso momento actual de la universidad. Sal Terrae, 102 (1195), 939-952.
Gary, K. (2006) Leisure, freedom and liberal education. Educational Theory, 56 (2), 121-136. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2006.00007.x
Gary, K. (2017) Neoliberal Education for Work Versus Liberal Education for Leisure. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 36 (1), 83-94. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-016-9545-0
Glucksberg, S. y Keysar, B. (1993) How metaphor work, en Ortony, A. (ed.). Metaphor and Tought. New York, Cambridge University Press, 401-424. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.020
Gomá, J. (2016) La misión de la universidad: formar profesionales y ciudadanos. El País, 15 de agosto.
Gracia, J. (2011) El intelectual melancólico. Un panfleto. Barcelona, Anagrama.
Green, Th. F. (1993) Learning without metaphor, en Ortony, A. (ed.) Metaphor and Tought. New York, Cambridge University Press, 610-620. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.028
Harris, S. (2012) The University's Uncommon Community. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 46 (2), 236-250. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9752.2012.00850.x
Hatab, L. J. (2002) Prospects For A Democratic Agon: Why We Can Still Be Nietzscheans. The Journal of Nietzsche Studies, 24, 132-147. - https://doi.org/10.1353/nie.2002.0013
Hawhee, D. (2002) Agonism and Aretê. Philosophy & Rhetoric, 35 (3), 185-207. - https://doi.org/10.1353/par.2003.0004
Heldke, L. (2005) Robert Maynard Hutchins, John Dewey and the Nature of the Liberal Arts. The Cresset. A review of literatura, the arts and public affairs, lxix (2), 8-13.
Himmelfarb, G. (1975) The Conservative Imagination: Michael Oakeshott. American Scholar, 44 (3), 405-420.
Hochschild, J. P. (2003) The re-Imagined Aristotelianism of John Henry Newman. Modern Age, 45, 333-342.
Hutchins, R. M. (1936) The Higher Learning in America. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Hutchins, R. M. (1959) La universidad de Utopía. Buenos Aires, eduba.
Jover Olmeda, G. y Gozálvez, V. (2012) La universidad como espacio público: un análisis a partir de dos debates en torno al pragmatismo. Bordón, 64 (3), 39-52.
Lacy, T. (2006) Making a democratic culture: the Great Book Idea, Mortimer J. Adler, and the twentieth-century America. Chicago, Ill., Loyola University Chicago.
Lacy, T. (2008) Dreams of a culture: Revising the Origins of the Great Books Idea, 1869-1921. Society for Historians of the Gilded Age & Pregressive Era, 7 (4), 397-441. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537781400000840
Lacy, T. (2010) The Lovejovian Roots of Adler's Philosophy of History: Authority, Democracy, Irony, and Paradox in Britannica's «Great Books of the Western World». Journal of the History of Ideas, 71 (1), 113-137. - https://doi.org/10.1353/jhi.0.0066
Lacy, T. (2013) The Dream of a democratic culture. Mortimer J. Adler and the Great Books Idea. New York, Palgrave MacMillan.
Lakoff, G. y Johnson, M. (1980) We lived by metaphors. Chicago & London, Chicago University Press.
Lee, M. J. (2012) The Conservative Canon and Its Uses. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 15 (1), 1-39. - https://doi.org/10.1353/rap.2012.0008
Llovet, J. (2011) Adiós a las universidades. El eclipse de las Humanidades. Barcelona, Galaxia Gutenberg.
MacIntyre, A. (1992) Tres visiones rivales de la ética. Madrid, Rialp.
MacIntyre, A. (1994) Justicia y Racionalidad. Barcelona, eiunsa.
MacIntyre, A. (2001) Catholic. Universities. Dangers, Hopes, Choices, en Sullivan, R. E. (ed.) Higher Learning and Catholic Traditions. Indiana, University of Notre Dame Press.
MacIntyre, A. (2006) The End of Education. The Fragmentation of American University. Commonweal. A Review of Religion, Politics and Culture, 133, 10-14.
MacIntyre, A. (2009) The very idea of a university: Aristotle, Newman and us. British Journal of Educational Studies, 57 (4), 347. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8527.2009.00443.x
MacIntyre, A. (2012) Dios, filosofía, universidades. Historia selectiva de la tradición filosófica católica. Granada, Nuevo Inicio.
MacIntyre, A. (2013) Tras la virtud. Barcelona, Austral.
Martin, J. R. (1994) Changing the Educational Landscape: Philosophy, Women, and Curriulum. New York, Routledge.
Martínez, M. A.; Sauleda, N. y Huber, G. L. (2001) Metaphors as blueprints of thinking about teaching and learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17, 965-977. - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00043-9
McGrath, F. (1951) Newman's University. Idea and Reality. London, Longmans Green & Co.
McIntyre, K. B. (2013) Liberal education and the teleological question; or Why should a dentist read Chaucer? Journal of Philosophy of Education, 47 (3), 341-363. - https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12003
Newman, J. H. (1997) Ensayo sobre el desarrollo de la doctrina cristiana. Salamanca, Bibliotheca Oecumenica Salmanticensis.
Newman, J. H. (2011) Discursos sobre el fin y la naturaleza de la educación universitaria. Navarra, eunsa.
Oakeshott, M. (2002) Experience and its modes. New York, Cambridge University Press.
Oakeshott, M. (2003) On human conduct. New York, Oxford University Press.
Oakeshott, M. (2009a) La actitud conservadora. Madrid, Sequitur.
Oakeshott, M. (2009b) La voz del aprendizaje liberal. Madrid, Katz.
Oakeshott, M. (2013) Sobre la historia y otros ensayos. Madrid, Katz.
Oakeshott, M. (2017) Ser conservador y otros ensayos escépticos. Madrid, Alianza editorial.
Pérez díaz, V. (2010) Universidad, ciudadanos y nómadas. Oviedo: Ediciones Nobel.
Peters, R. S. (1968) Michael Oakeshott's philosophy of education, en King, P. y Parekh, B. C. (eds.) Politics and experience. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 43-63.
Petrie, H. G. y Oshlag, R. S. (1993) Metaphor and learning, en Andrew Ortony, A. (ed.) Metaphor and Tought. New York, Cambridge University Press, 579-609. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.027
Plotica, L. K. (2015) Michael Oakeshott and the Conversation of Modern Political Thought. New York, Sunny Press.
Scott Johnston, J. (2011) The Dewey-Hutchins debate: a dispute over moral teleology. Educational Theory, 61 (1), 1-16. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2011.00388.x
Searle, J. (1993) Metaphor, en Ortony, Andrew (ed.) Metaphor and Tought. New York, Cambridge University Press, 83-111. - https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173865.008
Shapin, S. (2012) The Ivory Tower: the history of a figure of speech and its cultural uses. bjhs, 45 (1), 1-27. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087412000118
Shin, A. Y. (2018) Outside of the Ivory Tower. Techniques in Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery, 22 (2), 37-38. - https://doi.org/10.1097/BTH.0000000000000194
Shrimpton, P. (2014) The 'Making of Men'. The Idea and reality of Newman's university in Oxford and Dublin. Leominster, Gracewing.
Siegel, H. (1981) How 'practical' should philosophy of education be? Educational Studies: a Journal of the American Educational Studies Association, 12 (2), 125-134. - https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326993es1202_2
Standish, P. (2003) The nature and purposes of education, en Curren, Randall (ed.) A Companion of Philosophy of Education. United Kingdom, Blackwell Publishing, 221-231. - https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996454.ch16
Stevens, A. H. (2001) The philosophy of general education and its contradictions: the influence of Hutchins. The Journal of General Education, 2001, 50 (3), 165-191. - https://doi.org/10.1353/jge.2001.0021
Tillman, K. (2008) 'A Rhetoric in Conduct': The Gentleman of the University and the Gentleman of the Oratory. Newman Studies Journal, 5 (2), 6-25. - https://doi.org/10.5840/nsj20085216
Tingley, E. (2002) Knowledge for the Sake of Knowledge. First Things, 119, 15-17.
Tripp, S. (1992) Michael Oakeshott's Philosophy of Education and its Implications for Instructinal Design Theory and Practice. Consultado el 03 de febrero de 2018. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED353951.pdf.
Visser-Wijnveen, G. J. et al. (2009) The relationship between academics' conceptions of knowledge, research and teaching –a metaphor study. Teaching in Higher Education, 14 (6), 673-686. - https://doi.org/10.1080/13562510903315340
Weltman, B. (2002) Individualism versus socialism in American education: rereading Mortimer J. Adler and the Paideia Proposal. Educational Theory, 52 (1), 61-79. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2002.00061.x
Williams, K. (2007) Education and the voice of Michael Oakeshott. Thoverton, Exeter and Charlotesville, va, Imprint Academic.
Wright, L. (1999) On the passivity of Newman's 'gentleman': negotiating incoherence. English Studies: A Journal of English Language and Literature, 3, 239. - https://doi.org/10.1080/00138389908599180
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