A «Gender Correspondent» Avant la Lettre: A Critical Study of Emma Sarepta Yule’s (1863-1939) Chronicles of East Asian Women
Abstract This article presents an illustrative case study of the role of women in the print media at the beginning of the last century that serves to critically examine the chronicles signed by Emma Sarepta Yule (1863-1939) on women in East Asia, published in the journals Scribner's Magazine and Current History. The aim is to highlight the ideological, cultural, and gender elements evident in Yule’s reports dedicated to the Asian "new woman", and how the writings reflect the geopolitical context of the time. This seeks to highlight the role of these "gender correspondents" to discuss the representation of the "new woman" in Japan, China, and Korea that they disseminated in magazines. Likewise, the "geosexual" and "geoideological" factors of their texts are reviewed, as well as the contradictions between the reality of those women and the journalist's attempt to superimpose, handling the category "new woman", principles and values of the "Protestant modernity" mobilized with the help of the establishment in Asia of women-led organizations such as the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA). The disputed nature of modernity and feminism in East Asia during this period is underlined by studying how foreign journalists played a substantial role in the construction of the image of the "new woman" in the region, to conclude by showing the relevance that this journalistic production had in transmitting the liberal-idealist ideology inherent to the interwar international society and the epistemic problems that it presents.
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Addams, J. ([1910] 2014). Veinte años en Hull House. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia.
Auberer, B. (2014). «The Ultimate Backroom-Boy»: The Border-Crossing Career of Joseph Vivian Wilson in the League of Nations Secretariat. En M. Herren, I. Löhr (eds.), Lives Beyond Borders: A Social History, 1880–1950 (pp. 76-99). Leipzig: Leipziger Universitatsverlag.
Clavero, B. (2020, 9 de febrero). España en la Sociedad de Naciones, 1920-1939. Conversación sobre la historia. https://conversacionsobrehistoria.info/2020/02/09/espana-en-la-sociedad-de-naciones-1920-1939/
Crespín Perales, M. (2019). Cuestionando la geosexualidad y la representación cultural del otro. Una experiencia educativa con estudiantes junior y sénior. En M. I., Méndez Lloret, M. A. Granada, N. S. Miras, y S. Turró (eds.), Actas III Congreso Internacional sobre Innovación Educativa en Filosofía (pp. 95-96). Granada: Comares.
Crespín Perales, M. (2021). Introducción. En M. Crespín Perales (ed.), Feminismo e identidades de género en Japón (pp. 11-19). Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra.
Crespín Perales, M. (2023). Estudio introductorio. El traslado a Japón de la polémica sobre la cosa en sí: un estudio de La doctrina kantiana de la cosa en sí (1889) de Nakajima Rikizō. En M. Crespín Perales, (introd., trad.), R., Nakajima, La doctrina kantiana de la cosa en sí (1889) (pp. ix-xxix). Granada: Comares.
Crump, J. (1996). The Anarchist Movement in Japan, 1906–1996. London: Pirate Press. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/john-crump-the-anarchist-movement-in-japan-1906-1996
Current History. (2023). About. Current History. https://online.ucpress.edu/currenthistory/pages/About
Delap, L. (2021). Feminisms. A Global History. London: Penguin. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226754123.001.0001
Drucker, A. R. (1979). The Role of the TWCA in the Development of the Chinese Women’s Movement, 1890-1927. Social Service Review, 53(3), pp. 421-440. https://doi.org/10.1086/643755
El País. (1996). Manual de estilo del diario «El País» de España. El País. https://www.parlament.cat/document/nom/manual-de-estilo-de-el-pais.pdf
Fischer-Tiné, H., Huebner, S., y Tyrrell, I. (eds.) (2020). Spreading Protestant Modernity: Global Perspectives on the Social Work of the YMCA and YWCA, 1889-1970. Honolulu: Hawaii University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824886462
Fitzpatrick, T. (2023 [1996]). Greenwich Village Intellectuals in the Early 20th Century. American Experience. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goldman-greenwich-village-intellectuals-early-20th-century/#:~:text=The%20names%20of%20some%20of,%2C%20Dorothy%20Day%2C%20Randolph%20Bourne.
Fox, D. A. (2022, 13 de noviembre). Yule, Emma Sarepta (1863-1939). History Link. https://historylink.org/File/22585
Germer, A. (2013). Japanese Feminists After Versailles: Between the State and the Ethnic Nation. Journal of Women’s History, 25(3), pp. 92-115. https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2013.0038
Hiratsuka, R. (2016 [1930]). Ni capitalismo ni marxismo. En J. W. Heisig, T. P. Kasulis, J. C. Maraldo, Bouso García, R. (Eds.), La filosofía japonesa en sus textos (pp. 1167-1168). Barcelona: Herder.
Imai, K. (2012). The Women’s Movement and the Settlement Movement in Early Twentieth-Century Japan: The Impact of Hull House and Jane Addams on Hiratsuka Raichō. Kwansei Gakuin University Humanities Review, 17, pp. 85-109. http://hdl.handle.net/10236/10536
¡Error! Referencia de hipervínculo no válida. https://digital.janeaddams.ramapo.edu/items/show/33136
Jansen, M. B. (2003). The making of modern Japan. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Kōsaka, M. (1958). Japanese Thought in the Meiji Era. Pan-Pacific Press.
Kwon, A. (2018). The Legacy of Mary Scranton. International Bulletin of Mission Research, 42(2), pp. 162-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/2396939317698778
Latham, S. (2011). The Mess and Muddle of Modernism: The Modernist Journals Project and Modern Periodical Studies. Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, 30(2), pp. 407-428. https://doi.org/10.1353/tsw.2011.a498336
Liu, J., Carpenter, M. (2005). Trends and Issues of Women’s Education in China. The Clearing House, 78(6), pp. 277-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2005.10757632
Löwith, K. (1998 [1940]). El nihilismo europeo. En K. Löwith, El hombre en el centro de la historia. Balance filosófico del siglo XX (pp. 57-122). Barcelona: Herder.
Madigan, J. C. (2009). The education of women and girls in the United States: A historical perspective. Advances in Gender and Education, 1, pp. 11-13. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=second_ed_pub
Marx, K. (2009 [1867]). Capítulo XXIV. La llamada acumulación originaria. En K. Marx, El Capital. Crítica de la economía política. Libro Primero. El proceso de producción de capital. (Volumen 3) (pp. 891-954). Madrid: Siglo XX editores.
Melanowicz, M. (2010). The Awakening of Women during the Late Meiji and Early Taishō Eras: From Mori Shige to Hasegawa Shigure. Silva Iaponicarum, XXIII/XXIV/XXV/XXVI, pp. 269-282. http://silvajp.home.amu.edu.pl/Silva%2023242526.pdf
Nak-Chung, P. (2015). El doble proyecto de la modernidad. New Left Review, 95, pp. 71-86. https://newleftreview.es/issues/95/articles/paik-nak-chung-el-doble-proyecto-de-la-modernidad.pdf
Nelson, L. K. (2012). The Power of Place: Structure, Culture, and Continuities in U.S. Women’s Movements. (Tesis doctoral). University of California. https://escholarship.org/content/qt8794361r/qt8794361r.pdf
Offen, K. (2015). Feminismos europeos, 1700-1950. Una historia política. Akal.
Parratt-Fernández, S., Mera-Fernández, M., y Cáceres-Garrido, B. (2023). Avances en la perspectiva de género en los medios de comunicación: iniciativas para su incorporación en la prensa Española. Profesional de la información, 32(2), e320221. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.mar.21
Pattberg, T. (2009). The East-West Dichotomy. New York: LoD Press.
Pérez Soler, S., y Roca Sales, M. (2019). Lentes violetas: la irrupción de la figura de la editora de género en medios generalistas. Estudio preliminar cualitativo en España y Estados Unidos. Zer, 25(47), pp. 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.20738
Ponce Urquiza, A. (2009). El origen de la geoideología de Estados Unidos y su impacto en Alfred Thayer Mahan. (Tesis de doctorado). México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. http://132.248.9.195/ptd2009/agosto/0647555/0647555_A1.pdf
Powell, J. W. (1888). From Barbarism to Civilization. American Anthropologist, 1(2), pp. 97-123. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1888.1.2.02a00000
Prabook (2023). Hua-Chuen Mei. Also known as Anna Fo-Jin Kong. Clubwoman social worker. Prabook. https://prabook.com/web/hua-chuen.mei/1722306
Rockefeller Foundation. (2023). Our history. Rockefeller Foundation https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/our-history/
Roosevelt, T. (1904, 6 de diciembre). Fourth Annual Message. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/206208
Sasaki, M. (2009). American New Women Encountering China: the Politics of Temporality and Paradoxes of Imperialism, 1898-1927. Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1353/cch.0.0042
Shimazu, N. (1995). The racial equality proposal at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference: Japanese motivations and Anglo-American responses. (Tesis de doctorado). Oxford: University of Oxford. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8fd0f80b-a0be-42df-a1a0-7441fb27616b/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=602327139.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis
Société des Nations. (1920). Pacte de la Société des Nations. Société des Nations – Journal Officiél, Février, pp. 3-12. https://www.ungeneva.org/es/about/league-of-nations/covenant
Tanaka, M. (1971). Motines del arroz en el Japón en el año 1918. Estudios Orientales, 6(3/17), pp. 250-285. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40314104
The New York Times. (2017, 10 de octubre). Jessica Bennet Named Gender Editor. The New York Times. https://www.nytco.com/press/jessica-bennett-named-gender-editor/
The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. (2023 [1776]). Declaración de Independencia de los Estados Unidos de América. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. https://www.archives.gov/espanol/la-declaracion-de-independencia.html
Tikhonov, V. (2020). Worldwide ‘Red Age’ and Colonial-era Korea. An Attempt at Meta-historical Analysis. 블라디미르티호노프 (Estudios marxistas), 17(2), pp. 146-182. https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/landing/article.kci?arti_id=ART002588596#none
Tratado de Versalles. (1919). Tratado de Versalles, Versalles, 28 de junio de 1919, [S.l.], Archivo Nacional de Honduras, [s.a.]. https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/tratado-de-versalles/
Walker Vadillo, M. A. (2011). El ciclo de Ester. Revista Digital de Iconografía Medieval, 3(6), pp. 19-28. https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/621-2013-11-21-4.%20Ester.pdf
Yule, E. S. (1912). An Introduction to the Study of Colonial History for Use in Secondary Schools [Una introducción al estudio de la historia colonial para uso en escuelas de educación secundaria]. Manila: Department of Public Instruction, Bureau of Education, Bureau of Printing.
Yule, E. S. (1921). Japan’s New Woman. Scribner’s Magazine, LXX (3, September), pp. 349-361. https://modjourn.org/issue/bdr504007/
Yule, E. S. (1922). Miss China. Scribner’s Magazine, LXXI (1, January), pp. 66-79. https://modjourn.org/issue/bdr504979/
Yule, E. S. (1923). The Young Women Rebels of Korea. Current History, 17 (6, March), pp. 1017-1020. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1923.17.6.1017
Yule, E. S. (1935). In Japan: Without Clock or Calendar. Boston, Massachusetts: The Stratford company. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b53128
Auberer, B. (2014). «The Ultimate Backroom-Boy»: The Border-Crossing Career of Joseph Vivian Wilson in the League of Nations Secretariat. En M. Herren, I. Löhr (eds.), Lives Beyond Borders: A Social History, 1880–1950 (pp. 76-99). Leipzig: Leipziger Universitatsverlag.
Clavero, B. (2020, 9 de febrero). España en la Sociedad de Naciones, 1920-1939. Conversación sobre la historia. https://conversacionsobrehistoria.info/2020/02/09/espana-en-la-sociedad-de-naciones-1920-1939/
Crespín Perales, M. (2019). Cuestionando la geosexualidad y la representación cultural del otro. Una experiencia educativa con estudiantes junior y sénior. En M. I., Méndez Lloret, M. A. Granada, N. S. Miras, y S. Turró (eds.), Actas III Congreso Internacional sobre Innovación Educativa en Filosofía (pp. 95-96). Granada: Comares.
Crespín Perales, M. (2021). Introducción. En M. Crespín Perales (ed.), Feminismo e identidades de género en Japón (pp. 11-19). Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra.
Crespín Perales, M. (2023). Estudio introductorio. El traslado a Japón de la polémica sobre la cosa en sí: un estudio de La doctrina kantiana de la cosa en sí (1889) de Nakajima Rikizō. En M. Crespín Perales, (introd., trad.), R., Nakajima, La doctrina kantiana de la cosa en sí (1889) (pp. ix-xxix). Granada: Comares.
Crump, J. (1996). The Anarchist Movement in Japan, 1906–1996. London: Pirate Press. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/john-crump-the-anarchist-movement-in-japan-1906-1996
Current History. (2023). About. Current History. https://online.ucpress.edu/currenthistory/pages/About
Delap, L. (2021). Feminisms. A Global History. London: Penguin. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226754123.001.0001
Drucker, A. R. (1979). The Role of the TWCA in the Development of the Chinese Women’s Movement, 1890-1927. Social Service Review, 53(3), pp. 421-440. https://doi.org/10.1086/643755
El País. (1996). Manual de estilo del diario «El País» de España. El País. https://www.parlament.cat/document/nom/manual-de-estilo-de-el-pais.pdf
Fischer-Tiné, H., Huebner, S., y Tyrrell, I. (eds.) (2020). Spreading Protestant Modernity: Global Perspectives on the Social Work of the YMCA and YWCA, 1889-1970. Honolulu: Hawaii University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824886462
Fitzpatrick, T. (2023 [1996]). Greenwich Village Intellectuals in the Early 20th Century. American Experience. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/goldman-greenwich-village-intellectuals-early-20th-century/#:~:text=The%20names%20of%20some%20of,%2C%20Dorothy%20Day%2C%20Randolph%20Bourne.
Fox, D. A. (2022, 13 de noviembre). Yule, Emma Sarepta (1863-1939). History Link. https://historylink.org/File/22585
Germer, A. (2013). Japanese Feminists After Versailles: Between the State and the Ethnic Nation. Journal of Women’s History, 25(3), pp. 92-115. https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2013.0038
Hiratsuka, R. (2016 [1930]). Ni capitalismo ni marxismo. En J. W. Heisig, T. P. Kasulis, J. C. Maraldo, Bouso García, R. (Eds.), La filosofía japonesa en sus textos (pp. 1167-1168). Barcelona: Herder.
Imai, K. (2012). The Women’s Movement and the Settlement Movement in Early Twentieth-Century Japan: The Impact of Hull House and Jane Addams on Hiratsuka Raichō. Kwansei Gakuin University Humanities Review, 17, pp. 85-109. http://hdl.handle.net/10236/10536
¡Error! Referencia de hipervínculo no válida. https://digital.janeaddams.ramapo.edu/items/show/33136
Jansen, M. B. (2003). The making of modern Japan. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Kōsaka, M. (1958). Japanese Thought in the Meiji Era. Pan-Pacific Press.
Kwon, A. (2018). The Legacy of Mary Scranton. International Bulletin of Mission Research, 42(2), pp. 162-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/2396939317698778
Latham, S. (2011). The Mess and Muddle of Modernism: The Modernist Journals Project and Modern Periodical Studies. Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, 30(2), pp. 407-428. https://doi.org/10.1353/tsw.2011.a498336
Liu, J., Carpenter, M. (2005). Trends and Issues of Women’s Education in China. The Clearing House, 78(6), pp. 277-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2005.10757632
Löwith, K. (1998 [1940]). El nihilismo europeo. En K. Löwith, El hombre en el centro de la historia. Balance filosófico del siglo XX (pp. 57-122). Barcelona: Herder.
Madigan, J. C. (2009). The education of women and girls in the United States: A historical perspective. Advances in Gender and Education, 1, pp. 11-13. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=second_ed_pub
Marx, K. (2009 [1867]). Capítulo XXIV. La llamada acumulación originaria. En K. Marx, El Capital. Crítica de la economía política. Libro Primero. El proceso de producción de capital. (Volumen 3) (pp. 891-954). Madrid: Siglo XX editores.
Melanowicz, M. (2010). The Awakening of Women during the Late Meiji and Early Taishō Eras: From Mori Shige to Hasegawa Shigure. Silva Iaponicarum, XXIII/XXIV/XXV/XXVI, pp. 269-282. http://silvajp.home.amu.edu.pl/Silva%2023242526.pdf
Nak-Chung, P. (2015). El doble proyecto de la modernidad. New Left Review, 95, pp. 71-86. https://newleftreview.es/issues/95/articles/paik-nak-chung-el-doble-proyecto-de-la-modernidad.pdf
Nelson, L. K. (2012). The Power of Place: Structure, Culture, and Continuities in U.S. Women’s Movements. (Tesis doctoral). University of California. https://escholarship.org/content/qt8794361r/qt8794361r.pdf
Offen, K. (2015). Feminismos europeos, 1700-1950. Una historia política. Akal.
Parratt-Fernández, S., Mera-Fernández, M., y Cáceres-Garrido, B. (2023). Avances en la perspectiva de género en los medios de comunicación: iniciativas para su incorporación en la prensa Española. Profesional de la información, 32(2), e320221. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.mar.21
Pattberg, T. (2009). The East-West Dichotomy. New York: LoD Press.
Pérez Soler, S., y Roca Sales, M. (2019). Lentes violetas: la irrupción de la figura de la editora de género en medios generalistas. Estudio preliminar cualitativo en España y Estados Unidos. Zer, 25(47), pp. 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1387/zer.20738
Ponce Urquiza, A. (2009). El origen de la geoideología de Estados Unidos y su impacto en Alfred Thayer Mahan. (Tesis de doctorado). México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. http://132.248.9.195/ptd2009/agosto/0647555/0647555_A1.pdf
Powell, J. W. (1888). From Barbarism to Civilization. American Anthropologist, 1(2), pp. 97-123. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1888.1.2.02a00000
Prabook (2023). Hua-Chuen Mei. Also known as Anna Fo-Jin Kong. Clubwoman social worker. Prabook. https://prabook.com/web/hua-chuen.mei/1722306
Rockefeller Foundation. (2023). Our history. Rockefeller Foundation https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/our-history/
Roosevelt, T. (1904, 6 de diciembre). Fourth Annual Message. The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/206208
Sasaki, M. (2009). American New Women Encountering China: the Politics of Temporality and Paradoxes of Imperialism, 1898-1927. Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1353/cch.0.0042
Shimazu, N. (1995). The racial equality proposal at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference: Japanese motivations and Anglo-American responses. (Tesis de doctorado). Oxford: University of Oxford. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8fd0f80b-a0be-42df-a1a0-7441fb27616b/download_file?file_format=application%2Fpdf&safe_filename=602327139.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis
Société des Nations. (1920). Pacte de la Société des Nations. Société des Nations – Journal Officiél, Février, pp. 3-12. https://www.ungeneva.org/es/about/league-of-nations/covenant
Tanaka, M. (1971). Motines del arroz en el Japón en el año 1918. Estudios Orientales, 6(3/17), pp. 250-285. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40314104
The New York Times. (2017, 10 de octubre). Jessica Bennet Named Gender Editor. The New York Times. https://www.nytco.com/press/jessica-bennett-named-gender-editor/
The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. (2023 [1776]). Declaración de Independencia de los Estados Unidos de América. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. https://www.archives.gov/espanol/la-declaracion-de-independencia.html
Tikhonov, V. (2020). Worldwide ‘Red Age’ and Colonial-era Korea. An Attempt at Meta-historical Analysis. 블라디미르티호노프 (Estudios marxistas), 17(2), pp. 146-182. https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/landing/article.kci?arti_id=ART002588596#none
Tratado de Versalles. (1919). Tratado de Versalles, Versalles, 28 de junio de 1919, [S.l.], Archivo Nacional de Honduras, [s.a.]. https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/tratado-de-versalles/
Walker Vadillo, M. A. (2011). El ciclo de Ester. Revista Digital de Iconografía Medieval, 3(6), pp. 19-28. https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/621-2013-11-21-4.%20Ester.pdf
Yule, E. S. (1912). An Introduction to the Study of Colonial History for Use in Secondary Schools [Una introducción al estudio de la historia colonial para uso en escuelas de educación secundaria]. Manila: Department of Public Instruction, Bureau of Education, Bureau of Printing.
Yule, E. S. (1921). Japan’s New Woman. Scribner’s Magazine, LXX (3, September), pp. 349-361. https://modjourn.org/issue/bdr504007/
Yule, E. S. (1922). Miss China. Scribner’s Magazine, LXXI (1, January), pp. 66-79. https://modjourn.org/issue/bdr504979/
Yule, E. S. (1923). The Young Women Rebels of Korea. Current History, 17 (6, March), pp. 1017-1020. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1923.17.6.1017
Yule, E. S. (1935). In Japan: Without Clock or Calendar. Boston, Massachusetts: The Stratford company. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b53128
Crespín Perales, M. (2024). A «Gender Correspondent» Avant la Lettre: A Critical Study of Emma Sarepta Yule’s (1863-1939) Chronicles of East Asian Women. El Futuro Del Pasado, 15, 745–774. https://doi.org/10.14201/fdp.31372
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