Deporte y democracia en la Atenas clásica
Resumen En la Grecia de época clásica, la institución de la democracia en Atenas permitió que todos sus ciudadanos pudieran acceder a la política, pero el atletismo sólo era practicado por la élite de la sociedad. Este artículo pretende estudiar la relación entre la democracia y la práctica deportiva en Atenas, buscando y analizando las razones por las que la clase inferior valorase muy positivamente y apoyara los juegos atléticos mediante políticas favorables, tanto en la administración de la infraestructura deportiva como en la protección de la crítica pública, dirigida habitualmente hacia todas las actividades de la clase superior. Una de esas razones fue la concepción similar de los eventos deportivos y de los combates de la guerra.
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Arms, R. L., Russell, G. W. y Sandilands, M. L. (1979). Effects on Hostility of Spectators of Viewing Aggressive Sports. Social Psychology Quarterly, nº 42, 275-279.
Arrington, N. (2015). Ashes, Images and Memories: The Presence of the War Dead in Fifth-Century Athens. Oxford.
Balot, R. K. (2014). Courage in the Democratic Polis: Ideology and Critique in Classical Athens. Cambridge y Nueva York.
Böckh, A. (1828). The Public Economy of Athens. Tr. George Cornewall Lewis. 2 vols. Londres.
Bowra, C. M. (1964). Pindar. Oxford.
Crowley, J. (2012). The Psychology of the Athenian Hoplite: The Culture of Combat in Classical Athens. Cambridge.
Csapo, E. and Slater, W. J. (1994). The Context of Ancient Drama. Ann Arbor.
Davies, J. K. (1967). Demosthenes on Liturgies: A Note. JHS, nº 87, pp. 33-40.
Golden, M. (1990). Children and Childhood in Classical Athens. Baltimore y Londres.
Goldstein, J. H. y Arms, R. L. (1971). Effects of Observing Athletic Contests on Hostility. Sociometry, nº 34, pp. 83-90.
Guttmann, A. (1998). The Appeal of Violent Sports. En Goldstein, J. (Ed.), Why We Watch: The Attractions of Violent Entertainment.New York y Londres, pp. 7-26.
Guttmann, A. (2001). The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games. Second edition. Chicago and Urbana.
Hubbard, T. K. (1998). Popular Perceptions of Elite Homosexuality in Classical Athens. Arion, nº 6, pp. 48-78.
Jameson, M. (1980). Apollo Lykeios in Athens, Archaiolognosia, nº 1, pp. 213-236.
Kyle, D. G. (1987). Athletics in Ancient Athens. Leiden.
Lissarrague, F. (1990). L’autre guerrier: archers, peltastes, cavaliers dans l’imagerie attique. París y Roma.
Lorenz, K. (1966). On Aggression. Tr. M. K. Wilson. Nueva York.
Low, P. (2010). Commemoration of the War Dead in Classical Athens: Remembering Defeat and Victory. En Pritchard, D. M. (Ed.), War, Democracy and Culture in Classical Athens. Cambridge, pp. 341-358.
Lüschen, G. (1970). The Interdependence of Sport and Culture. En G. Lüschen (Ed.), The Cross-Cultural Analysis of Sport and Games. Champaign, pp. 85-99.
Miller, S. G. (2004). Ancient Greek Athletics. Londres-New Haven.
Morley, N. (2004). Theories, Models and Concepts in Ancient History. Londres y Nueva York.
Orwell, G. (1973). The Sporting Spirit. En The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell: Vol. IV: In Front of Your Noise 1945-50, editados por Orwell, S. y Angus, I.. Londres, pp. 40–44.
Osborne, R. G. (1993). Competitive Festivals and the Polis: A Context for the Dramatic Festivals at Athens. En Sommerstein, A. H., Halliwell, S., Henderson, J. y and Zimmermann B. (Eds.), Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis: Papers from the Greek Drama Conference Nottingham 18-20 July 1990 (21-38), Bari.
Pritchard, D. M. (1999). The Fractured Imaginary: Popular Thinking on Citizen Soldiers and Warfare in Fifth-Century Athens. (Tesis no publicada). Available at <http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:152267>. Macquarie University, Sydney.
Pritchard, D. M. (2004). Kleisthenes, Participation, and the Dithyrambic Contests of Late Archaic and Classical Athens, Phoenix, nº 58, pp. 208-228.
Pritchard, D. M. (2010). The Symbiosis between Democracy and War: The Case of Ancient Athens. En Pritchard, D. M. (Ed.), War, Democracy and Culture in Classical Athens. Cambridge, pp. 1-62.
Pritchard, D. M. (2012). Aristophanes and de Ste. Croix: The Value of Old Comedy as Evidence for Athenian Popular Culture. Antichthon 46, pp. 14-51.
Pritchard, D. M. (2013). Sport, Democracy and War in Classical Athens. Cambridge.
Pritchard, D. M. (2015). Public Spending and Democracy in Classical Athens. Austin.
Roisman, J. (2005). The Rhetoric of Manhood: Masculinity and the Attic Orators. Berkeley.
Shear, J. L. (2001). Polis and Panathenaia: The History and Development of Athena’s Festival. (Tesis no publicada). The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Shear, J. L. (2003). Prizes from Athens: The List of Panathenaic Prizes and the Sacred Oil. ZPE, nº 142, pp. 87-105.
Singor, H. W. (2009). War and International Relations. En Raaflaub, K. A. y Van Wees, H. (Eds.), A Companion to Archaic Greece. Boston, Malden y Melbourne, pp. 585-603.
Sipes, R. G. (1973). War, Sport and Aggression. American Anthropologist, nº 75, pp. 64-86.
Sommerstein, A. H. (1996). How to Avoid Being a Komodoumenos, CQ, nº 46, pp. 327-356.
Vernant, J.-P. (1988). Myth and Society in Ancient Greece. Tr. J. Lloyd. Nueva York.
Zillmann, D., Johnson, R. C. y Day, K. D. (1974). Provoked and Unprovoked Aggressiveness in Athletics. Journal of Research in Personality, nº 8, pp. 139-152.
Arrington, N. (2015). Ashes, Images and Memories: The Presence of the War Dead in Fifth-Century Athens. Oxford.
Balot, R. K. (2014). Courage in the Democratic Polis: Ideology and Critique in Classical Athens. Cambridge y Nueva York.
Böckh, A. (1828). The Public Economy of Athens. Tr. George Cornewall Lewis. 2 vols. Londres.
Bowra, C. M. (1964). Pindar. Oxford.
Crowley, J. (2012). The Psychology of the Athenian Hoplite: The Culture of Combat in Classical Athens. Cambridge.
Csapo, E. and Slater, W. J. (1994). The Context of Ancient Drama. Ann Arbor.
Davies, J. K. (1967). Demosthenes on Liturgies: A Note. JHS, nº 87, pp. 33-40.
Golden, M. (1990). Children and Childhood in Classical Athens. Baltimore y Londres.
Goldstein, J. H. y Arms, R. L. (1971). Effects of Observing Athletic Contests on Hostility. Sociometry, nº 34, pp. 83-90.
Guttmann, A. (1998). The Appeal of Violent Sports. En Goldstein, J. (Ed.), Why We Watch: The Attractions of Violent Entertainment.New York y Londres, pp. 7-26.
Guttmann, A. (2001). The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games. Second edition. Chicago and Urbana.
Hubbard, T. K. (1998). Popular Perceptions of Elite Homosexuality in Classical Athens. Arion, nº 6, pp. 48-78.
Jameson, M. (1980). Apollo Lykeios in Athens, Archaiolognosia, nº 1, pp. 213-236.
Kyle, D. G. (1987). Athletics in Ancient Athens. Leiden.
Lissarrague, F. (1990). L’autre guerrier: archers, peltastes, cavaliers dans l’imagerie attique. París y Roma.
Lorenz, K. (1966). On Aggression. Tr. M. K. Wilson. Nueva York.
Low, P. (2010). Commemoration of the War Dead in Classical Athens: Remembering Defeat and Victory. En Pritchard, D. M. (Ed.), War, Democracy and Culture in Classical Athens. Cambridge, pp. 341-358.
Lüschen, G. (1970). The Interdependence of Sport and Culture. En G. Lüschen (Ed.), The Cross-Cultural Analysis of Sport and Games. Champaign, pp. 85-99.
Miller, S. G. (2004). Ancient Greek Athletics. Londres-New Haven.
Morley, N. (2004). Theories, Models and Concepts in Ancient History. Londres y Nueva York.
Orwell, G. (1973). The Sporting Spirit. En The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell: Vol. IV: In Front of Your Noise 1945-50, editados por Orwell, S. y Angus, I.. Londres, pp. 40–44.
Osborne, R. G. (1993). Competitive Festivals and the Polis: A Context for the Dramatic Festivals at Athens. En Sommerstein, A. H., Halliwell, S., Henderson, J. y and Zimmermann B. (Eds.), Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis: Papers from the Greek Drama Conference Nottingham 18-20 July 1990 (21-38), Bari.
Pritchard, D. M. (1999). The Fractured Imaginary: Popular Thinking on Citizen Soldiers and Warfare in Fifth-Century Athens. (Tesis no publicada). Available at <http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:152267>. Macquarie University, Sydney.
Pritchard, D. M. (2004). Kleisthenes, Participation, and the Dithyrambic Contests of Late Archaic and Classical Athens, Phoenix, nº 58, pp. 208-228.
Pritchard, D. M. (2010). The Symbiosis between Democracy and War: The Case of Ancient Athens. En Pritchard, D. M. (Ed.), War, Democracy and Culture in Classical Athens. Cambridge, pp. 1-62.
Pritchard, D. M. (2012). Aristophanes and de Ste. Croix: The Value of Old Comedy as Evidence for Athenian Popular Culture. Antichthon 46, pp. 14-51.
Pritchard, D. M. (2013). Sport, Democracy and War in Classical Athens. Cambridge.
Pritchard, D. M. (2015). Public Spending and Democracy in Classical Athens. Austin.
Roisman, J. (2005). The Rhetoric of Manhood: Masculinity and the Attic Orators. Berkeley.
Shear, J. L. (2001). Polis and Panathenaia: The History and Development of Athena’s Festival. (Tesis no publicada). The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Shear, J. L. (2003). Prizes from Athens: The List of Panathenaic Prizes and the Sacred Oil. ZPE, nº 142, pp. 87-105.
Singor, H. W. (2009). War and International Relations. En Raaflaub, K. A. y Van Wees, H. (Eds.), A Companion to Archaic Greece. Boston, Malden y Melbourne, pp. 585-603.
Sipes, R. G. (1973). War, Sport and Aggression. American Anthropologist, nº 75, pp. 64-86.
Sommerstein, A. H. (1996). How to Avoid Being a Komodoumenos, CQ, nº 46, pp. 327-356.
Vernant, J.-P. (1988). Myth and Society in Ancient Greece. Tr. J. Lloyd. Nueva York.
Zillmann, D., Johnson, R. C. y Day, K. D. (1974). Provoked and Unprovoked Aggressiveness in Athletics. Journal of Research in Personality, nº 8, pp. 139-152.
Pritchard, D. M. (2015). Deporte y democracia en la Atenas clásica. El Futuro Del Pasado, 6, 69–86. https://doi.org/10.14516/fdp.2015.006.001.002
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