The Construction of an Inclusive Society
Abstract The article describes the Quality of Life and Supports Model proposed by Schalock and Verdugo as the backbone approach for the transformation processes required by the cultural change necessary to realize the rights to equality, social justice and participation in the community of people with disabilities. First, the use of the term “intellectual and developmental disabilities” is proposed, which groups together different disability groups with cognitive impairments, to clarify the usefulness of the proposal in all groups involved. The paper then briefly discusses the main theoretical models that have underpinned professional and organizational practices and are still in force in some areas, as well as the main components and characteristics of the model of quality of life and supports. The construction of an inclusive society requires important changes in the work of social organizations as well as in current social policies. In this sense, the importance of vertical and horizontal alignment of actions in the different phases of a logic model is suggested.
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American Psychological Association. (2021). Inclusive language guidelines. https://www.apa.org/about/apa/equity-diversity-inclusion/language-guidelines.pdf
Esquirol, J. M. (2018). La penúltima bondad. Acantilado.
Gómez, L. E., Morán, M. L., Al-Halabí, S., Swerts, C., Verdugo, M. Á. y Schalock, R. L. (2022). Quality of life and the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Consensus indicators for assessment. Psicothema, 34(2), 182-191.
Gómez, L. E., Morán, M. L., Sierra, M., Pérez, P. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2023). The #Rights4MeToo Scale: A tool to monitor compliance with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Siglo Cero, 54(3), 11-33.
Jenaro, C. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2024). Disability-relevance of quality assurance systems in social services. Spain. Publications Office of the European Union.
Luckasson, R., Schalock, R. L. y Bradley, V. J. (2024). Diffusion of the Shared Citizenship Paradigm: Strategies and next steps. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 129(5), 362-376.
Navas, P., Gómez, L. E., Verdugo, M. Á. y Schalock, R. L. (2012). Derechos de las personas con discapacidad intelectual: implicaciones de la Convención de Naciones Unidas. Siglo Cero, 43(3), 7-28.
ONU. (2006). Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad.
Schalock, R. L., Lee, T., Verdugo, M. Á, Swart, K., Claes, C., van Loon, J. y Lee, C. S. (2014). An evidence-based approach to organization evaluation and change in human service organizations evaluation and program planning. Evaluation and Program Planning, 45, 110-118.
Schalock, R. L. y Luckasson, R. (2020). Intellectual disability, developmental disabilities, and the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities. En L. M. Glidden, L. J. Abbeduto, L. I. McIntyre y M. J. Tassé (Eds.), APA Handbook of intellectual and developmental disabilities, Vol. 1: Foundations (pp. 385-424). American Psychological Association.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R. y Tasse, M. J. (2021). Intellectual disability: Definition, diagnosis, classification, and systems of supports (12th ed.). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. [M. Á. Verdugo y P. Navas (traductores), Discapacidad intelectual: Definición, diagnóstico, clasificación y sistemas de apoyos (12.ª edición). Hogrefe TEA Ediciones, 2021].
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., Tassé, M. J. y Shogren, K. A. (2022). The IDD paradigm of shared citizenship: Its operationalization, application, evaluation, and shaping for the future. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 60(5), 426-443.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., Tassé, M. J. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2018). A holistic theoretical approach to intellectual disability: Going beyond the four current perspectives. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 56(2), 79-89.
Schalock, R. L. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2002). Handbook on quality of life for human service practitioners. American Association on Mental Retardation. [Trad. español: Calidad de vida. Manual para profesionales de la educación, salud y servicios sociales. Alianza, 2003].
Schalock, R. L. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2012). A conceptual and measurement framework to guide policy development and systems change. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 9(1), 63-72.
Schalock, R. L. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2013a). El cambio en las organizaciones de discapacidad. Estrategias para superar sus retos y hacerlo realidad. Guía de liderazgo. Alianza. [A Leadership Guide to Redefining Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Organizations: Eight Successful Change Strategies. Brookes, 2012].
Schalock, R. L. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2013b). The transformation of disabilities organizations. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 51(4), 273-286.
Schalock, R. L., Verdugo, M. Á., Bonham, G. S., Fantova, F. y van Loon, J. (2008). Enhancing personal outcomes: Organizational strategies, guidelines, and examples. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 5(4), 276-285.
Schalock, R. L., Verdugo, M. Á y Lee, T. (2016). A systematic approach to an organization’s sustainability. Evaluation and Program Planning, 56, 56-63.
Treanor, D. P. (2020). Intellectual disability and social policies of inclusion. Invading consciousness without permeability. Palgrave-MacMillan.
Van Hecke, N., Claes, C., Vanderplasschen, W., De Maeyer, J., De Witte, N. y Vandevelde, S. (2018). Conceptualisation and measurement of quality of life based on Schalock and Verdugo’s model: A cross-disciplinary review of the literature. Social Indicators Research, 137, 335-351.
Varnum, M. E. y Grossmann, I. (2017). Cultural change: The how and the why. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 956-972.
Verdugo, M. Á. (2011). Dignidad, igualdad, libertad, inclusión, autodeterminación y calidad de vida. Siglo Cero, 42(4), 18-23.
Verdugo, M. Á. (2020). Terminología y clasificación sobre discapacidades intelectuales y del desarrollo. Instituto Universitario de Integración en la Comunidad (INICO). Universidad de Salamanca. [Archivo pdf]. https://sid-inico.usal.es/documentacion/terminologia-y-clasificacion-sobre-discapacidades-intelectuales-y-del-desarrollo/
Verdugo, M. Á., Arias, B., Guillén, V. M., Amor, A., Aguayo, V., Vicente, E. y Jiménez, P. (2021). Escala SIS-C de Evaluación de las Necesidades de Apoyo para niños y adolescentes con discapacidades intelectuales y del desarrollo. Universidad de Salamanca. Publicaciones del INICO.
Verdugo, M. Á., Arias, B. e Ibáñez, A. (2007). SIS. Escala de Intensidad de Apoyos. Manual. Adaptación española. TEA.
Verdugo, M. Á., Arias, B., Ibáñez, A. y Gómez, L. (2006). Validation of the Spanish version of the Supports Intensity Scale. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 19(3), 274.
Verdugo, M. Á., Jenaro, C., Calvo, I. y Navas, P. (2017). Disability policy implementation from a cross-cultural perspective. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 55(4), 234-246.
Verdugo, M. Á., Navas, P. A., Gómez, L. E. y Schalock, R. L. (2012). The concept of quality of life and its role in enhancing human rights in the field of intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56, 1036-1045.
Verdugo, M. Á., Schalock, R. L. y Gómez, L. E. (2021). The quality of life supports model: twenty five years of parallel paths have come together. Siglo Cero, 52(3), 9-28. doi: https://doi.org/10.14201/scero2021523928 [El Modelo de Calidad de Vida y Apoyos: la unión tras veinticinco años de caminos paralelos].
Verdugo, M. Á., Schalock, R. L. y Gómez, L. E. (2023). The Quality of Life Supports Model as a major component in applying the quality of life paradigm. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 1-5. Published online, 10/07/2023.
Williams, R. (1983). Culture and society, 1780-1950. Columbia University Press.
Esquirol, J. M. (2018). La penúltima bondad. Acantilado.
Gómez, L. E., Morán, M. L., Al-Halabí, S., Swerts, C., Verdugo, M. Á. y Schalock, R. L. (2022). Quality of life and the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Consensus indicators for assessment. Psicothema, 34(2), 182-191.
Gómez, L. E., Morán, M. L., Sierra, M., Pérez, P. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2023). The #Rights4MeToo Scale: A tool to monitor compliance with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Siglo Cero, 54(3), 11-33.
Jenaro, C. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2024). Disability-relevance of quality assurance systems in social services. Spain. Publications Office of the European Union.
Luckasson, R., Schalock, R. L. y Bradley, V. J. (2024). Diffusion of the Shared Citizenship Paradigm: Strategies and next steps. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 129(5), 362-376.
Navas, P., Gómez, L. E., Verdugo, M. Á. y Schalock, R. L. (2012). Derechos de las personas con discapacidad intelectual: implicaciones de la Convención de Naciones Unidas. Siglo Cero, 43(3), 7-28.
ONU. (2006). Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad.
Schalock, R. L., Lee, T., Verdugo, M. Á, Swart, K., Claes, C., van Loon, J. y Lee, C. S. (2014). An evidence-based approach to organization evaluation and change in human service organizations evaluation and program planning. Evaluation and Program Planning, 45, 110-118.
Schalock, R. L. y Luckasson, R. (2020). Intellectual disability, developmental disabilities, and the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities. En L. M. Glidden, L. J. Abbeduto, L. I. McIntyre y M. J. Tassé (Eds.), APA Handbook of intellectual and developmental disabilities, Vol. 1: Foundations (pp. 385-424). American Psychological Association.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R. y Tasse, M. J. (2021). Intellectual disability: Definition, diagnosis, classification, and systems of supports (12th ed.). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. [M. Á. Verdugo y P. Navas (traductores), Discapacidad intelectual: Definición, diagnóstico, clasificación y sistemas de apoyos (12.ª edición). Hogrefe TEA Ediciones, 2021].
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., Tassé, M. J. y Shogren, K. A. (2022). The IDD paradigm of shared citizenship: Its operationalization, application, evaluation, and shaping for the future. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 60(5), 426-443.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., Tassé, M. J. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2018). A holistic theoretical approach to intellectual disability: Going beyond the four current perspectives. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 56(2), 79-89.
Schalock, R. L. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2002). Handbook on quality of life for human service practitioners. American Association on Mental Retardation. [Trad. español: Calidad de vida. Manual para profesionales de la educación, salud y servicios sociales. Alianza, 2003].
Schalock, R. L. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2012). A conceptual and measurement framework to guide policy development and systems change. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 9(1), 63-72.
Schalock, R. L. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2013a). El cambio en las organizaciones de discapacidad. Estrategias para superar sus retos y hacerlo realidad. Guía de liderazgo. Alianza. [A Leadership Guide to Redefining Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Organizations: Eight Successful Change Strategies. Brookes, 2012].
Schalock, R. L. y Verdugo, M. Á. (2013b). The transformation of disabilities organizations. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 51(4), 273-286.
Schalock, R. L., Verdugo, M. Á., Bonham, G. S., Fantova, F. y van Loon, J. (2008). Enhancing personal outcomes: Organizational strategies, guidelines, and examples. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 5(4), 276-285.
Schalock, R. L., Verdugo, M. Á y Lee, T. (2016). A systematic approach to an organization’s sustainability. Evaluation and Program Planning, 56, 56-63.
Treanor, D. P. (2020). Intellectual disability and social policies of inclusion. Invading consciousness without permeability. Palgrave-MacMillan.
Van Hecke, N., Claes, C., Vanderplasschen, W., De Maeyer, J., De Witte, N. y Vandevelde, S. (2018). Conceptualisation and measurement of quality of life based on Schalock and Verdugo’s model: A cross-disciplinary review of the literature. Social Indicators Research, 137, 335-351.
Varnum, M. E. y Grossmann, I. (2017). Cultural change: The how and the why. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 956-972.
Verdugo, M. Á. (2011). Dignidad, igualdad, libertad, inclusión, autodeterminación y calidad de vida. Siglo Cero, 42(4), 18-23.
Verdugo, M. Á. (2020). Terminología y clasificación sobre discapacidades intelectuales y del desarrollo. Instituto Universitario de Integración en la Comunidad (INICO). Universidad de Salamanca. [Archivo pdf]. https://sid-inico.usal.es/documentacion/terminologia-y-clasificacion-sobre-discapacidades-intelectuales-y-del-desarrollo/
Verdugo, M. Á., Arias, B., Guillén, V. M., Amor, A., Aguayo, V., Vicente, E. y Jiménez, P. (2021). Escala SIS-C de Evaluación de las Necesidades de Apoyo para niños y adolescentes con discapacidades intelectuales y del desarrollo. Universidad de Salamanca. Publicaciones del INICO.
Verdugo, M. Á., Arias, B. e Ibáñez, A. (2007). SIS. Escala de Intensidad de Apoyos. Manual. Adaptación española. TEA.
Verdugo, M. Á., Arias, B., Ibáñez, A. y Gómez, L. (2006). Validation of the Spanish version of the Supports Intensity Scale. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 19(3), 274.
Verdugo, M. Á., Jenaro, C., Calvo, I. y Navas, P. (2017). Disability policy implementation from a cross-cultural perspective. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 55(4), 234-246.
Verdugo, M. Á., Navas, P. A., Gómez, L. E. y Schalock, R. L. (2012). The concept of quality of life and its role in enhancing human rights in the field of intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56, 1036-1045.
Verdugo, M. Á., Schalock, R. L. y Gómez, L. E. (2021). The quality of life supports model: twenty five years of parallel paths have come together. Siglo Cero, 52(3), 9-28. doi: https://doi.org/10.14201/scero2021523928 [El Modelo de Calidad de Vida y Apoyos: la unión tras veinticinco años de caminos paralelos].
Verdugo, M. Á., Schalock, R. L. y Gómez, L. E. (2023). The Quality of Life Supports Model as a major component in applying the quality of life paradigm. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 1-5. Published online, 10/07/2023.
Williams, R. (1983). Culture and society, 1780-1950. Columbia University Press.
Verdugo Alonso, M. Ángel. (2025). The Construction of an Inclusive Society. Siglo Cero, 56(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero.32212
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