Evaluación del paciente previa a la rehabilitación vestibular
Resumen Introducción y objetivo: Para realizar una adecuada rehabilitación vestibular es fundamental llevar a cabo una minuciosa valoración previa. El objetivo de este trabajo es estandarizar la evaluación preterapéutica que permita una correcta comunicación entre el facultativo que indica la rehabilitación vestibular y el responsable de realizarla. Método: Revisión narrativa. Resultados: En nuestro trabajo describimos las exploraciones que consideramos imprescindibles para estudiar al paciente con inestabilidad, previa realización de una rehabilitación vestibular. Discusión y Conclusiones: La evaluación de los pacientes con mareo es un trabajo difícil debido a la imprecisión, tanto por parte del enfermo, a la hora de describir el síntoma, como por parte del médico en interpretar lo que éste le transmite. Por este motivo, debemos ser metódicos en el interrogatorio, meticulosos al realizar la exploración física y apoyarnos en las pruebas instrumentales tras haber establecido una sospecha diagnóstica. La correcta realización de esta evaluación de forma individualizada es el pilar fundamental para orientar un tratamiento rehabilitador.
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Alemán López O, Pérez Fernández N, Sánchez N. Rehabilitación vestibular. Rev Med Univ Navarra 2003;Vol 47(4):72-76.
Balaban CD, Hoffer ME, Gottshall KR. Top-down approach to vestibular compensation: translational lessons from vestibular rehabilitation. Brain Res 2012;1482:101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.08.040.
Becker-Bense S, Dieterich M, Buchholz HG, Bartenstein P, Schreckenberger M, Brandt T. The differential effects of acute right vs left sided vestibular failure on brain metabolism. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 219:1355–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0573-z.
Bense S, Bartenstein P, Lochmann M, Schlindwein P, Brandt T, Dieterich M. Metabolic changes in vestibular and visual cortices in acute vestibular neuritis. Ann Neurol 2004;56:624–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20244.
Beraneck M, McKee JL, Aleisa M, Cullen KE. Asymmetric recovery in cerebellar-deficient mice following unilateral labyrinthectomy. J Neurophysiol 2008;100(2):945-958. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.90319.2008.
Berthoz A. Cooperation and substitution between the saccadic system and reflexes of vestibular origin should we revise the notion of reflex. Revue Neurologique 1989;145(8-9):513-526.
Brown KE, Whitney SL,Wrisley DM, Furman JM. Physical therapy outcomes for persons with bilateral vestibular loss. Laryngoscope 2001; 111: 1812—7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200110000-00027.
Campo-Torres A, Vidal PP, de Waele C. Evidence for a microglial reaction within the vestibular and cochlear nuclei following inner ear lesion in the rat. Neuroscience 1999;92:1475–1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00078-0.
Chen ZP, Zhang XY, Peng XY, Yang ZQ, Wang XB, Zhang YX et al. Histamine H1 Receptor Contributes to Vestibular Compensation. J Neurosci 2019;39(3):420-33. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1350-18.2018.
Curthoys IS, Halmagy GM. Vestibular compensation: recovery after unilateral vestibular loss. En: Vestibular Rehabilitation. 4th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company;2014.p. 121-150.
Curthoys IS, Halmagyi GM. Vestibular compensation. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 1999;55:82–110.
Curthoys IS, Halmagyi GM. Vestibular compensation: clinical changes in vestibular function with time after vestibular loss. In: Büttner U. Vestibular Dysfunction and its Therapy. Basel:Kargel;1999.
Curthoys IS. Vestibular compensation and substitution. Curr Opin Neurol 2000; 13:27–30.
Deveze A, Bernard-Demanze L, Xavier F, Lavieille JP, Elziere M. Vestibular compensation and vestibular rehabilitation. Current concepts and new trends. Neurophysiol Clin 2014;44:49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2013.10.138.
Dutheil S, Brezun M, Leonard J, Lacour M, Tighilet B. Neurogenesis and astrogenesis contribution to recovery of vestibular functions in the adult cat following unilateral vestibular neurectomy: cellular and behavioral evidence. Neuroscience 2009;164:1444–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.048.
Dutheil S, Escoffier G, Gharbi A, Watabe I, Tighilet B. GABA(A) Receptor agonist and antagonist alter vestibular compensation and different steps of reactive neurogenesis in deafferented vestibular nuclei of adult cats. J Neurosci 2013;25:15555–15566. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5691-12.2013.
Dutheil S, Lacour M, Tighilet B. The neurogenetic potential of the vestibular nuclei and behavioural recovery time course in the adult cat are governed by the nature of the vestibular damage. PLoS ONE 2011; 6(8):e22262. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022262.
Estelrrich PR, Estelrrich PMA, Estelrrich C. Neuroplasticidad y compensación vestibular: historia, estado actual y perspectivas. Revista FASO. 2010; 1:69-77.
Gliddon CM, Darlington CL, Smith PF. GABAergic systems in thevestibular nucleus and their contribution to vestibular compensation. Prog Neurobiol 2005;75(1):53– 81.
Grassi S, Frondaroli A, Scarduzio M, Dutia MB, Dieni C, Pettorossi VE. Effects of 17beta-estradiol on glutamate synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the rat medial vestibular nuclei. Neuroscience 2010;165:1100–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.039.
Gustave dit Duflo S, Gestreau C, Tighilet B, Lacour M. Fos expression in the cat brainstem after unilateral vestibular neurectomy. Brain Res 1999;824:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01172-5.
Hall CD, Herdman SJ, Whitney SL, Cass SP, Clendaniel RA, Fife TD et al. Vestibular rehabilitation for peripheral vestibular hypofunction: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Neurol Phys Ther 2016; 40:124–155. https://doi.org/10.1097/NPT.0000000000000120.
Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS, Cremer PD et al. The human horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex in response to high-acceleration stimulation before and after unilateral vestibular neurectomy. Exp Brain Res. 1990;81(3):479-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02423496.
Horn ER. “Critical periods” in vestibular development or adaptation of gravity sensory systems to altered gravitational conditions? Arch Ital Biol. 2004;142(3):155-174.
Horner KC, Cazals Y. Stress hormones in Menière’s disease and acoustic neuroma. Brain Res Bull 2005;66:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.04.003.
Horri A, Uno A, Kirahara T, Mitani K, Masumara C, Kizawa K et al. Effects of fluvoxamine on anxiety, depression and subjective handicap of chronic dizziness patients with or without neuro-otological diseases. J Vest Res 2007;17:1–8.
Johnston AR, Him A, Dutia MB. Differential regulation of GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors during vestibular compensation. NeuroReport 2001;12:597–600. https://doi.org/ 10.1097/00001756-200103050-00033.
Lacour M, Bernard-Demanze L. Interactions between vestibular compensation mechanisms and vestibular rehabilitation therapy: ten recommendations for optimal functional recovery. Front Neurol 2015; 5(285). https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2014.00285.
Lacour M, Dutheil S, Lopez C, Tighilet B, Borel L. Tell me your vestibular deficit, and I’ll tell you how you’ll compensate. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009;1164:268–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03731.x.
Lacour M, Tighilet B. Plastic events in the vestibular nuclei during vestibular compensation: the brain orchestration of a ‘‘deafferented’’ code. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2010;28:19–35. https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-2010-0509.
Lacour M. Restoration of vestibular function: basic aspects and practical advances for rehabilitation. Curr Med Res Opin 2010;22:1651–59. https://doi.org/10.1185/030079906X115694.
Liberge M, Manrique C, Bernard-Demanze L, Lacour M. Changes in TNFa, NFkB and MnSOD protein in the vestibular nuclei after unilateral deafferentation. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:91–102. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-7-91.
Lim R, Callister RJ, Brichta AM. An increase in glycinergic quantal amplitude and frequency during early vestibular compensation in the mouse. J Neurophysiol 2010;103:16–24. https://doi.org/ 10.1152/jn.91223.2008.
Lacour M, Vidal CHP. Vestibular compensation: the neuro-otologist ’ s best friend. J Neurol 2016; 263(1): 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-015-7903-4.
MacDougall HG, Curthoys IS. Plasticity during vestibular compensation: the role of saccades. Front Neurol 2012; 3 (Pt 21) https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2012.00021.
Manzari L, Burgess AM, MacDougall HG, Curthoys IS. Vestibular function after vestibular neuritis. Int J Audiol 2013; 52:713–718. https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2013.809485.
Marelli E. Anatomofisiología del sistema vestibular. En: Carmona S, Asprella-Libonati G. Neurootología. 3ª ed. Buenos Aires: Librería Akadia Editorial; 2013. p. 1-16 ISBN 978-987-570-171-7.
Mbongo F, Patko T, Vidal PP, Vibert N, Tran BaHuy P, de Waele C. Postural control in patients with unilateral vestibular lesions is more impaired in the roll than in the pitch plane: a static and dynamic posturography study. Audiol Neurootol 2005;10:291–302. https://doi.org/10.1159/000086081.
Mijovic T, Carriot J, Zeitouni A, Cullen KE. Head movements in patients with vestibular lesion: a novel approach to functional assessment in daily life setting. Otol Neurotol 2014;35(10):348–357. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0000000000000608.
Nelson AB, Krispel CM, Sekirnjak C, du Lac S. Longlasting increase in intrinsic excitability triggered by inhibition. Neuron 2003;40:609–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00641-x.
Newlands SD, Dara S, Kaufman GD. Relationship of static and dynamic mechanisms in vestibuloocular reflex compensation. Laryngoscope 2005;115:191–204. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlg.0000154718.80594.2e.
Olabi B, Bergquist F, Dutia MB. Rebalancing the commissural system: mechanisms of vestibular compensation. J Vest Res 2009;19:201–207. https://doi.org/ 10.3233/VES-2009-0367.
Paterson JM, Short D, Flatman PW, Seckl JR, Aitken A, Dutia MB. Changes in protein expression in the rat medial vestibular nuclei during vestibular compensation. J Neurophysiol 2006; 575:777–88. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.112409.
Quinn KJ. Classical conditioning using vestbular reflexes. J Vest Res 1998;8:117-33.
Ris L, de Waele C, Serafin M, Vidal PP, Godaux E. Neuronal activity in the ipsilateral vestibular nucleus following unilateral labyrinthectomy in the alert guinea pig. J Neurophysiol 1995; 74:2087–2099. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.5.2087.
Saman Y, Bamiou DE, Gleeson M, Dutia MB. Interaction between stress nad vestibular compensation: a review. Front Neurology 2012;3:116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2012.00116.
Smith PF, Curthoys IS. Neuronal activity in the ipsilateral medial vestibular nucleus of the guinea pig following unilateral labyrinthectomy. Brain Res 1988;444:308–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)90939-0.
Soto E, Vega R. Neuropharmacology of vestibular system disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010;8:26–40. https://doi.org/10.2174/157015910790909511.
Takeda T, Kakigi A, Saito H. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and endolymphatic hydrops. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1995;519:219–222.
Tighilet B, Bordiga P, Cassel R, Chabbert C. Peripheral vestibular plasticity vs central compensation: evidence and questions. J Neurol 2019. May 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09388-9.
Tighilet B, Brezun M, Gustav edit Duflo S, Gaubert C, Lacour M. New neurons in the vestibular nuclei complex after uni- lateral vestibular neurectomy in the adult cat. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:47–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05267.x.
Travo C, Gaboyard-Niay S, Chabbert C. Plasticity of Scarpa’s ganglion neurons as a possible basis for functional restoration within vestibular endorgans. Front Neurol 2012; 3(91). https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2012.00091.
Vailleau B, Qu’hen C, Vidal PP, de Waele C. Probing residual vestibular function with galvanic stimulation in vestibular loss patients. Otol Neurotol 2011;32(5):863–871. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318213418e.
Van Welie I, du Lac S. Bidirectional control of BK cannel opens probability by CAMII and PKC in medial vestibular nucleus neurons. J Neurophysiol 2011;105:1651–1659. https://doi.org/ 10.1152/jn.00058.2011.
Vibert N, Beraneck CAM, Bantikyan A, Vidal PP. Vestibular compensation modifies the sensitivity of vestibular neurons to inhibitory amino-acids. NeuroReport 2000;11:1921–1927. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200006260-00023.
Zwergal A, Schlichtiger J, Xiong G, Beck R, GÜnther L, Schniepp R et al. Sequential [18F] FDG lPET whole-brain imaging of central vestibular compensation: a model of deafferentation-induced brain plasticity. Brain Struct Funct 2014;221 (1):159-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0899-1.
Balaban CD, Hoffer ME, Gottshall KR. Top-down approach to vestibular compensation: translational lessons from vestibular rehabilitation. Brain Res 2012;1482:101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.08.040.
Becker-Bense S, Dieterich M, Buchholz HG, Bartenstein P, Schreckenberger M, Brandt T. The differential effects of acute right vs left sided vestibular failure on brain metabolism. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 219:1355–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0573-z.
Bense S, Bartenstein P, Lochmann M, Schlindwein P, Brandt T, Dieterich M. Metabolic changes in vestibular and visual cortices in acute vestibular neuritis. Ann Neurol 2004;56:624–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20244.
Beraneck M, McKee JL, Aleisa M, Cullen KE. Asymmetric recovery in cerebellar-deficient mice following unilateral labyrinthectomy. J Neurophysiol 2008;100(2):945-958. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.90319.2008.
Berthoz A. Cooperation and substitution between the saccadic system and reflexes of vestibular origin should we revise the notion of reflex. Revue Neurologique 1989;145(8-9):513-526.
Brown KE, Whitney SL,Wrisley DM, Furman JM. Physical therapy outcomes for persons with bilateral vestibular loss. Laryngoscope 2001; 111: 1812—7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200110000-00027.
Campo-Torres A, Vidal PP, de Waele C. Evidence for a microglial reaction within the vestibular and cochlear nuclei following inner ear lesion in the rat. Neuroscience 1999;92:1475–1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00078-0.
Chen ZP, Zhang XY, Peng XY, Yang ZQ, Wang XB, Zhang YX et al. Histamine H1 Receptor Contributes to Vestibular Compensation. J Neurosci 2019;39(3):420-33. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1350-18.2018.
Curthoys IS, Halmagy GM. Vestibular compensation: recovery after unilateral vestibular loss. En: Vestibular Rehabilitation. 4th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company;2014.p. 121-150.
Curthoys IS, Halmagyi GM. Vestibular compensation. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 1999;55:82–110.
Curthoys IS, Halmagyi GM. Vestibular compensation: clinical changes in vestibular function with time after vestibular loss. In: Büttner U. Vestibular Dysfunction and its Therapy. Basel:Kargel;1999.
Curthoys IS. Vestibular compensation and substitution. Curr Opin Neurol 2000; 13:27–30.
Deveze A, Bernard-Demanze L, Xavier F, Lavieille JP, Elziere M. Vestibular compensation and vestibular rehabilitation. Current concepts and new trends. Neurophysiol Clin 2014;44:49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2013.10.138.
Dutheil S, Brezun M, Leonard J, Lacour M, Tighilet B. Neurogenesis and astrogenesis contribution to recovery of vestibular functions in the adult cat following unilateral vestibular neurectomy: cellular and behavioral evidence. Neuroscience 2009;164:1444–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.048.
Dutheil S, Escoffier G, Gharbi A, Watabe I, Tighilet B. GABA(A) Receptor agonist and antagonist alter vestibular compensation and different steps of reactive neurogenesis in deafferented vestibular nuclei of adult cats. J Neurosci 2013;25:15555–15566. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5691-12.2013.
Dutheil S, Lacour M, Tighilet B. The neurogenetic potential of the vestibular nuclei and behavioural recovery time course in the adult cat are governed by the nature of the vestibular damage. PLoS ONE 2011; 6(8):e22262. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022262.
Estelrrich PR, Estelrrich PMA, Estelrrich C. Neuroplasticidad y compensación vestibular: historia, estado actual y perspectivas. Revista FASO. 2010; 1:69-77.
Gliddon CM, Darlington CL, Smith PF. GABAergic systems in thevestibular nucleus and their contribution to vestibular compensation. Prog Neurobiol 2005;75(1):53– 81.
Grassi S, Frondaroli A, Scarduzio M, Dutia MB, Dieni C, Pettorossi VE. Effects of 17beta-estradiol on glutamate synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the rat medial vestibular nuclei. Neuroscience 2010;165:1100–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.039.
Gustave dit Duflo S, Gestreau C, Tighilet B, Lacour M. Fos expression in the cat brainstem after unilateral vestibular neurectomy. Brain Res 1999;824:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01172-5.
Hall CD, Herdman SJ, Whitney SL, Cass SP, Clendaniel RA, Fife TD et al. Vestibular rehabilitation for peripheral vestibular hypofunction: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Neurol Phys Ther 2016; 40:124–155. https://doi.org/10.1097/NPT.0000000000000120.
Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS, Cremer PD et al. The human horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex in response to high-acceleration stimulation before and after unilateral vestibular neurectomy. Exp Brain Res. 1990;81(3):479-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02423496.
Horn ER. “Critical periods” in vestibular development or adaptation of gravity sensory systems to altered gravitational conditions? Arch Ital Biol. 2004;142(3):155-174.
Horner KC, Cazals Y. Stress hormones in Menière’s disease and acoustic neuroma. Brain Res Bull 2005;66:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.04.003.
Horri A, Uno A, Kirahara T, Mitani K, Masumara C, Kizawa K et al. Effects of fluvoxamine on anxiety, depression and subjective handicap of chronic dizziness patients with or without neuro-otological diseases. J Vest Res 2007;17:1–8.
Johnston AR, Him A, Dutia MB. Differential regulation of GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors during vestibular compensation. NeuroReport 2001;12:597–600. https://doi.org/ 10.1097/00001756-200103050-00033.
Lacour M, Bernard-Demanze L. Interactions between vestibular compensation mechanisms and vestibular rehabilitation therapy: ten recommendations for optimal functional recovery. Front Neurol 2015; 5(285). https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2014.00285.
Lacour M, Dutheil S, Lopez C, Tighilet B, Borel L. Tell me your vestibular deficit, and I’ll tell you how you’ll compensate. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009;1164:268–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03731.x.
Lacour M, Tighilet B. Plastic events in the vestibular nuclei during vestibular compensation: the brain orchestration of a ‘‘deafferented’’ code. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2010;28:19–35. https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-2010-0509.
Lacour M. Restoration of vestibular function: basic aspects and practical advances for rehabilitation. Curr Med Res Opin 2010;22:1651–59. https://doi.org/10.1185/030079906X115694.
Liberge M, Manrique C, Bernard-Demanze L, Lacour M. Changes in TNFa, NFkB and MnSOD protein in the vestibular nuclei after unilateral deafferentation. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:91–102. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-7-91.
Lim R, Callister RJ, Brichta AM. An increase in glycinergic quantal amplitude and frequency during early vestibular compensation in the mouse. J Neurophysiol 2010;103:16–24. https://doi.org/ 10.1152/jn.91223.2008.
Lacour M, Vidal CHP. Vestibular compensation: the neuro-otologist ’ s best friend. J Neurol 2016; 263(1): 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-015-7903-4.
MacDougall HG, Curthoys IS. Plasticity during vestibular compensation: the role of saccades. Front Neurol 2012; 3 (Pt 21) https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2012.00021.
Manzari L, Burgess AM, MacDougall HG, Curthoys IS. Vestibular function after vestibular neuritis. Int J Audiol 2013; 52:713–718. https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2013.809485.
Marelli E. Anatomofisiología del sistema vestibular. En: Carmona S, Asprella-Libonati G. Neurootología. 3ª ed. Buenos Aires: Librería Akadia Editorial; 2013. p. 1-16 ISBN 978-987-570-171-7.
Mbongo F, Patko T, Vidal PP, Vibert N, Tran BaHuy P, de Waele C. Postural control in patients with unilateral vestibular lesions is more impaired in the roll than in the pitch plane: a static and dynamic posturography study. Audiol Neurootol 2005;10:291–302. https://doi.org/10.1159/000086081.
Mijovic T, Carriot J, Zeitouni A, Cullen KE. Head movements in patients with vestibular lesion: a novel approach to functional assessment in daily life setting. Otol Neurotol 2014;35(10):348–357. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0000000000000608.
Nelson AB, Krispel CM, Sekirnjak C, du Lac S. Longlasting increase in intrinsic excitability triggered by inhibition. Neuron 2003;40:609–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00641-x.
Newlands SD, Dara S, Kaufman GD. Relationship of static and dynamic mechanisms in vestibuloocular reflex compensation. Laryngoscope 2005;115:191–204. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlg.0000154718.80594.2e.
Olabi B, Bergquist F, Dutia MB. Rebalancing the commissural system: mechanisms of vestibular compensation. J Vest Res 2009;19:201–207. https://doi.org/ 10.3233/VES-2009-0367.
Paterson JM, Short D, Flatman PW, Seckl JR, Aitken A, Dutia MB. Changes in protein expression in the rat medial vestibular nuclei during vestibular compensation. J Neurophysiol 2006; 575:777–88. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.112409.
Quinn KJ. Classical conditioning using vestbular reflexes. J Vest Res 1998;8:117-33.
Ris L, de Waele C, Serafin M, Vidal PP, Godaux E. Neuronal activity in the ipsilateral vestibular nucleus following unilateral labyrinthectomy in the alert guinea pig. J Neurophysiol 1995; 74:2087–2099. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.5.2087.
Saman Y, Bamiou DE, Gleeson M, Dutia MB. Interaction between stress nad vestibular compensation: a review. Front Neurology 2012;3:116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2012.00116.
Smith PF, Curthoys IS. Neuronal activity in the ipsilateral medial vestibular nucleus of the guinea pig following unilateral labyrinthectomy. Brain Res 1988;444:308–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)90939-0.
Soto E, Vega R. Neuropharmacology of vestibular system disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010;8:26–40. https://doi.org/10.2174/157015910790909511.
Takeda T, Kakigi A, Saito H. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and endolymphatic hydrops. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1995;519:219–222.
Tighilet B, Bordiga P, Cassel R, Chabbert C. Peripheral vestibular plasticity vs central compensation: evidence and questions. J Neurol 2019. May 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09388-9.
Tighilet B, Brezun M, Gustav edit Duflo S, Gaubert C, Lacour M. New neurons in the vestibular nuclei complex after uni- lateral vestibular neurectomy in the adult cat. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:47–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05267.x.
Travo C, Gaboyard-Niay S, Chabbert C. Plasticity of Scarpa’s ganglion neurons as a possible basis for functional restoration within vestibular endorgans. Front Neurol 2012; 3(91). https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2012.00091.
Vailleau B, Qu’hen C, Vidal PP, de Waele C. Probing residual vestibular function with galvanic stimulation in vestibular loss patients. Otol Neurotol 2011;32(5):863–871. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318213418e.
Van Welie I, du Lac S. Bidirectional control of BK cannel opens probability by CAMII and PKC in medial vestibular nucleus neurons. J Neurophysiol 2011;105:1651–1659. https://doi.org/ 10.1152/jn.00058.2011.
Vibert N, Beraneck CAM, Bantikyan A, Vidal PP. Vestibular compensation modifies the sensitivity of vestibular neurons to inhibitory amino-acids. NeuroReport 2000;11:1921–1927. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200006260-00023.
Zwergal A, Schlichtiger J, Xiong G, Beck R, GÜnther L, Schniepp R et al. Sequential [18F] FDG lPET whole-brain imaging of central vestibular compensation: a model of deafferentation-induced brain plasticity. Brain Struct Funct 2014;221 (1):159-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0899-1.
Fernandez-Cascon, S., Rettig-Infante, I., Morales-Medina, G., & Buendia-Pajares, C. (2019). Evaluación del paciente previa a la rehabilitación vestibular. Revista ORL, 11(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.14201/orl.21292
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