Del Gran Líder al Querido Líder: El ascenso de Kim Jong Il a heredero oficial del régimen comunista de Corea del Norte (1974-1980)
Resumen Designado en secreto sucesor de su padre Kim Il Sung en 1974, Kim Jong Il tuvo que construir su propia base de poder a lo largo de los siguientes seis años con el fin de asegurarse el control del régimen comunista norcoreano. Partiendo de las fuentes disponibles en la actualidad, reconstruiremos este periodo que estuvo marcado por profundos cambios ideológicos, la cuestión del cambio generacional y la fallida resistencia dentro de las instituciones del régimen a la sucesión hereditaria del poder político. No en vano, el objetivo del régimen entre 1974 y 1980 fue consolidar la figura de Kim Jong Il como futuro dirigente y la aceptación de la sucesión padre-hijo tanto en el seno de la escena política como de la sociedad norcoreanos, pero también por parte de los aliados del bloque comunista. No fue, desde luego, una tarea sencilla pues este proceso se tuvo que enfrentar a una oposición dentro del régimen, a los errores del propio Kim Jong Il y a las reticencias de China y la URSS. Sin embargo, todos los inconvenientes lograron ser superados y el resultado final sería el ascenso definitivo del hijo de Kim Il Sung al puesto de heredero y futuro dirigente de Corea del Norte.
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Choi, S. (1985). Totalitarian and Authoritarian Elements in Kim Il-sung’s Leadership Style. Korea and World Affairs, 9(2), pp. 557-583.
Chung, K. (1963). The North Korean People’s Army and the Party. The China Quarterly, 14, pp. 105-124. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741000021056
Clippinger, M. E. (1981). Kim Chong-il in the North Korean Mass Media: A Study of Semi-Esoteric Communication. Asian Survey, 21(3), pp. 289-309. https://doi.org/10.2307/2643726
Collins, R. (2012). Marked for Life: Songbun, North Korea’s Social Classification System. Washington D.C.: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea.
Downs, C. (1999). Over the Line: North Korea’s Negotiating Strategy. Washington D.C.: The AEI Press.
Gause, K. E. (2012). Coercion, Control, Surveillance, and Punishment: An Examination of the North Korean Police State. Washington D.C.: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea.
GDR [German Democratic Republic] Ambassador Pyongyang to Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Berlin, November 12, 1974, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (PA AA, MfAA), C 6862. Obtained and Translated for North Korea International Documentary Project by Bernd Schaefer. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113928
GDR [German Democratic Republic] Ambassador Pyongyang to Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Berlin, April 14, 1975, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (PA AA, MfAA), C 6862. Obtained and Translated for North Korea International Documentary Project by Bernd Schaefer. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113929
GDR [German Democratic Republic] Ambassador Pyongyang to Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Berlin, July 4, 1977, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (PA AA, MfAA), C 6862. Obtained and Translated for North Korea International Documentary Project by Bernd Schaefer. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113931
Gomà, D. (2020). El nacimiento de la dinastía roja: La instauración de la sucesión hereditaria en Corea del Norte (1970-1974). Historia Contemporánea, 62, pp. 159-186. https://doi.org/10.1387/hc.20023
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Hungarian Embassy in the DPRK, Telegram, 24 February 1978. Subjetc: Celebration of Kim Jong Il’s birthday, February 24, 1978, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, MOL XIX-J-1-j Korea, 1978, 80. doboz, 81-1, 001702/1978. Obtained and Translated for North Korea International Documentary Project by Balazs Szalontai. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/116008
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Kihl, Y. W. (1984). Politics and Policies in Divided Korea: Regimes in Contest. Boulder: Westview Press.
Kim, H. (2015). Dynasty: The Hereditary Succession Politics of North Korea. Stanford: The Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center.
Kim I. S. (1980). Report to the Sixth Congress of the Workers’ Party of Korea on the Work of the Central Committee. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
Kim, J.-C. (1990). A Study of the Party-Military Relations in North Korea (Part II). Vantage Point, 13(11), pp. 1-10.
Kim Jong Il: Short Biography (2001). Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
Kim, N.-S. (1989). The Changing Power Hierarchy of North Korea since the 6th KWP Congress (Part I). Vantage Point, 12(2), pp. 1-11.
Koh, B. C. (1984). Political Succession in North Korea. Korea and World Affairs, 8(3), pp. 557-574.
Koh, B. C. (1985). China and the Korean Peninsula. Korea and World Affairs, 9(2), pp. 254-279.
Lee, C.-S. (1978). Korean Workers’ Party: A Short History. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.
Lee, C.-S. (1983). The Evolution of the Korean Workers’ Party and the Rise of Kim Chong-il. En R. A. Scalapino y J.-Y. Kim (eds.), North Korea Today: Strategic and Domestic Issues (pp. 65-80). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lee, D. B. (1977). North Korea and Its Succession Issue. Korea and World Affairs, 1(1), pp. 48-66.
Lim, J.-C. (2009). Kim Jong Il’s Leadership of North Korea. Nueva York: Routledge.
Meisner, M. (1996). The Deng Xiaoping Era: An Inquiry into the Fate of Chinese Socialism, 1978-1994. Nueva York: Hill & Wang. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203884720
Michishita, N. (2010). North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, 1966-2008. Nueva York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203870587
Mansourov, A. Y. (2006). Emergence of the Second Republic: The Kim Regime Adapts to the Challenges of Modernity. En Y. W. Kihl y H. N. Ki (eds.), North Korea: The Politics of Regime Suvival (pp. 37-58). Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
Rubinstein, M. A. (1999). Political Taiwanisation and Pragmatic Diplomacy: The Eras of Chiang Ching-kuo and Lee Teng-hui, 1971-1994. En M. A. Rubinstein (ed.), Taiwan: A New History (pp. 436-480). Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003075530-16
Rush, M. (1978). The Problem of Succession in Communist Regimes. Journal of International Affairs, 32(2), pp. 169-179.
Scalapino, R. A.; Lee C-S. (1972). Communism in Korea. Part II: Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (1975). Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
Suh, D.-S. (1988). Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader. Nueva York: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/suh-91732
The Statute of the Korean Workers’ Party: Approved by the VI (1980) Congress of the KWP (1984). En W. B. Simmons y S. White, S. (eds.), The Party Statutes of the Communist World (pp. 265-284). La Haya: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Yoo, S. (1987). The Rise of Jong-il and the Heir-Succession Problem (Part II). Vantage Point, 10(12), pp. 1-10.
Zagoria, D. S. (1983). North Korea: Between Moscow and Beijing. En R. A. Scalapino, y J.-Y. Kim (eds.), North Korea Today: Strategic and Domestic Issues (pp. 351-371). Berkeley: University of Cali-fornia Press.
Choi, S. (1985). Totalitarian and Authoritarian Elements in Kim Il-sung’s Leadership Style. Korea and World Affairs, 9(2), pp. 557-583.
Chung, K. (1963). The North Korean People’s Army and the Party. The China Quarterly, 14, pp. 105-124. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741000021056
Clippinger, M. E. (1981). Kim Chong-il in the North Korean Mass Media: A Study of Semi-Esoteric Communication. Asian Survey, 21(3), pp. 289-309. https://doi.org/10.2307/2643726
Collins, R. (2012). Marked for Life: Songbun, North Korea’s Social Classification System. Washington D.C.: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea.
Downs, C. (1999). Over the Line: North Korea’s Negotiating Strategy. Washington D.C.: The AEI Press.
Gause, K. E. (2012). Coercion, Control, Surveillance, and Punishment: An Examination of the North Korean Police State. Washington D.C.: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea.
GDR [German Democratic Republic] Ambassador Pyongyang to Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Berlin, November 12, 1974, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (PA AA, MfAA), C 6862. Obtained and Translated for North Korea International Documentary Project by Bernd Schaefer. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113928
GDR [German Democratic Republic] Ambassador Pyongyang to Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Berlin, April 14, 1975, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (PA AA, MfAA), C 6862. Obtained and Translated for North Korea International Documentary Project by Bernd Schaefer. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113929
GDR [German Democratic Republic] Ambassador Pyongyang to Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Berlin, July 4, 1977, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (PA AA, MfAA), C 6862. Obtained and Translated for North Korea International Documentary Project by Bernd Schaefer. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113931
Gomà, D. (2020). El nacimiento de la dinastía roja: La instauración de la sucesión hereditaria en Corea del Norte (1970-1974). Historia Contemporánea, 62, pp. 159-186. https://doi.org/10.1387/hc.20023
History of Revolutionary Activities of Chairman Kim Jong Il. (2015). Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
Hungarian Embassy in the DPRK, Telegram, 24 February 1978. Subjetc: Celebration of Kim Jong Il’s birthday, February 24, 1978, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, MOL XIX-J-1-j Korea, 1978, 80. doboz, 81-1, 001702/1978. Obtained and Translated for North Korea International Documentary Project by Balazs Szalontai. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/116008
Jencks, H. W. (1988). The Party, the Gun and the Great Leader: Civil-Military Relations in North Korea. En R. A. Scalapino y D. Kim, D. (eds.), Asian Communism: Continuity and Transition (pp. 187-217). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kihl, Y. W. (1984). Politics and Policies in Divided Korea: Regimes in Contest. Boulder: Westview Press.
Kim, H. (2015). Dynasty: The Hereditary Succession Politics of North Korea. Stanford: The Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center.
Kim I. S. (1980). Report to the Sixth Congress of the Workers’ Party of Korea on the Work of the Central Committee. Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
Kim, J.-C. (1990). A Study of the Party-Military Relations in North Korea (Part II). Vantage Point, 13(11), pp. 1-10.
Kim Jong Il: Short Biography (2001). Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
Kim, N.-S. (1989). The Changing Power Hierarchy of North Korea since the 6th KWP Congress (Part I). Vantage Point, 12(2), pp. 1-11.
Koh, B. C. (1984). Political Succession in North Korea. Korea and World Affairs, 8(3), pp. 557-574.
Koh, B. C. (1985). China and the Korean Peninsula. Korea and World Affairs, 9(2), pp. 254-279.
Lee, C.-S. (1978). Korean Workers’ Party: A Short History. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.
Lee, C.-S. (1983). The Evolution of the Korean Workers’ Party and the Rise of Kim Chong-il. En R. A. Scalapino y J.-Y. Kim (eds.), North Korea Today: Strategic and Domestic Issues (pp. 65-80). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Lee, D. B. (1977). North Korea and Its Succession Issue. Korea and World Affairs, 1(1), pp. 48-66.
Lim, J.-C. (2009). Kim Jong Il’s Leadership of North Korea. Nueva York: Routledge.
Meisner, M. (1996). The Deng Xiaoping Era: An Inquiry into the Fate of Chinese Socialism, 1978-1994. Nueva York: Hill & Wang. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203884720
Michishita, N. (2010). North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, 1966-2008. Nueva York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203870587
Mansourov, A. Y. (2006). Emergence of the Second Republic: The Kim Regime Adapts to the Challenges of Modernity. En Y. W. Kihl y H. N. Ki (eds.), North Korea: The Politics of Regime Suvival (pp. 37-58). Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
Rubinstein, M. A. (1999). Political Taiwanisation and Pragmatic Diplomacy: The Eras of Chiang Ching-kuo and Lee Teng-hui, 1971-1994. En M. A. Rubinstein (ed.), Taiwan: A New History (pp. 436-480). Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003075530-16
Rush, M. (1978). The Problem of Succession in Communist Regimes. Journal of International Affairs, 32(2), pp. 169-179.
Scalapino, R. A.; Lee C-S. (1972). Communism in Korea. Part II: Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (1975). Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
Suh, D.-S. (1988). Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader. Nueva York: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/suh-91732
The Statute of the Korean Workers’ Party: Approved by the VI (1980) Congress of the KWP (1984). En W. B. Simmons y S. White, S. (eds.), The Party Statutes of the Communist World (pp. 265-284). La Haya: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Yoo, S. (1987). The Rise of Jong-il and the Heir-Succession Problem (Part II). Vantage Point, 10(12), pp. 1-10.
Zagoria, D. S. (1983). North Korea: Between Moscow and Beijing. En R. A. Scalapino, y J.-Y. Kim (eds.), North Korea Today: Strategic and Domestic Issues (pp. 351-371). Berkeley: University of Cali-fornia Press.
Gomà, D. (2024). Del Gran Líder al Querido Líder: El ascenso de Kim Jong Il a heredero oficial del régimen comunista de Corea del Norte (1974-1980). El Futuro Del Pasado, 15, 909–935. https://doi.org/10.14201/fdp.29609
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