Education and family bias: an approach to the vulnerability of married women in Spain, 2005-2012
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of education in labor inequality based on gender, age and marital status in Spain in the period 2005q1-2012q4 with individual data from the EPA. The axes of inquiry are twofold: 1st) crosssectional approach to family bias expressed in the job profiles of cycle life, occupational segregation, concentration of employment in occupational groups and allocation of family responsibilities between spouses; and 2nd) longitudinal treatment with sliding panel of family interference in the market status of married women by age and educational level. Cross-sectional analysis shows negative associations between marriage-education in both sexes and between education and participation in women by comparison with men, jointly with large gender segregation in married women suggests that they support a family specific bias which hinders its market presence. The individual perception of family interference confirms this fact as they are married women who suffer mainly from the problems of work-family conciliation, even younger than 44 years where they are more educated than their husbands and gender equality is a social value settled. The longitudinal analysis quantifies, with multinomial Logit estimates, the disadvantage of married women to participate into the market in terms of the entry barrier for inactive wives and the premature withdrawal for occupied ones due to problems of work-family reconciliation. In short, family responsibilities leave off the market to married women, regardless of age and education.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124396010001006
POLACHEK, S. (1979) Occupational segregation among women: Theory, evidence and prognosis. En C. LLOYD, E. ANDREWS y C. GILROY (eds.) Women in Labor Market (pp.137-157). Columbia U.P.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1924218
SASSER, A. (2005) Gender Differences in Physician Pay Tradeoffs Between Career and Family. Journal of Human Resources, 40 (2), 478-504.
WALDFOGEL, J. (1998) Understanding Family Gap in Pay for Women with Children. Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 12 (1), 137-156.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.1.137
ARIZA, A.; DE LA RICA, S. y UGIDOS, A. (2005) The effect of flexibility in working ours on fertility: A comparative analysis of selected European countries. Public Finance and Management, vol. 5 (1), 110-151.
CAÑADA VICINAY, J. (1989) Oferta de trabajo de las mujeres en España. Análisis de la evolución reciente 1978-1986. Información Comercial Española, n.º 760, 93-113.
CEBRIÁN LÓPEZ, I.; MORENO RAYMUNDO, G. y TOHARIA CORTÉS, L. (1997) Las Transiciones laborales de las mujeres casadas en España, 1987-1996. Información Comercial Española,n.º 760, 129-141.
DE LA RICA, S. y FERRERO, M.ª D. (2003) The effect of fertility on labour force participation: The Spanish evidence. Spanish. Economic. Review, vol. 5, 153-172.
DOLADO, J.; FELGUEROSO, F. y JIMENO, J. (2004) Where do women work?: Analysing patterns in Occupational Segregation by gender. Annales d’Économie et de Statistique, n.º71-72, 292-316.
DUNCAN, O. D. y DUNCAN, B. (1955) A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indexes. American Sociological Review, 20, 210-217.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2088328
GARRIDO MEDINA, Luis (2004) Demografía longitudinal de la ocupación. Información Comercial Española, n.º 815, 105-142.
GOLDIN, C. (2006) The Quiet Revolution that Transformed Women’s Employment, Education, and Family. American Economic Review, vol. 96 (2), 1-21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282806777212350
GOLDIN, C. y KATZ, L. F. (2008) Transitions: Career and Family Life Cycle of the Educational Elite. American Economic Review, 98 (2), 363-369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.2.363
HAKIM, C. (2000) Work-Lifestyle Choices in the 21st Century: Preference Theory. Oxford: U.P.
HOCHSCHILD, A. (con MACHUNG, A.) (1989) The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home. New York: Viking.
JENOFOTE (1953) El Económico. En Recuerdo de Sócrates, Económico, Banquete, Apología de Sócrates. Madrid: Ed. Gredos.
KALIST, D. (2008) Does Motherhood Affect Productivity, Relative Performance, and Earnings? Journal of Labor Resources, 29, 219-235.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12122-007-9034-x
MINCER, J. (1962) Labor Force Participation of Married Women. En H. G. LEWIS Aspects of Labor Economics. Princeton University (reprint in Collected Essays of Jacob Mincer, vol. 2, Edward Elgar, 1993).
MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN (2011) Panorama de la Educación: indicadores de la OCDE.
— (2012) Panorama de la Educación: indicadores de la OCDE.
PERKINS, H. W. y MEDEIS, D. (1996) Gender and Family Effects on the «Second-Shift» Domestic Activity of College-Educated Young Adults. Gender and Society, 10 (1), 78-93.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124396010001006
POLACHEK, S. (1979) Occupational segregation among women: Theory, evidence and prognosis. En C. LLOYD, E. ANDREWS y C. GILROY (eds.) Women in Labor Market (pp.137-157). Columbia U.P.
— (1981) Occupational self-selection: A human-capital approach to sex differences in occupational structure. The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 63 (1), 60-69.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1924218
SASSER, A. (2005) Gender Differences in Physician Pay Tradeoffs Between Career and Family. Journal of Human Resources, 40 (2), 478-504.
WALDFOGEL, J. (1998) Understanding Family Gap in Pay for Women with Children. Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 12 (1), 137-156.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.1.137
Cañada Vicinay, J. A. (2013). Education and family bias: an approach to the vulnerability of married women in Spain, 2005-2012. Aula, 19, 69–94. https://doi.org/10.14201/14687
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