La transformación humana (HX) en la era de la IA y los retos de la educación a través del debate poshumano
Resumen Desde un enfoque poshumano, este artículo intenta ofrecer una nueva perspectiva sobre los futuros cambios en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje en la era de la inteligencia artificial. Con el desarrollo de la civilización tecnológica, los seres humanos se han adaptado al entorno a la vez que han intentado remodelarlo mediante la tecnología y sus herramientas. El ser humano ha sobrevivido gracias a la adquisición de nuevas destrezas y habilidades para utilizar la tecnología y las herramientas. La Transformación Humana (HX), actualizada para responder a las innovaciones tecnológicas, se acerca ahora a las actividades intelectuales humanas a través de la tecnología de la IA. ¿Cuáles son los retos de la HX en la era de la IA y qué perspectivas serán fundamentales en este proceso? Este artículo se remonta a cómo las máquinas con inteligencia computacional o funciones de razonamiento capaces de reproducir las actividades intelectuales humanas adquirieron el nombre de “inteligencia artificial”. Examina el gran impacto social de la denominación de IA y el creciente fenómeno de las expectativas e inquietudes sobre la IA. A continuación, señala dos causas que están detrás del debate poshumano. El primero es la tendencia hacia un estadio superior de la inteligencia humana sobre el ser humano actual, mejorándola mediante tecnología médica e incluso basada en la IA. La segunda tendencia busca una nueva dirección para la poshumanidad y, para ello, se centra en su diversidad, como la sociedad y la cultura, mediante un examen crítico de la visión que evalúa con uniformidad todas las condiciones humanas a través de un modelo universal de ser humano. Navegar por estos principios es un excelente reto educativo. Con el foco puesto en las similitudes y diferencias entre inteligencia humana e inteligencia artificial, este artículo examina los retos de la educación para desarrollar aún más las características únicas de la inteligencia humana y lograr la libertad de la tecnología de la IA, atendiendo a las implicaciones éticas, legales y sociales (ELSI por sus siglas en inglés) derivadas de un uso inteligente de la IA.
- Referencias
- Cómo citar
- Del mismo autor
- Métricas
Adams, C., Pente, P., Lemermeyer, G., & Rockwell, G. (2021). Artificial intelligence ethics guidelines for K-12 education: A review of the global landscape. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12749, 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78270-24
Ahmad, K. et al. (2023). Data-Driven Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Comprehensive Review. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2023.3314610
Ashcroft, B. (2006). The post-colonial studies reader. Taylor & Francis.
Awori, K., Bidwell, N.J., Hussan, T.S., Gill, S., & Lindtner, S. (2016). Decolonising technology design. Proceedings of the First African Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 226–228. http://doi.org/10.1145/2998581.2998622
Baker, R. (2016). Stupid Tutoring Systems, Intelligent Humans. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26(2), 600-614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-016-0105-0
Berberich, N., Nishida, T., & Suzuki, S. (2020). Harmonising Artificial Intelligence for Social Good. Philosophy & Technology, 33(11), 613-638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00421-8
Böhme, G., & Böhme, H. (1985). Das Andere der Vernunft. Zur Entwicklung von Rationalitätsstrukturen am Beispiel Kants. Suhrkamp.
Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence. Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford University Press.
Bredenoord, A. L., van der Graaf, R., & van Delden, J. J. M. (2010). Toward a “Post-Posthuman Dignity Area” in Evaluating Emerging Enhancement Technologies. The American Journal of Bioethics, 10(7), 55-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161003686514
Chaudhry, M.A., & Kazim, E. (2022). Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd): a high-level academic and industry note 2021. AI Ethics, 2, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00074-z
Cord, F. (2022). Posthumanist Cultural Studies: Taking the Nonhuman Seriously. Open Cultural Studies, 6(1), 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1515/culture-2020-0138
Couldry, N., & Mejias, U. A. (2019a). The costs of connection: how data colonises human life and appropriates it for capitalism. Stanford University Press.
Couldry, N., & Mejias U.A. (2019b). Data colonialism: rethinking significant data’s relation to the contemporary subject. Television & New Media, 20(4), 336–349.
Dreyfus, H. (1978). What Computers Cannot Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence. Harper Collins.
Ess, C. (2006). Ethical pluralism and global information ethics. Ethics and Information Technology, 8(4), 215–226.
European Commission (2021). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts 2021/04/21.
Ferrando, F. (2019). Philosophical posthumanism. Bloomsbury.
Fink, J. (2012). Anthropomorphism and Human Likeness in the Design of Robots and Human-Robot Interaction. In S.S. Ge, O. Khatib, J.J. Cabibihan, R. Simmons, & M.A. Williams (Eds.), Social Robotics. ICSR 2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7621. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34103-8_20
Floridi, L. (2014). The Fourth Revolution – How the infosphere reshapes human reality. Oxford University Press.
Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerization. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254-280.
Friedman, C. (2023). Ethical concerns with replacing human relations with humanoid robots: an ubuntu perspective. AI Ethics, 3, 527–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00186-0
Fukuyama, F. (2002). Our posthuman future: consequences of the biotechnology revolution. Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
Harari, Y. N. (2017). Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. Vintage.
Haraway, D. (1994). A manifesto for cyborgs: Science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s. In S. Seidman (Ed.), The Postmodern Turn: New Perspectives on Social Theory. (pp. 82-116). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511570940.007
Haraway, D. (2016). Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Duke University Press.
Hassan, I. (1977). Prometheus as Performer: Toward a Posthumanist Culture? The Georgia Review, 31(4), 830-850.
Hayles, N. K. (1999). How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. The University of Chicago Press.
Kant, I. (1992). On Education (Trans. A. Churton). Key Texts, D. C. Heath, & Co.
Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press.
Kurzweil, R. (2005). The Singularity Is Near. Viking Books.
Lamb, G., & Higgins, C. (2020). Posthumanism and Its Implications for Discourse Studies. In A. De Fina & A. Georgakopoulou (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Discourse Studies (Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics, pp. 350-370). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108348195.017
McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. E. (2006). A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955. AI Magazine, 27(4), 12. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v27i4.1904
Medawar, P.B. (2018). The Future of Man. The BBC Reith Lectures 1959, Classic Reprint, Forgotten Books.
Mendelsohn, E. (1977). The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge. In: E. Mendelsohn, P. Weingart, & R. Whitley (eds), The Social Production of Scientific Knowledge. Sociology of the Sciences A Yearbook, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1186-0_1
Mohamed, S., Png, M.-T., & Isaac, W. (2020). Decolonial AI: Decolonial Theory as Sociotechnical Foresight in Artificial Intelligence. Philosophy & Technology, 33, 659–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00405-8
Moore, J. W. (2017). The Capitalocene, Part I: on the nature and origins of our ecological crisis. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(3), 594-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1235036
OECD (2019). OECD principles on artificial intelligence. https://www.oecd.org/going-digital/ai/principles/.
OECD (2021). Digital Education Outlook: Pushing the frontiers with AI, blockchain, and robots. OECD Publishing.
Pepperell, R. (2003). The Posthuman Condition. Intellect Books. First published in 1999.
Polanyi, M. (1962). Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
Polanyi, M. (1966). The Tacit Dimension. The University of Chicago Press.
Stanford University (2016). Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030 is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivatives 4.0 License (International): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
Stiegler, B. (1998). Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus. Stanford University Press.
Susen, S. (2022). Reflections on the (Post-)Human Condition: Towards New Forms of Engagement with the World? Social Epistemology, 36(1), 63-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2021.1893859
Suzuki, S. (2019). Etoku (会得) and Rhythms of Nature. In: J.R. Resina & Ch. Wulf (Eds.), Repetition, Recurrence, Returns (pp.131-146). Lexington Books.
Suzuki, S. (2020). Redefining Humanity in the Era of AI – Technical Civilization. In: Ch. Wulf, & J. Zirfas (Eds.), Paragrana – Internationale Zeitschrift für Historische Anthropologie: Den Menschen neu denken, 29(1), 83-93.
Suzuki, S. (2022). Tact – Knowledge of Pathos. In: A. Kraus/Ch. Wulf (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Embodiment and Learning, (pp.133-144). Palgrave Macmillan.
Suzuki, S. (2023). We need a culturally aware approach to AI. In: Nature Human Behaviour. 7, 1816. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01738-y
Taylor, C.A., & Hughes, C. (Ed.) (2016). Posthuman Research Practices in Education. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137453082.
UNESCO (2021). Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381133/PDF/381133eng.pdf.multi.page=62.
Weizenbaum, J. (1976). Computer Power and Human Reasons: From Judgement to Calculation. W. H. Freeman & Co.
Wulf, Ch. (2013). Anthropology. A Continental Perspective. The University of Chicago Press.
Ahmad, K. et al. (2023). Data-Driven Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Comprehensive Review. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2023.3314610
Ashcroft, B. (2006). The post-colonial studies reader. Taylor & Francis.
Awori, K., Bidwell, N.J., Hussan, T.S., Gill, S., & Lindtner, S. (2016). Decolonising technology design. Proceedings of the First African Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 226–228. http://doi.org/10.1145/2998581.2998622
Baker, R. (2016). Stupid Tutoring Systems, Intelligent Humans. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26(2), 600-614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-016-0105-0
Berberich, N., Nishida, T., & Suzuki, S. (2020). Harmonising Artificial Intelligence for Social Good. Philosophy & Technology, 33(11), 613-638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00421-8
Böhme, G., & Böhme, H. (1985). Das Andere der Vernunft. Zur Entwicklung von Rationalitätsstrukturen am Beispiel Kants. Suhrkamp.
Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence. Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford University Press.
Bredenoord, A. L., van der Graaf, R., & van Delden, J. J. M. (2010). Toward a “Post-Posthuman Dignity Area” in Evaluating Emerging Enhancement Technologies. The American Journal of Bioethics, 10(7), 55-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161003686514
Chaudhry, M.A., & Kazim, E. (2022). Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd): a high-level academic and industry note 2021. AI Ethics, 2, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00074-z
Cord, F. (2022). Posthumanist Cultural Studies: Taking the Nonhuman Seriously. Open Cultural Studies, 6(1), 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1515/culture-2020-0138
Couldry, N., & Mejias, U. A. (2019a). The costs of connection: how data colonises human life and appropriates it for capitalism. Stanford University Press.
Couldry, N., & Mejias U.A. (2019b). Data colonialism: rethinking significant data’s relation to the contemporary subject. Television & New Media, 20(4), 336–349.
Dreyfus, H. (1978). What Computers Cannot Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence. Harper Collins.
Ess, C. (2006). Ethical pluralism and global information ethics. Ethics and Information Technology, 8(4), 215–226.
European Commission (2021). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and Amending Certain Union Legislative Acts 2021/04/21.
Ferrando, F. (2019). Philosophical posthumanism. Bloomsbury.
Fink, J. (2012). Anthropomorphism and Human Likeness in the Design of Robots and Human-Robot Interaction. In S.S. Ge, O. Khatib, J.J. Cabibihan, R. Simmons, & M.A. Williams (Eds.), Social Robotics. ICSR 2012. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7621. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34103-8_20
Floridi, L. (2014). The Fourth Revolution – How the infosphere reshapes human reality. Oxford University Press.
Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerization. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254-280.
Friedman, C. (2023). Ethical concerns with replacing human relations with humanoid robots: an ubuntu perspective. AI Ethics, 3, 527–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00186-0
Fukuyama, F. (2002). Our posthuman future: consequences of the biotechnology revolution. Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
Harari, Y. N. (2017). Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. Vintage.
Haraway, D. (1994). A manifesto for cyborgs: Science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s. In S. Seidman (Ed.), The Postmodern Turn: New Perspectives on Social Theory. (pp. 82-116). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511570940.007
Haraway, D. (2016). Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Duke University Press.
Hassan, I. (1977). Prometheus as Performer: Toward a Posthumanist Culture? The Georgia Review, 31(4), 830-850.
Hayles, N. K. (1999). How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. The University of Chicago Press.
Kant, I. (1992). On Education (Trans. A. Churton). Key Texts, D. C. Heath, & Co.
Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press.
Kurzweil, R. (2005). The Singularity Is Near. Viking Books.
Lamb, G., & Higgins, C. (2020). Posthumanism and Its Implications for Discourse Studies. In A. De Fina & A. Georgakopoulou (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Discourse Studies (Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics, pp. 350-370). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108348195.017
McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. E. (2006). A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955. AI Magazine, 27(4), 12. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v27i4.1904
Medawar, P.B. (2018). The Future of Man. The BBC Reith Lectures 1959, Classic Reprint, Forgotten Books.
Mendelsohn, E. (1977). The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge. In: E. Mendelsohn, P. Weingart, & R. Whitley (eds), The Social Production of Scientific Knowledge. Sociology of the Sciences A Yearbook, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1186-0_1
Mohamed, S., Png, M.-T., & Isaac, W. (2020). Decolonial AI: Decolonial Theory as Sociotechnical Foresight in Artificial Intelligence. Philosophy & Technology, 33, 659–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00405-8
Moore, J. W. (2017). The Capitalocene, Part I: on the nature and origins of our ecological crisis. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(3), 594-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1235036
OECD (2019). OECD principles on artificial intelligence. https://www.oecd.org/going-digital/ai/principles/.
OECD (2021). Digital Education Outlook: Pushing the frontiers with AI, blockchain, and robots. OECD Publishing.
Pepperell, R. (2003). The Posthuman Condition. Intellect Books. First published in 1999.
Polanyi, M. (1962). Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
Polanyi, M. (1966). The Tacit Dimension. The University of Chicago Press.
Stanford University (2016). Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030 is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivatives 4.0 License (International): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
Stiegler, B. (1998). Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus. Stanford University Press.
Susen, S. (2022). Reflections on the (Post-)Human Condition: Towards New Forms of Engagement with the World? Social Epistemology, 36(1), 63-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2021.1893859
Suzuki, S. (2019). Etoku (会得) and Rhythms of Nature. In: J.R. Resina & Ch. Wulf (Eds.), Repetition, Recurrence, Returns (pp.131-146). Lexington Books.
Suzuki, S. (2020). Redefining Humanity in the Era of AI – Technical Civilization. In: Ch. Wulf, & J. Zirfas (Eds.), Paragrana – Internationale Zeitschrift für Historische Anthropologie: Den Menschen neu denken, 29(1), 83-93.
Suzuki, S. (2022). Tact – Knowledge of Pathos. In: A. Kraus/Ch. Wulf (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Embodiment and Learning, (pp.133-144). Palgrave Macmillan.
Suzuki, S. (2023). We need a culturally aware approach to AI. In: Nature Human Behaviour. 7, 1816. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01738-y
Taylor, C.A., & Hughes, C. (Ed.) (2016). Posthuman Research Practices in Education. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137453082.
UNESCO (2021). Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381133/PDF/381133eng.pdf.multi.page=62.
Weizenbaum, J. (1976). Computer Power and Human Reasons: From Judgement to Calculation. W. H. Freeman & Co.
Wulf, Ch. (2013). Anthropology. A Continental Perspective. The University of Chicago Press.
Suzuki, S. (2024). La transformación humana (HX) en la era de la IA y los retos de la educación a través del debate poshumano. Teoría De La Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria, 36(2), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.14201/teri.31730
Descargas
Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.
+
−