Hacia una nueva conceptualización del control parental desde la teoría de la autodeterminación
Resumen Las investigaciones desarrolladas sobre los estilos educativos parentales, específicamente, aquellas en las que se aborda el estudio del «control parental», se han realizado sobre múltiples conceptualizaciones de este término. Esta disparidad en la acepción del concepto ha tenido un efecto directo sobre los resultados de las investigaciones, de modo que la evidencia empírica sobre los efectos del control parental en menores ha sido frecuentemente inconsistente o equivocada. En este contexto, el artículo analiza los principales problemas epistemológicos y metodológicos producidos por el uso ambiguo del término. Además, y desde el marco que proporciona la teoría de la autodeterminación, se propone una nueva definición del constructo y se explicitan sus relaciones con otras dimensiones educativas parentales. Específicamente, se proponen dos dimensiones que son complementarias: apoyo a la autonomía versus control y estructura parental. Esta propuesta permite superar los problemas mencionados y abrir un nuevo campo en el estudio de la parentalidad.
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Akcinar, B. y Baydar, N. (2014) Parental control is not unconditionally detrimental for externalizing behaviors in early childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38 (2), 118-127. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025413513701
Aroca, C. y Cánovas, P. (2012) Los estilos educativos parentales desde los modelos interactivo y de construcción conjunta: revisión de las investigaciones. Teoría de la Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria, 24, 149-176.
Assor, A.; Roth, G. y Deci, E. (2004) The emotional costs of parents' conditional regard: a self-determination theory analysis. Journal of Personality, 72 (1), 47-88. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00256.x
Aunola, K. y Nurmi, J. (2004) Maternal affection moderates the impact of psychological control on a child's mathematical performance. Developmental Psychology, 40, 965-978. - https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.965
Barber, B. (1996) Parental psychological control: revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296-3319. - https://doi.org/10.2307/1131780
Barber, B. K.; Olsen, J. E. y Shagle, S. C. (1994) Associations between psychological and behavioral control and youth internalized and externalized behaviours. Child Development, 65, 1120-1136. - https://doi.org/10.2307/1131309
Barber, B.; Stolz, H. y Olsen, J. (2005) Parental support, psychological control and behavioral control: assessing relevance, across time, culture and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1-151.
Barber, B.; Xia, M.; Olsen, J.; McNeely, C. y Bose, K. (2012) Feeling disrespected by parents: refining the measurement and understanding of psychological control. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 273-287. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.10.010
Bean, R.; Barber, B. y Crane, D. (2006) Parental support, behavioral control, and psychological control among African American youth. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 1335-1355. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06289649
Brenning, K.; Soenens, B.; Van Petegem, S. y Vansteenkiste, M. (2015) Perceived maternal autonomy support and early adolescent emotion regulation: a longitudinal study. Social Development, 24 (3), 561-578. - https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12107
Brezinka, W. (1990) Conceptos básicos de la ciencia de la educación. Barcelona, Herder.
Calafat, A.; García, F.; Juan, M.; Beco-a, E. y Fernández-Hermida, J. R. (2014) Which parenting style is more protective against adolescents substance use? Evidence within the European context. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 138, 185-192. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.705
Chirkov, V. y Ryan, R. (2001) Parent and teacher autonomy-support in Russian and U.S. adolescents. Common effects on well-being and academic motivation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32 (5), 618-635. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032005006
Chirkov, V.; Ryan, R.; Kim, Y. y Kaplan, U. (2003) Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: a self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84 (1), 97-110. Doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.197.
Esteve, J. M. (2010) Educar. Un compromiso con la memoria. Barcelona, Octaedro.
Farkas, M. S. y Grolnick, W. (2010) Examining the components and concomitants of parental structure in the academic domain. Motivation and Emotion, 34, 266-279. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-010-9176-7
Flaquer, L. (1993) La socialización en la familia: teorías, modelos e interacciones, en García de León, M. A.; De La Fuente, G. y Ortega, F. (eds.) Sociología de la Educación. Barcelona, Barcanova, 45-69.
Fousiani, K.; Van Petegem, S.; Soenens, B.; Vansteenkiste, M. y Chen, B. (2014) Does parental autonomy support relate to adolescent autonomy? An in-depth examination of a seemingly simple question. Journal of Adolescent Research, 29 (3), 299-330. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558413502536
Freire, P. (1999) Pedagogía de la autonomía: saberes necesarios para la práctica educativa. México, Siglo xxi.
Fuentes, M.; Alarcón, A.; García, F. y Gracia, E. (2015) Consumo de alcohol, tabaco, cannabis y otras drogas en la adolescencia: efectos de la familia y peligro del barrio. Anales de Psicología, 31 (3), 1000-1007. - https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.3.183491
García, F. y Gracia, E. (2009) Is always authorizative the optimum parenting style? Evidence from Spanish families. Adolescence, 44 (173), 101-131.
García, F. y Gracia, E. (2010) ¿Qué estilo de socialización parental es idóneo en Espa-a? Un estudio con ni-os y adolescentes de 10 a 14 a-os. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 33 (3), 365-384. - https://doi.org/10.1174/021037010792215118
Griffith, S. y Grolnick, W. (2014) Parenting in Caribbean families: a look at parental control, structure and autonomy support. Journal of Black Psychology, 40 (2), 166-190. Doi: 10.1177/0095798412475085. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798412475085
Grolnick, W. (2009) The role of parents in facilitating autonomous self-regulation for education. Theory and Research in Education, 7 (2), 164-173. - https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878509104321
Grolnick, W. (2012) The relations among parental power assertion, control and structure. Human Development, 55, 57-64. - https://doi.org/10.1159/000338533
Grolnick, W. S. y Pomerantz, E. M. (2009) Issues and challenges in studying parental control: toward a new conceptualization. Child Development Perspectives, 3 (3), 165-170. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00099.x
Grolnick, W.; Price, C.; Beiswenger, K. y Sauck, C. (2007) Evaluative pressure in mothers: effects of situation, maternal and child characteristics on autonomy supportive versus controlling behavior. Developmental Psychology, 43 (4), 991-1002. - https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.991
Grolnick, W.; Raftery-Helmer, J.; Flamm, E.; Marbell, K. y Cardemil, E. (2015) Parental provision of academic structure and the transition to middle school. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25 (4), 668-684. - https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12161
Grolnick, W.; Raftery-Helmer, J.; Marbell, K.; Flamm, E.; Cardemil, E. y Sánchez, M. (2014) Parental provision of structure: implementation and correlates in three domains. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 60 (3), 355-384. - https://doi.org/10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.60.3.0355
Guzzo, G.; Lo Cascio, V.; Pace, U. y Zappulla, C. (2014) Psychometric properties and convergent validity of the dependency-oriented and achievement-oriented parental psychological control scale (dapcs) with Italian adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 1258-1267. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9786-2
Joussemet, M.; Koestner, R.; Lekes, N. y Landry, R. (2005) A longitudinal study of relationship of maternal autonomy support to children's adjustment and achievement in school. Journal of Personality, 73 (5), 1215-1235. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00347.x
Joussemet, M.; Landry, R. y Koestner, R. (2008) A self-determination theory perspective on parenting. Canadian Psychology, 49 (3), 194-200. - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012754
Kakihara, F. y Tilton-Weaver, L. (2009) Adolescents' interpretations of parental control: differentiated by domain and types of control. Child Development, 80 (6), 1722-1738. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01364.x
Kuppens, S.; Grietens, H.; Onghena, P. y Michiels, D. (2009) Measuring parenting dimensions in middle childhood. Multitrait-multimethod analysis of child, mother and father ratings. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25 (3), 133-140. - https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.25.3.133
Landry, R.; Whipple, N.; Nageau, G.; Joussemet, M.; Koestner, R.; Didio, L.; Gingras, I.; Bernier, A. y Haga, S. (2008) Trust in organismic development, autonomy support, and adaptation among mothers and their children. Motivation and Emotion, 32, 173-188.. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-008-9092-2
Mageau, G.; Bureau, J.; Ranger, F.; Allen, M.-P. y Soenens, B. (2016) The role of parental achievement goals in predicting autonomy-supportive and controlling parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 1702-1711. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0341-1
Mantzouranis, G.; Zimmermann, G.; Mahaim, E. B. y Favez, N. (2012) A further examination of the distinction between dependency-oriented and achievement-oriented parental psychological control: psychometric properties of the dapcs with French-speaking late adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21, 726-733. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9525-5
Marbell, K. N. y Grolnick, W. (2013) Correlates of parental control and autonomy support in an interdependent culture: a look at Ghana. Motivation and Emotion, 37, 79-92. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-012-9289-2
Martínez, I.; García, J. F. y Yubero, S. (2007) Parenting styles and adolescents' self-esteem in Brazil. Psychological Reports, 100, 731-745. - https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.3.731-745
McNeely, C. A. y Barber, B. K. (2010) How do parents make adolescents feel loved? Perspectives on supportive parenting from adolescents in 12 cultures. Journal of Adolescent Research, 25, 601-631. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558409357235
Niemic, C.; Lynch, M.; Vansteenkiste, M.; Bernstein, J.; Deci, E. y Ryan, R. (2006) The antecedents and consequences of autonomous self-regulation for college: a self-determination theory perspective on socialization. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 761-775. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.11.009
Oliva, A.; Parra, A.; Sánchez-Queija, I. y López, F. (2007) Estilos educativos materno y paterno: evaluación y relación con el ajuste adolescente. Anales de Psicología, 23, 49-56.
Parra, A. y Oliva, A. (2007) Un análisis longitudinal sobre las dimensiones relevantes del estilo parental durante la adolescencia. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 29, 453-470. - https://doi.org/10.1174/021037006778849594
Raftery-Helmer, J. y Grolnick, W. (2015) Children's coping with academic failure: relations with contextual and motivational resources supporting competence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 1-25. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431615594459
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Roth, G.; Assor, A.; Niemiec, C.; Ryan, R. y Deci, E. (2009) The emotional and academic consequences of parental conditional regard: comparing conditional positive regard, conditional negative regard and autonomy support as parenting practices. Developmental Psychology, 45 (4), 1119-1142. - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015272
Skinner, E.; Johnson, S. y Snyder, T. (2005) Six dimensions of parenting: a motivational model. Parenting: Science and Practice, 5 (2), 175-235. - https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327922par0502_3
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Assor, A.; Roth, G. y Deci, E. (2004) The emotional costs of parents' conditional regard: a self-determination theory analysis. Journal of Personality, 72 (1), 47-88. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00256.x
Aunola, K. y Nurmi, J. (2004) Maternal affection moderates the impact of psychological control on a child's mathematical performance. Developmental Psychology, 40, 965-978. - https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.965
Barber, B. (1996) Parental psychological control: revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296-3319. - https://doi.org/10.2307/1131780
Barber, B. K.; Olsen, J. E. y Shagle, S. C. (1994) Associations between psychological and behavioral control and youth internalized and externalized behaviours. Child Development, 65, 1120-1136. - https://doi.org/10.2307/1131309
Barber, B.; Stolz, H. y Olsen, J. (2005) Parental support, psychological control and behavioral control: assessing relevance, across time, culture and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1-151.
Barber, B.; Xia, M.; Olsen, J.; McNeely, C. y Bose, K. (2012) Feeling disrespected by parents: refining the measurement and understanding of psychological control. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 273-287. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.10.010
Bean, R.; Barber, B. y Crane, D. (2006) Parental support, behavioral control, and psychological control among African American youth. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 1335-1355. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06289649
Brenning, K.; Soenens, B.; Van Petegem, S. y Vansteenkiste, M. (2015) Perceived maternal autonomy support and early adolescent emotion regulation: a longitudinal study. Social Development, 24 (3), 561-578. - https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12107
Brezinka, W. (1990) Conceptos básicos de la ciencia de la educación. Barcelona, Herder.
Calafat, A.; García, F.; Juan, M.; Beco-a, E. y Fernández-Hermida, J. R. (2014) Which parenting style is more protective against adolescents substance use? Evidence within the European context. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 138, 185-192. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.705
Chirkov, V. y Ryan, R. (2001) Parent and teacher autonomy-support in Russian and U.S. adolescents. Common effects on well-being and academic motivation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32 (5), 618-635. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032005006
Chirkov, V.; Ryan, R.; Kim, Y. y Kaplan, U. (2003) Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: a self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84 (1), 97-110. Doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.197.
Esteve, J. M. (2010) Educar. Un compromiso con la memoria. Barcelona, Octaedro.
Farkas, M. S. y Grolnick, W. (2010) Examining the components and concomitants of parental structure in the academic domain. Motivation and Emotion, 34, 266-279. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-010-9176-7
Flaquer, L. (1993) La socialización en la familia: teorías, modelos e interacciones, en García de León, M. A.; De La Fuente, G. y Ortega, F. (eds.) Sociología de la Educación. Barcelona, Barcanova, 45-69.
Fousiani, K.; Van Petegem, S.; Soenens, B.; Vansteenkiste, M. y Chen, B. (2014) Does parental autonomy support relate to adolescent autonomy? An in-depth examination of a seemingly simple question. Journal of Adolescent Research, 29 (3), 299-330. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558413502536
Freire, P. (1999) Pedagogía de la autonomía: saberes necesarios para la práctica educativa. México, Siglo xxi.
Fuentes, M.; Alarcón, A.; García, F. y Gracia, E. (2015) Consumo de alcohol, tabaco, cannabis y otras drogas en la adolescencia: efectos de la familia y peligro del barrio. Anales de Psicología, 31 (3), 1000-1007. - https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.3.183491
García, F. y Gracia, E. (2009) Is always authorizative the optimum parenting style? Evidence from Spanish families. Adolescence, 44 (173), 101-131.
García, F. y Gracia, E. (2010) ¿Qué estilo de socialización parental es idóneo en Espa-a? Un estudio con ni-os y adolescentes de 10 a 14 a-os. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 33 (3), 365-384. - https://doi.org/10.1174/021037010792215118
Griffith, S. y Grolnick, W. (2014) Parenting in Caribbean families: a look at parental control, structure and autonomy support. Journal of Black Psychology, 40 (2), 166-190. Doi: 10.1177/0095798412475085. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798412475085
Grolnick, W. (2009) The role of parents in facilitating autonomous self-regulation for education. Theory and Research in Education, 7 (2), 164-173. - https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878509104321
Grolnick, W. (2012) The relations among parental power assertion, control and structure. Human Development, 55, 57-64. - https://doi.org/10.1159/000338533
Grolnick, W. S. y Pomerantz, E. M. (2009) Issues and challenges in studying parental control: toward a new conceptualization. Child Development Perspectives, 3 (3), 165-170. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00099.x
Grolnick, W.; Price, C.; Beiswenger, K. y Sauck, C. (2007) Evaluative pressure in mothers: effects of situation, maternal and child characteristics on autonomy supportive versus controlling behavior. Developmental Psychology, 43 (4), 991-1002. - https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.991
Grolnick, W.; Raftery-Helmer, J.; Flamm, E.; Marbell, K. y Cardemil, E. (2015) Parental provision of academic structure and the transition to middle school. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25 (4), 668-684. - https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12161
Grolnick, W.; Raftery-Helmer, J.; Marbell, K.; Flamm, E.; Cardemil, E. y Sánchez, M. (2014) Parental provision of structure: implementation and correlates in three domains. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 60 (3), 355-384. - https://doi.org/10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.60.3.0355
Guzzo, G.; Lo Cascio, V.; Pace, U. y Zappulla, C. (2014) Psychometric properties and convergent validity of the dependency-oriented and achievement-oriented parental psychological control scale (dapcs) with Italian adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 1258-1267. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9786-2
Joussemet, M.; Koestner, R.; Lekes, N. y Landry, R. (2005) A longitudinal study of relationship of maternal autonomy support to children's adjustment and achievement in school. Journal of Personality, 73 (5), 1215-1235. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00347.x
Joussemet, M.; Landry, R. y Koestner, R. (2008) A self-determination theory perspective on parenting. Canadian Psychology, 49 (3), 194-200. - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012754
Kakihara, F. y Tilton-Weaver, L. (2009) Adolescents' interpretations of parental control: differentiated by domain and types of control. Child Development, 80 (6), 1722-1738. - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01364.x
Kuppens, S.; Grietens, H.; Onghena, P. y Michiels, D. (2009) Measuring parenting dimensions in middle childhood. Multitrait-multimethod analysis of child, mother and father ratings. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25 (3), 133-140. - https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.25.3.133
Landry, R.; Whipple, N.; Nageau, G.; Joussemet, M.; Koestner, R.; Didio, L.; Gingras, I.; Bernier, A. y Haga, S. (2008) Trust in organismic development, autonomy support, and adaptation among mothers and their children. Motivation and Emotion, 32, 173-188.. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-008-9092-2
Mageau, G.; Bureau, J.; Ranger, F.; Allen, M.-P. y Soenens, B. (2016) The role of parental achievement goals in predicting autonomy-supportive and controlling parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 1702-1711. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0341-1
Mantzouranis, G.; Zimmermann, G.; Mahaim, E. B. y Favez, N. (2012) A further examination of the distinction between dependency-oriented and achievement-oriented parental psychological control: psychometric properties of the dapcs with French-speaking late adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21, 726-733. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9525-5
Marbell, K. N. y Grolnick, W. (2013) Correlates of parental control and autonomy support in an interdependent culture: a look at Ghana. Motivation and Emotion, 37, 79-92. - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-012-9289-2
Martínez, I.; García, J. F. y Yubero, S. (2007) Parenting styles and adolescents' self-esteem in Brazil. Psychological Reports, 100, 731-745. - https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.3.731-745
McNeely, C. A. y Barber, B. K. (2010) How do parents make adolescents feel loved? Perspectives on supportive parenting from adolescents in 12 cultures. Journal of Adolescent Research, 25, 601-631. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558409357235
Niemic, C.; Lynch, M.; Vansteenkiste, M.; Bernstein, J.; Deci, E. y Ryan, R. (2006) The antecedents and consequences of autonomous self-regulation for college: a self-determination theory perspective on socialization. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 761-775. - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.11.009
Oliva, A.; Parra, A.; Sánchez-Queija, I. y López, F. (2007) Estilos educativos materno y paterno: evaluación y relación con el ajuste adolescente. Anales de Psicología, 23, 49-56.
Parra, A. y Oliva, A. (2007) Un análisis longitudinal sobre las dimensiones relevantes del estilo parental durante la adolescencia. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 29, 453-470. - https://doi.org/10.1174/021037006778849594
Raftery-Helmer, J. y Grolnick, W. (2015) Children's coping with academic failure: relations with contextual and motivational resources supporting competence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 1-25. - https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431615594459
Rodríguez, T.; Torío, S. y Vi-uela, P. (2004) Familia, trabajo y educación, en Santos, M. A. y Touri-án, J. M. (eds.) Familia, educación y sociedad civil. xxiii Seminario Interuniversitario Teoría de la Educación. Santiago de Compostela, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 137-168.
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