A Proposal for Analysis of the Tombs of Three viziers of the Middle Kingdom and the Beginning of the 18th Dynasty in the Theban Necropolis: Dagi (TT103), Ipi (TT315) and Rekhmire (TT100)
Abstract This article presents a diachronic-comparative study of the planimetries made by different specialists based on the structures built and dug in the rock of the private tombs during the Middle Kingdom and the beginning of the XVIII Dynasty in the Theban necropolis, using the funerary complexes of viziers Dagi (TT103), Ipi (TT315) and Rekhmire (TT100) as comparators. The analysis has focused on the different characteristics of the constructive typologies that developed throughout this period, based on the features of the selected tombs. The aim is to discern whether an evolutionary thread can be discerned. The comparison of the elements described in the sources studied shows that the characteristic architectural elements of the Middle Kingdom remained in use in the construction of funerary complexes at the dawn of the 18th Dynasty, which represents the continuity of previous traditions.
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Abou, O. (2024). Uncovering an Unusual Saff-Tomb at Draa Abu el-Naga in Western Thebes. Shedet, Annual Peer-reviewed Journal of the Faculty of Archaeology, 12, pp. 57-77. http://doi.org/10.21608/SHEDET.2023.175661.1155
Allen, J. P. (1996). Some Theban Officials of the Early Middle Kingdom. En Der Manuelian P. (ed.), Studies in Honor of William Kelly Simpson. Volume 1 (pp. 1-26). Boston: Museum of Fine Arts.
Arnold, D. (1971). Das Grab des Jnj-jtj.f. (ArchVer, 4). Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern.
Arnold, D. (2015). Some Thoughts on the Building History of the Temple of Mentuhotep Nebhepetre at Deir el-Bahri. Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar, 19, pp. 59-68.
Assmann J. (2003). The Ramesside tomb and the construction of sacred space. En N. Strudwick y J. H. Taylor (eds.), The Theban Necropolis: past, present and future (pp. 46-52). Londres: The Trustees of the British Museum.
Assmann, J. (2005). Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt. Londres: Cornell University Press.
Bueno, G. M. (2020). Private Burials in New Kingdom Thebes: religious belief and identity. Birmingham Egyptology Journal, 7, pp. 51-69.
Davies, N. de G. (1913). Five Theban Tombs (Being Those of Mentuherkhepeshef, User, Daga, Nehemaway and Tati) (EEF, 12). Londres: Egypt exploration fund.
Davies, N. de G. (1935). Paintings from the Tomb of Rekh-mi-Re’ at Thebes. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Davies, N. de G. (1943). The tomb of Rekh-mi-Ré at Thebes. 2 vols. Nueva York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Dodson, A., Ikram, S. (2008). The tomb in Ancient Egypt: royal and private sepulchres from the early dynastic period to the Romans. Londres: Thames & Hudson.
Dziobek, E (1987). The Architectural Development of Theban Tombs in the Early Eighteenth Dynasty. En J. Assmann, G. Burkard, y W. V. Davies (eds.), Problems and priorities in Egyptian archaeology (pp. 69-79). Londres – Nueva York: KPI; Distributed by Methuen Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Engelmann-Von Carnap, B. (1995). Soziale Stellung und Grabanlage. Zur Struktur des Friedhofs der ersten Hälfte der 18. Dyn. in Scheich Abd el-Qurna und Chocha. En J. Assmann, E. Dziobek, H. Guksch y F. Kampp (eds), Thebanische Beamtennekropolen. Neue Perspektiven archäologischer Forschung. Internationales Symposion Heidelberg 9.-13.6. 1993, Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 12 (pp. 107-128). Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag.
Engelmann-Von Carnap, B. (1999). Die Struktur des Thebanischen Beamten friedhofs in der ersten hälfte der 18. dynastie. Analyse von Position, Grundrissgestaltung und Bildprogramm der Gräber (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Kairo 15). Berlín: Achet-Verlag.
Esteve, M. (2018). La tumba-cenotafio del visir Rej-mi-Re: análisis contextual, iconográfico y propuesta de puesta en valor. Anahgramas, 5, pp. 315-401. https://doi.org/10.21071/ahgm.v0iV.12214
Galán J. M. (2009). Los patios de entrada a las tumbas tebanas en época de Hatshepsut–Tutmosis III y los patios de Djehuty (TT 11) y de Baki en Dra Abu el-Naga. En M- Molinero (ed.), Tercer Congreso Ibérico de Egiptología 5/1 (pp. 249-63). La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna. http://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/21558
Güell J. M., Quevedo A. J. (2012). La tumba del visir Rekhmire (TT100): un estudio textual e iconográfico. Aportaciones para una nueva perspectiva acerca del visirato durante el Reino Nuevo. En A. Agud Aparicio, A. Cantera, A. Falero, R. El Hour, M. A. Manzano, R. Muñoz y E. Yildiz (eds.), Séptimo centenario de los estudios orientales en Salamanca (pp. 19-28). Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca.
Güell, J. M., (2016). La tumba del visir Rekhmire (TT100): un estudio textual e iconográfico. Barcelona: La vocal de lis.
Harrington, N. (2012). Living with the dead: Ancestor worship and mortuary ritual in Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxbow Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1ds21
Hermann, A. (1940). Die Stelen cler Thebanischen Felsgraber der 18. Dynastie. (Ägyptologische Forschungen 2). Glückstadt – Hamburgo – Nueva York: Verlag J. J. Augustin.
Hornung, E., Krauss, R., Warburton, D. A. (2006). Ancient Egyptian chronology. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047404002
Ikram, S. (2003). Death and burial in Ancient Egypt. Londres: Longman.
Kampp, F. (1996). Die thebanische Nekropole. Zum Wandel des Grabgedankens von der XVIII. bis zur XX. Dynastie (Theben, 13). 2 vols. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
Kampp-Seyfried, F. (2003). The Theban Necropolis: an overview of topography and tomb development from the Middle Kingdom to the Ramesside Period. En N. Strudwick y J. H. Taylor (eds.), The Theban Necropolis: past, present and future (pp. 2-10). Londres: The Trustees of the British Museum.
Lesko, B. (1999). The great goddesses of Egypt. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
Lilyquist, C. (2020). Excavations at Thebes: The Earl of Carnarvon and the Metropolitan Museum of Art at Carnarvon 62 and surrounds. With contributions by Natasha Ayers, Marcel Marée, Daphna Ben-Tor, Deborah Schorsch, Fredrik Hagen, Rachel Sparks, Malte Römer and Salima Ikra. Chicago: The University of Chicago. Publicación digital: Recuperado el 3 de noviembre de 2024, de https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/individual-scholarship/individual-scholarship-christine-lilyquist
Martín, A. (2020). Estudio diacrónico de la tumba del visir Dagi (TT 103). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Egiptología, 29, pp. 49-76.
Morales, A. J. et al. (2016). The Middle Kingdom Theban Project. Resultados preliminares de la Misión FUB en Deir el-Bahari. Primera y segunda campañas (2015-2016), Boletín de la Asociación Española de Egiptología, 25, pp. 89-112.
Morales, A. J. et al (2018). The Middle Kingdom Theban Project: Resultados preliminares de la Misión de la UAH en Deir el-Bahari. Cuarta campaña (2018). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Egiptología, 27, pp. 165-190.
Muñoz, A. (2023). Architectural Landscape. A New Interpretation of the Sloping Ceiling of Rekhmire’s Tomb Chapel (TT 100). Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie VII, Historia Del Arte, 11, pp. 291-312. https://doi.org/10.5944/ETFVII.11.2023.37593
Naville, É. (1907). The Xlth Dynasty Temple at Deir el Bahari. Tomo I. Londres: Egypt exploration fund. https://doi.org/10.5479/sla.860741.39088017853151
Newberry, P. E. (1900). The Life of Rekhmara, Vezîr of Upper Egypt under Thotmes III and Amenhotep II (Circa 1471-1448). Westminster: Archibald Constable and Co LTD.
Pino, C. (2009). Tumbas privadas del Reino Nuevo. Cuenca: Alderaban.
Polz, D. (1988). Das Grab Nr. 54 in Theben Ein Beitrag zur Archäologie thebanischer Felsgräber. (Tesis inédita de doctorado). Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg.
Roberson, J. A. (2007). The Book of the Earth. A Study of Ancient Egyptian Symbols-Systems and the Evolution of New Kingdom Cosmographic Models. (Tesis inédita de doctorado). University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania.
Slinger, K. (2022). Tomb Families: Private Tomb Distribution in the New Kingdom Theban Necropolis. (Archaeopress Egyptology 40). Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.32028/9781803270364
Soliman, R. K. (2009). Old and Middle Kingdom Theban Tombs. Londres: Golden House Publications.
Steindorff, G., Wolf, W. (1936). Die thebanische gräberwelt. Glückstadt - Hamburgo: J.J. Augustin.
Sullivan, E. (2008). Processional Routes and Festivals, Digital Karnak, pp. 1-18. Recuperado el 3 de noviembre de 2024 de http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Karnak/assets/media/resources/ProcessionalRoutesAndFestivals/guide.pdf
Taylor, J. H. (2001). Death and the afterlife in ancient Egypt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Teeter, E. (2011). Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511780462
Winlock, H. E. (1915). The Theban Necropolis in the Middle Kingdom. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, 32(1), pp. 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1086/369782
Winlock, H. E. (1922). The Egyptian Expedition 1921-1922. The Metropolitan Museum Journal, 17(2), pp. 19-49. https://doi.org/10.2307/3254277
Winlock, H.E. (1942). Excavations at Deir el-Bahri 1911-1931. Nueva York: The Macmillan Company.
Winlock, H. E. (1955). Models of Daily Life in Ancient Egypt from the Tomb of Meket-R=e’ at Thebes. (PMMA, 18). Cambridge: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Winlock, H. E., Crum, W. E. (1926). The Monastery of Epiphanius at Thebes. Part I, (PMMA, 3). Nueva York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Allen, J. P. (1996). Some Theban Officials of the Early Middle Kingdom. En Der Manuelian P. (ed.), Studies in Honor of William Kelly Simpson. Volume 1 (pp. 1-26). Boston: Museum of Fine Arts.
Arnold, D. (1971). Das Grab des Jnj-jtj.f. (ArchVer, 4). Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern.
Arnold, D. (2015). Some Thoughts on the Building History of the Temple of Mentuhotep Nebhepetre at Deir el-Bahri. Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar, 19, pp. 59-68.
Assmann J. (2003). The Ramesside tomb and the construction of sacred space. En N. Strudwick y J. H. Taylor (eds.), The Theban Necropolis: past, present and future (pp. 46-52). Londres: The Trustees of the British Museum.
Assmann, J. (2005). Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt. Londres: Cornell University Press.
Bueno, G. M. (2020). Private Burials in New Kingdom Thebes: religious belief and identity. Birmingham Egyptology Journal, 7, pp. 51-69.
Davies, N. de G. (1913). Five Theban Tombs (Being Those of Mentuherkhepeshef, User, Daga, Nehemaway and Tati) (EEF, 12). Londres: Egypt exploration fund.
Davies, N. de G. (1935). Paintings from the Tomb of Rekh-mi-Re’ at Thebes. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Davies, N. de G. (1943). The tomb of Rekh-mi-Ré at Thebes. 2 vols. Nueva York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Dodson, A., Ikram, S. (2008). The tomb in Ancient Egypt: royal and private sepulchres from the early dynastic period to the Romans. Londres: Thames & Hudson.
Dziobek, E (1987). The Architectural Development of Theban Tombs in the Early Eighteenth Dynasty. En J. Assmann, G. Burkard, y W. V. Davies (eds.), Problems and priorities in Egyptian archaeology (pp. 69-79). Londres – Nueva York: KPI; Distributed by Methuen Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Engelmann-Von Carnap, B. (1995). Soziale Stellung und Grabanlage. Zur Struktur des Friedhofs der ersten Hälfte der 18. Dyn. in Scheich Abd el-Qurna und Chocha. En J. Assmann, E. Dziobek, H. Guksch y F. Kampp (eds), Thebanische Beamtennekropolen. Neue Perspektiven archäologischer Forschung. Internationales Symposion Heidelberg 9.-13.6. 1993, Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 12 (pp. 107-128). Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag.
Engelmann-Von Carnap, B. (1999). Die Struktur des Thebanischen Beamten friedhofs in der ersten hälfte der 18. dynastie. Analyse von Position, Grundrissgestaltung und Bildprogramm der Gräber (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Kairo 15). Berlín: Achet-Verlag.
Esteve, M. (2018). La tumba-cenotafio del visir Rej-mi-Re: análisis contextual, iconográfico y propuesta de puesta en valor. Anahgramas, 5, pp. 315-401. https://doi.org/10.21071/ahgm.v0iV.12214
Galán J. M. (2009). Los patios de entrada a las tumbas tebanas en época de Hatshepsut–Tutmosis III y los patios de Djehuty (TT 11) y de Baki en Dra Abu el-Naga. En M- Molinero (ed.), Tercer Congreso Ibérico de Egiptología 5/1 (pp. 249-63). La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna. http://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/21558
Güell J. M., Quevedo A. J. (2012). La tumba del visir Rekhmire (TT100): un estudio textual e iconográfico. Aportaciones para una nueva perspectiva acerca del visirato durante el Reino Nuevo. En A. Agud Aparicio, A. Cantera, A. Falero, R. El Hour, M. A. Manzano, R. Muñoz y E. Yildiz (eds.), Séptimo centenario de los estudios orientales en Salamanca (pp. 19-28). Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca.
Güell, J. M., (2016). La tumba del visir Rekhmire (TT100): un estudio textual e iconográfico. Barcelona: La vocal de lis.
Harrington, N. (2012). Living with the dead: Ancestor worship and mortuary ritual in Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxbow Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1ds21
Hermann, A. (1940). Die Stelen cler Thebanischen Felsgraber der 18. Dynastie. (Ägyptologische Forschungen 2). Glückstadt – Hamburgo – Nueva York: Verlag J. J. Augustin.
Hornung, E., Krauss, R., Warburton, D. A. (2006). Ancient Egyptian chronology. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047404002
Ikram, S. (2003). Death and burial in Ancient Egypt. Londres: Longman.
Kampp, F. (1996). Die thebanische Nekropole. Zum Wandel des Grabgedankens von der XVIII. bis zur XX. Dynastie (Theben, 13). 2 vols. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
Kampp-Seyfried, F. (2003). The Theban Necropolis: an overview of topography and tomb development from the Middle Kingdom to the Ramesside Period. En N. Strudwick y J. H. Taylor (eds.), The Theban Necropolis: past, present and future (pp. 2-10). Londres: The Trustees of the British Museum.
Lesko, B. (1999). The great goddesses of Egypt. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
Lilyquist, C. (2020). Excavations at Thebes: The Earl of Carnarvon and the Metropolitan Museum of Art at Carnarvon 62 and surrounds. With contributions by Natasha Ayers, Marcel Marée, Daphna Ben-Tor, Deborah Schorsch, Fredrik Hagen, Rachel Sparks, Malte Römer and Salima Ikra. Chicago: The University of Chicago. Publicación digital: Recuperado el 3 de noviembre de 2024, de https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/individual-scholarship/individual-scholarship-christine-lilyquist
Martín, A. (2020). Estudio diacrónico de la tumba del visir Dagi (TT 103). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Egiptología, 29, pp. 49-76.
Morales, A. J. et al. (2016). The Middle Kingdom Theban Project. Resultados preliminares de la Misión FUB en Deir el-Bahari. Primera y segunda campañas (2015-2016), Boletín de la Asociación Española de Egiptología, 25, pp. 89-112.
Morales, A. J. et al (2018). The Middle Kingdom Theban Project: Resultados preliminares de la Misión de la UAH en Deir el-Bahari. Cuarta campaña (2018). Boletín de la Asociación Española de Egiptología, 27, pp. 165-190.
Muñoz, A. (2023). Architectural Landscape. A New Interpretation of the Sloping Ceiling of Rekhmire’s Tomb Chapel (TT 100). Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie VII, Historia Del Arte, 11, pp. 291-312. https://doi.org/10.5944/ETFVII.11.2023.37593
Naville, É. (1907). The Xlth Dynasty Temple at Deir el Bahari. Tomo I. Londres: Egypt exploration fund. https://doi.org/10.5479/sla.860741.39088017853151
Newberry, P. E. (1900). The Life of Rekhmara, Vezîr of Upper Egypt under Thotmes III and Amenhotep II (Circa 1471-1448). Westminster: Archibald Constable and Co LTD.
Pino, C. (2009). Tumbas privadas del Reino Nuevo. Cuenca: Alderaban.
Polz, D. (1988). Das Grab Nr. 54 in Theben Ein Beitrag zur Archäologie thebanischer Felsgräber. (Tesis inédita de doctorado). Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg.
Roberson, J. A. (2007). The Book of the Earth. A Study of Ancient Egyptian Symbols-Systems and the Evolution of New Kingdom Cosmographic Models. (Tesis inédita de doctorado). University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania.
Slinger, K. (2022). Tomb Families: Private Tomb Distribution in the New Kingdom Theban Necropolis. (Archaeopress Egyptology 40). Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.32028/9781803270364
Soliman, R. K. (2009). Old and Middle Kingdom Theban Tombs. Londres: Golden House Publications.
Steindorff, G., Wolf, W. (1936). Die thebanische gräberwelt. Glückstadt - Hamburgo: J.J. Augustin.
Sullivan, E. (2008). Processional Routes and Festivals, Digital Karnak, pp. 1-18. Recuperado el 3 de noviembre de 2024 de http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Karnak/assets/media/resources/ProcessionalRoutesAndFestivals/guide.pdf
Taylor, J. H. (2001). Death and the afterlife in ancient Egypt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Teeter, E. (2011). Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511780462
Winlock, H. E. (1915). The Theban Necropolis in the Middle Kingdom. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, 32(1), pp. 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1086/369782
Winlock, H. E. (1922). The Egyptian Expedition 1921-1922. The Metropolitan Museum Journal, 17(2), pp. 19-49. https://doi.org/10.2307/3254277
Winlock, H.E. (1942). Excavations at Deir el-Bahri 1911-1931. Nueva York: The Macmillan Company.
Winlock, H. E. (1955). Models of Daily Life in Ancient Egypt from the Tomb of Meket-R=e’ at Thebes. (PMMA, 18). Cambridge: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Winlock, H. E., Crum, W. E. (1926). The Monastery of Epiphanius at Thebes. Part I, (PMMA, 3). Nueva York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Sevilla Lara, D. (2025). A Proposal for Analysis of the Tombs of Three viziers of the Middle Kingdom and the Beginning of the 18th Dynasty in the Theban Necropolis: Dagi (TT103), Ipi (TT315) and Rekhmire (TT100). El Futuro Del Pasado, e31603. https://doi.org/10.14201/fdp.31603
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