Preferências por Meios de Comunicação e a Polarização das Opiniões sobre a Covid-19 no Brasil
Resumo O Brasil é um dos países mais afetados pela pandemia da Covid-19. No entanto, enquanto as taxas de contágio e mortes aumentam ao longo do tempo, pesquisas mostram que as opiniões sobre a pandemia se tornam menos preocupadas com o vírus e menos favoráveis às medidas de mitigação. Segundo observadores, o fator chave nesse processo é o negacionismo do Presidente Jair Bolsonaro. Neste artigo, mostramos que padrões de preferências por meios de comunicação ajudam a explicar como Bolsonaro influencia a opinião pública ao longo do período. Utilizando três pesquisas de opinião online conduzidas ao longo da pandemia, mostramos que a divergência em visões sobre o problema ocorre principalmente devido aos apoiadores de Bolsonaro que preferem consumir notícias na internet. Os resultados trazem implicações não apenas para entendermos a politização da pandemia no Brasil, mas também a relação entre populismo e comunicação de massa na era das redes sociais.
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Ajzenman, N., Cavalcanti, T., & Da Mata, D. (2020). More than Words: Leaders’ Speech and Risky Behavior During a Pandemic. Available at SSRN 3582908 (2020).
Baekkeskov, E. and Rubin, O. (2014). Why pandemic response is unique: powerful experts and hands-off political leaders. Disaster Prevention and Management, 23(1), 81-93.
Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130-1132.
Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting From Left to Right: Is Online Political Communication More Than an Echo Chamber? Psychological Science, 26(10), 1531-1542.
Bennett, W. L., & Iyengar, S. (2008). A New Era of Minimal Effects? the Changing Founda¬tions of Political Communication. Journal of Communication, 58, 707-731.
Betz, H.-G. (2019). Populist mobilization across time and space. In K. A. Hawkins, R. A. Carlin, L. Littvay, & C. R. Kaltwasser (Eds.), The ideational approach to populism: concept, theory and analysis (pp. 181-201). New York: Routledge.
Boas, T. C. (2005). Television and Neopopulism in Latin America: Media Effects in Brazil and Peru. Latin American Research Review, 40(2), 27-49.
Bol, D., Giani, M., Blais, A., & Loewen, P. J. (forthcoming, 2020). The effect of COVID-19 lock¬downs on political support: Some good news for democracy? European Journal of Political Research.
Calvo, E., & Ventura, T. (forthcoming, 2020). Will I get COVID-19? partisanship, Social Media Frames, and Perceptions of Health Risk in Brazil. Latin American Politics & Society.
Cohen, J. E. (2015). Presidential Leadership of Public Opinion: An Embedded Survey Experi¬ment. Political Communication, 32(3), 345-355.
Croda, J., de Oliveira, W. K., Frutuoso, R. L., Mandetta, L. H., da Silva, D. C. B., Brito-Souza, J. D., Monteiro, W. M., and aes Lacerda, M. V. G. (2020). COVID-19 in Brazil: advantages of a socialized uni ed health system and preparation to contain cases. Journal of the Brazil¬ian Society of Tropical Medicine, 53(e20200167), 1-6.
Datafolha (2020a). Opinião sobre a pandemia de coronavírus: conhecimento e meios de in¬formaçãp. Retrieved from: http://datafolha.folha.uol.com.br/opiniaopublica/2020/04/ 1988655-78-se-consideram-bem-informados-sobre-coronavirus.shtml.
Datafolha (2020b). Opiniões sobre a pandemia coronavírus. Retrieved from: http://data-folha.folha.uol.com.br/opiniaopublica/2020/05/1988729-60-sao-favoraveis-a-fecha¬mento-total-para-conter-coronavirus.shtml.
Deutsche Welle. (2020, March 7). Coronavírus: Bolsonaro diz que não há motivo para pâ¬nico. Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/pt-br/coronavrus-bolsonaro-diz-que-no-h-motivo-para-pnico/a-52675458.
do Amaral, O. E. (2020). The Victory of Jair Bolsonaro According to the Brazilian Electoral Study of 2018. Brazilian Political Science Review, 14(1), 1-13.
Duque, D., & Smith, A. E. (2019). The Establishment Upside Down: A Year of Change in Bra¬zil. Revista de Ciencia Política, 39(2), 165-189.
Eisenhammer, S., & Spring, J. (2020, March 24). Bolsonaro urges Brazilians back to work, dismisses coronavirus ‘hysteria’. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil/bolsonaro-urges-brazilians-back-to-work-dismisses-coronavirus-hysteria-idUSKBN21B2H2/.
Fraile, M., & Iyengar, S. (2014). Not all news sources are equally informative: A cross- na¬tional analysis of political knowledge in europe. International Journal of Press/Politics, 19(3), 275-294.
G1. (2020, March 9). Bolsonaro diz que ‘poder destruidor’ do coronavírus ‘está sendo super¬dimensionado’. G1. https://g1.globo.com/bemestar/coronavirus/noticia/2020/03/09/ bolsonaro-diz-que-poder-destruidor-do-coronavirus-esta-sendo-superdimensionado. ghtml.
Galhardi, C. P., Freire, N. P., de Souza Minayo, M. C., & Fagundes, M. C. M. (2020). Fact or Fake? an analysis of disinformation regarding the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 25, 4201-4210.
Impactos da pandemia de COVID-19 na televisão brasileira. (2021, January 8). In Wiki¬pedia. Retrieved from https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impactos_da_pandemia_de_ COVID-19_na_televisão_brasileira.
IPSOS (2020). What Worries the World? Retrieved from: https://www.ipsos.com/sites/ default/files/ct/news/documents/2020-04/what-worries-the-world-april-2020-ipsos. pdf.
Kata, A. (2012). Anti-vaccine activists, web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm – an overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine, 30(25), 3778–3789.
Machado, C., Kira, B., Narayanan, V., Kollanyi, B., & Howard, P. N. (2019). A study of misin¬formation in Whatsapp groups with a focus on the Brazilian presidential elections. In Proceedings of The Web Conference, WWW’19.
Manchetômetro. (2020, April 22). Boletim M - A Cobertura do Coronavírus. Retrieved from http://www.manchetometro.com.br/index.php/publicacoes/boletim-m/2020/04/22/ boletim-m-a-cobertura-do-coronavirus/.
Massuchin, M. G., Mitozo, I. B., & de Carvalho, F. C. (2017). Eleições e debate político on-line em 2014: os comentários no Facebook do jornal O Estado de São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, 23, 295-320.
McIntyre, L. (2018). Post-truth. Cambridge: MIT Press.
McKee, M., & Diethelm, P. (2010). How the growth of denialism undermines public health. The BJM, 341, 1-6.
Mendonça, R. F., & Amaral, E. F. L. (2016). Racionalidade online: provimento de razões em discussões virtuais. Opinião Pública, 22(2), 418-445.
M_i_t_o_z_o_,_ _I_._ _B_._,_ _M_a_s_s_u_c_h_i_n_,_ _M_._ _G_._,_ _&_ _d_e_ _C_a_r_v_a_l_h_o_,_ _F_._ _C_._ _(_2_0_1_7_)_._ _D_e_b_a_t_e_ _p_o_l_í?t_i_c_o_-_e_l_e_i_t_o_r_a_l_ _n_o_ _Facebook: os comentários do público em posts jornalísticos na eleição presidencial de 2014. Opinião Pública, 23(2), 459-484.
Mondak, J. J. (1993). Source cues and policy approval: The cognitive dynamics of public sup¬port for the Reagan agenda. American Journal of Political Science, 37(1), 186-212.
Mounk, Y. (2018). The people vs. democracy: Why our freedom is in danger and how to save it. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Ox¬ford University Press.
Mundim, P. S. (2012). Imprensa e voto nas eleições presidenciais brasileiras de 2002 e 2006. Revista de Sociologia e Política, 20(41), 123-147.
Porto, M. (2010). The Changing Landscape of Brazil’s News Media. In D. A. Levy and R. K. Nielsen (Eds.), The Changing Business of Journalism and its Implications for Democracy (pp. 107-124). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Porto, M. (2012). Media Power and Democratization in Brazil: TV Globo and the Dilemmas of Political Accountability. New York: Routledge.
Prior, M. (2005). News vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice Widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 577-592.
Ragsdale, L. (1984). The politics of presidential speechmaking, 1949-1980. The American Political Science Review, 78(4), 971-984.
Recuero, R., & Soares, F. (2020). O Discurso Desinformativo sobre a Cura do COVID-19 no Twitter. E-Compós.
Reluga, T. C. (2010). Game theory of social distancing in response to an epidemic. PLos Com¬putational Biology, 6(5), 1-9.
Rennó, L. (Forthcoming, 2020). The Bolsonaro Voter: Issue Positions and Vote Choice in the 2018 Brazilian Presidential Elections. Latin American Politics & Society.
Resende, G., Melo, P., Reis, J. C. S., Vasconcelos, M., Almeida, J., & Benevenuto, F. (2019). Analyzing Textual (Mis)information Shared in WhatsApp Groups. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Web Science, WebSci’19.
Ricard, J., & Medeiros, J. (2020). Using misinformation as a political weapon: COVID- 19 and Bolsonaro in Brazil. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(2), 1-7.
Rocha, M. M., de Almeida, P., & Corrêa, I. (2020). Os Governos Municipais Frente ao Coro¬navirus: Um Balano Provisório. Research Report: Núcleo de Estudos sobre Política Local (UFJF).
Rossini, P., Stromer-Galley, J., Erica Anita Baptista, & Vanessa Veiga de Oliveira (2020). Dysfunctional information sharing on Whatsapp and Facebook: The role of political talk, cross-cutting exposure and social corrections. new media & society, 1-22.
Rottinghaus, B. (2009). Strategic leaders: Determining successful presidential opinion lead¬ership tactics through public appeals. Political Communication, 26(3), 296-316.
Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism and the Question of How to Respond to it. In R. Kalt¬wasser, C., Taggart, P., Espejo, P. O., & Ostiguy, P. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Pop¬ulism (pp. 489-507). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sahneh, F. D., Chowdhury, F. N., & Scoglio, C. M. (2012). On the existence of a threshold for preventive behavioral responses to suppress epidemic spreading. Scientific Reports, 2(632), 1-8.
Salathé, M., & Bonhoeffer, S. (2008). The effect of opinion clustering on disease out- breaks. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 5(29), 1505-1508.
Silva, C., & Suzart, W. (2020). Reflexivity and media: the covid-19 and local development in Brazil. International Journal of Development Research, 10(08), 39434-39437.
Storopoli, J., da Silva Neto, W. L. B., & Mesch, G. S. (2020). Confidence in social institutions, perceived vulnerability and the adoption of recommended protective behaviors in brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Science and Medicine, 265, 1-7.
Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selec¬tive exposure. Political Behavior, 30, 341-366.
Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and Partisan Selective Exposure. Journal of Communication, 60, 556–576.
Tamaki, E. R., & Fuks, M. (2020). Populism in Brazil’s 2018 General Elections: An Analyses of Bolsonaro’s Campaign Speeches. Lua Nova, 109, 103-127.
Vieira, M. C., & Matos, C. (2020, June 19). A retórica de Bolsonaro: o que revelam os discursos na pandemia. Veja. Retrieved from: https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/a-retorica-de-bolsonaro-o-que-revelam-os-discursos-na-pandemia/
Waisbord, S., & Amado, A. (2017). Populist communication by digital means: presidential Twitter in Latin America. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1330-1346.
Waldron, T. (2020, March 12). Bolsonaro Blames the Medias as Coronavirus Worsens in Brazil. Huffpost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jair-bolsonaro-coronavirus-brazil-tr ump_n_5e6a443cc5b6747ef1186cb3.
Weyland, K. (1998). The Politics of Corruption in Latin America. Journal of Democracy, 9(2).
Weyland, K. (2001). Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin Ameri¬can Politics. Comparative Politics, 34(1), 1-22.
Baekkeskov, E. and Rubin, O. (2014). Why pandemic response is unique: powerful experts and hands-off political leaders. Disaster Prevention and Management, 23(1), 81-93.
Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130-1132.
Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting From Left to Right: Is Online Political Communication More Than an Echo Chamber? Psychological Science, 26(10), 1531-1542.
Bennett, W. L., & Iyengar, S. (2008). A New Era of Minimal Effects? the Changing Founda¬tions of Political Communication. Journal of Communication, 58, 707-731.
Betz, H.-G. (2019). Populist mobilization across time and space. In K. A. Hawkins, R. A. Carlin, L. Littvay, & C. R. Kaltwasser (Eds.), The ideational approach to populism: concept, theory and analysis (pp. 181-201). New York: Routledge.
Boas, T. C. (2005). Television and Neopopulism in Latin America: Media Effects in Brazil and Peru. Latin American Research Review, 40(2), 27-49.
Bol, D., Giani, M., Blais, A., & Loewen, P. J. (forthcoming, 2020). The effect of COVID-19 lock¬downs on political support: Some good news for democracy? European Journal of Political Research.
Calvo, E., & Ventura, T. (forthcoming, 2020). Will I get COVID-19? partisanship, Social Media Frames, and Perceptions of Health Risk in Brazil. Latin American Politics & Society.
Cohen, J. E. (2015). Presidential Leadership of Public Opinion: An Embedded Survey Experi¬ment. Political Communication, 32(3), 345-355.
Croda, J., de Oliveira, W. K., Frutuoso, R. L., Mandetta, L. H., da Silva, D. C. B., Brito-Souza, J. D., Monteiro, W. M., and aes Lacerda, M. V. G. (2020). COVID-19 in Brazil: advantages of a socialized uni ed health system and preparation to contain cases. Journal of the Brazil¬ian Society of Tropical Medicine, 53(e20200167), 1-6.
Datafolha (2020a). Opinião sobre a pandemia de coronavírus: conhecimento e meios de in¬formaçãp. Retrieved from: http://datafolha.folha.uol.com.br/opiniaopublica/2020/04/ 1988655-78-se-consideram-bem-informados-sobre-coronavirus.shtml.
Datafolha (2020b). Opiniões sobre a pandemia coronavírus. Retrieved from: http://data-folha.folha.uol.com.br/opiniaopublica/2020/05/1988729-60-sao-favoraveis-a-fecha¬mento-total-para-conter-coronavirus.shtml.
Deutsche Welle. (2020, March 7). Coronavírus: Bolsonaro diz que não há motivo para pâ¬nico. Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/pt-br/coronavrus-bolsonaro-diz-que-no-h-motivo-para-pnico/a-52675458.
do Amaral, O. E. (2020). The Victory of Jair Bolsonaro According to the Brazilian Electoral Study of 2018. Brazilian Political Science Review, 14(1), 1-13.
Duque, D., & Smith, A. E. (2019). The Establishment Upside Down: A Year of Change in Bra¬zil. Revista de Ciencia Política, 39(2), 165-189.
Eisenhammer, S., & Spring, J. (2020, March 24). Bolsonaro urges Brazilians back to work, dismisses coronavirus ‘hysteria’. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil/bolsonaro-urges-brazilians-back-to-work-dismisses-coronavirus-hysteria-idUSKBN21B2H2/.
Fraile, M., & Iyengar, S. (2014). Not all news sources are equally informative: A cross- na¬tional analysis of political knowledge in europe. International Journal of Press/Politics, 19(3), 275-294.
G1. (2020, March 9). Bolsonaro diz que ‘poder destruidor’ do coronavírus ‘está sendo super¬dimensionado’. G1. https://g1.globo.com/bemestar/coronavirus/noticia/2020/03/09/ bolsonaro-diz-que-poder-destruidor-do-coronavirus-esta-sendo-superdimensionado. ghtml.
Galhardi, C. P., Freire, N. P., de Souza Minayo, M. C., & Fagundes, M. C. M. (2020). Fact or Fake? an analysis of disinformation regarding the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 25, 4201-4210.
Impactos da pandemia de COVID-19 na televisão brasileira. (2021, January 8). In Wiki¬pedia. Retrieved from https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impactos_da_pandemia_de_ COVID-19_na_televisão_brasileira.
IPSOS (2020). What Worries the World? Retrieved from: https://www.ipsos.com/sites/ default/files/ct/news/documents/2020-04/what-worries-the-world-april-2020-ipsos. pdf.
Kata, A. (2012). Anti-vaccine activists, web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm – an overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine, 30(25), 3778–3789.
Machado, C., Kira, B., Narayanan, V., Kollanyi, B., & Howard, P. N. (2019). A study of misin¬formation in Whatsapp groups with a focus on the Brazilian presidential elections. In Proceedings of The Web Conference, WWW’19.
Manchetômetro. (2020, April 22). Boletim M - A Cobertura do Coronavírus. Retrieved from http://www.manchetometro.com.br/index.php/publicacoes/boletim-m/2020/04/22/ boletim-m-a-cobertura-do-coronavirus/.
Massuchin, M. G., Mitozo, I. B., & de Carvalho, F. C. (2017). Eleições e debate político on-line em 2014: os comentários no Facebook do jornal O Estado de São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, 23, 295-320.
McIntyre, L. (2018). Post-truth. Cambridge: MIT Press.
McKee, M., & Diethelm, P. (2010). How the growth of denialism undermines public health. The BJM, 341, 1-6.
Mendonça, R. F., & Amaral, E. F. L. (2016). Racionalidade online: provimento de razões em discussões virtuais. Opinião Pública, 22(2), 418-445.
M_i_t_o_z_o_,_ _I_._ _B_._,_ _M_a_s_s_u_c_h_i_n_,_ _M_._ _G_._,_ _&_ _d_e_ _C_a_r_v_a_l_h_o_,_ _F_._ _C_._ _(_2_0_1_7_)_._ _D_e_b_a_t_e_ _p_o_l_í?t_i_c_o_-_e_l_e_i_t_o_r_a_l_ _n_o_ _Facebook: os comentários do público em posts jornalísticos na eleição presidencial de 2014. Opinião Pública, 23(2), 459-484.
Mondak, J. J. (1993). Source cues and policy approval: The cognitive dynamics of public sup¬port for the Reagan agenda. American Journal of Political Science, 37(1), 186-212.
Mounk, Y. (2018). The people vs. democracy: Why our freedom is in danger and how to save it. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Ox¬ford University Press.
Mundim, P. S. (2012). Imprensa e voto nas eleições presidenciais brasileiras de 2002 e 2006. Revista de Sociologia e Política, 20(41), 123-147.
Porto, M. (2010). The Changing Landscape of Brazil’s News Media. In D. A. Levy and R. K. Nielsen (Eds.), The Changing Business of Journalism and its Implications for Democracy (pp. 107-124). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Porto, M. (2012). Media Power and Democratization in Brazil: TV Globo and the Dilemmas of Political Accountability. New York: Routledge.
Prior, M. (2005). News vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice Widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 577-592.
Ragsdale, L. (1984). The politics of presidential speechmaking, 1949-1980. The American Political Science Review, 78(4), 971-984.
Recuero, R., & Soares, F. (2020). O Discurso Desinformativo sobre a Cura do COVID-19 no Twitter. E-Compós.
Reluga, T. C. (2010). Game theory of social distancing in response to an epidemic. PLos Com¬putational Biology, 6(5), 1-9.
Rennó, L. (Forthcoming, 2020). The Bolsonaro Voter: Issue Positions and Vote Choice in the 2018 Brazilian Presidential Elections. Latin American Politics & Society.
Resende, G., Melo, P., Reis, J. C. S., Vasconcelos, M., Almeida, J., & Benevenuto, F. (2019). Analyzing Textual (Mis)information Shared in WhatsApp Groups. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Web Science, WebSci’19.
Ricard, J., & Medeiros, J. (2020). Using misinformation as a political weapon: COVID- 19 and Bolsonaro in Brazil. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(2), 1-7.
Rocha, M. M., de Almeida, P., & Corrêa, I. (2020). Os Governos Municipais Frente ao Coro¬navirus: Um Balano Provisório. Research Report: Núcleo de Estudos sobre Política Local (UFJF).
Rossini, P., Stromer-Galley, J., Erica Anita Baptista, & Vanessa Veiga de Oliveira (2020). Dysfunctional information sharing on Whatsapp and Facebook: The role of political talk, cross-cutting exposure and social corrections. new media & society, 1-22.
Rottinghaus, B. (2009). Strategic leaders: Determining successful presidential opinion lead¬ership tactics through public appeals. Political Communication, 26(3), 296-316.
Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism and the Question of How to Respond to it. In R. Kalt¬wasser, C., Taggart, P., Espejo, P. O., & Ostiguy, P. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Pop¬ulism (pp. 489-507). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sahneh, F. D., Chowdhury, F. N., & Scoglio, C. M. (2012). On the existence of a threshold for preventive behavioral responses to suppress epidemic spreading. Scientific Reports, 2(632), 1-8.
Salathé, M., & Bonhoeffer, S. (2008). The effect of opinion clustering on disease out- breaks. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 5(29), 1505-1508.
Silva, C., & Suzart, W. (2020). Reflexivity and media: the covid-19 and local development in Brazil. International Journal of Development Research, 10(08), 39434-39437.
Storopoli, J., da Silva Neto, W. L. B., & Mesch, G. S. (2020). Confidence in social institutions, perceived vulnerability and the adoption of recommended protective behaviors in brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Science and Medicine, 265, 1-7.
Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selec¬tive exposure. Political Behavior, 30, 341-366.
Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and Partisan Selective Exposure. Journal of Communication, 60, 556–576.
Tamaki, E. R., & Fuks, M. (2020). Populism in Brazil’s 2018 General Elections: An Analyses of Bolsonaro’s Campaign Speeches. Lua Nova, 109, 103-127.
Vieira, M. C., & Matos, C. (2020, June 19). A retórica de Bolsonaro: o que revelam os discursos na pandemia. Veja. Retrieved from: https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/a-retorica-de-bolsonaro-o-que-revelam-os-discursos-na-pandemia/
Waisbord, S., & Amado, A. (2017). Populist communication by digital means: presidential Twitter in Latin America. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1330-1346.
Waldron, T. (2020, March 12). Bolsonaro Blames the Medias as Coronavirus Worsens in Brazil. Huffpost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jair-bolsonaro-coronavirus-brazil-tr ump_n_5e6a443cc5b6747ef1186cb3.
Weyland, K. (1998). The Politics of Corruption in Latin America. Journal of Democracy, 9(2).
Weyland, K. (2001). Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin Ameri¬can Politics. Comparative Politics, 34(1), 1-22.
Batista Pereira, F., & Nunes, F. (2021). Preferências por Meios de Comunicação e a Polarização das Opiniões sobre a Covid-19 no Brasil. Revista Latinoamericana De Opinión Pública, 10(2), 39–57 (Anexo 59. https://doi.org/10.14201/rlop.23681
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