External Forces and Individual Agency in the Medieval Norse: Human Vices and Honorable Attitudes as Tools of Fate
Abstract The aim of this article is to analyze the ways in which fate appears in Norse Medieval cultures. Special attention will be paid to V?lsunga saga and its context of production. We will see that the social dynamics of Iceland and Norway during the 13th century influence the representation of fate and its effects on the individual. The necessity of reciprocity was crucial for the maintenance of a society based on personal relationships and systems of friendship. Hence, greed is one of the principal transgressive elements condemned in the saga. In this narrative, a cursed treasure attracts the character´s greed and motivates them to transgress other fundamental norms. This doom also sets an ominous fate that casts doubt on the freedom an individual might have in a conditioned world. These determinants are also imposed by other external forces that are compared to destiny. Thus, we will demonstrate that honor and the obligations imposed within the kinship structure are represented with the same inexorability as destiny and the same destructiveness as greed. Excessive honor and greed have the capacity to drag individuals into a fateful future that will engulf both the complicit and the innocent.
- Referencias
- Cómo citar
- Del mismo autor
- Métricas
André, J. (ed.). (1986). Isidore de Séville. Etymologies. Livre XII. Des animaux. París: Les Belles Lettres.
Boer, R. C. (ed.). (1888). ?rvar-Odds saga. Leiden: Brill.
Cook, R.; Tveitane, M. (eds.). (1979). Strengleikar. An Old Norse Translation of Twenty-one Old French Lais. Edited from the Manuscript Uppsala De la Gardie 4-7- AM 666 b, 4º. Oslo: Norsk Historisk Kjeldeskrift-Institutt.
Díaz Vera, Javier (ed.). (1998). La Saga de los Volsungos. Madrid: Gredos.
Einar ÓL. Sveinsson y Matthías Þórðarson (eds.). (1935). Eiríks saga rauða. Íslenzk fornrit IV. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
Einar ÓL. Sveinsson (ed.). (1954). Brennu-Njáls Saga. Íslenzk fornrit XII. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
Faulkes, A. (ed.). (2005). Snorra Edda. Prologue and Gylfaginning. Londres: Viking Society for Northern Research.
Finch, R.G. (ed.). (1965). V?lsunga Saga. Londres: Nelson.
Finsen, V. (ed.). (1974). Grágás: Konungsbók. Genoptrykt efter Vilhjálmur Finsens udgave 1852. Odense: Odense Universitetsforlag.
Grimstad, K. (ed.). (2005). V?lsunga saga: The Saga of the Volsungs. Saarbrücken: AQ-Verlag.
Guðbrandur Vigfússon y Unger, C. R. (eds.). (1860). Flateyjarbok: en samling af norske konge-sagaer med indskudte mindre fortællinger om begivenheder i og udenfor Norge samt annaler: udgiven efter offentlig foranstaltning. Malling: Christiana.
Guðni Jónsson (ed.). (1936). Grettis Saga Ásmundarsonar. Íslenzk fornrit VII. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
Guðni Jónsson (ed.). (1984). Þiðreks saga af Bern. Reykjavík: Íslendingasagnaútgáfan.
Hazzard Cross, S.; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, O. P. (trads.) (1953), The Russian Primary Chronicle. Laurentian Text. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America.
Jon Sigurdsson (ed.). (1857-1876). Diplomatarium Islandicum: Íslenzkt fornbréfasafn, sem hefir inni að halda bréf og gjörninga, dóma og máldaga og aðrar skrár, er snerta Ísland eða íslenzka menn, I. Copenhagen: Hið íslenzka bókmenntafjelag.
Jónas Kristjánsson; Vésteinn Ólasson (eds.). (2014a). Eddukvædi I. Goðakvædi. Reykjavík. Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
Jónas Kristjánsson; Vésteinn Ólasson (eds.). (2014b). Eddukvædi II. Hetjukvædi. Reykjavík. Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
Kalinke, M. E. (ed.). (1999). Norse Romance I. The Tristan Legend. Cambridge: Brewer.
Lucas de Dios, J. M. (trad.). (1983). Fragmentos. Madrid: Gredos.
Riutort, M; y de la Nuez, J. A. (eds.). (2017). Historia de los descendientes de Volsungr, Madrid: Miraguano.
Storm, G.; Hertzberg, E. (eds.). (1895). Norges gamle Love indtil 1387. Vol V. Grøndahl: Christiana.
Ármann Jakobsson. (2010). Enter the Dragon. Legendary Saga Courage and the Birth of the Hero. En M. Arnold y A. Finlay, (eds.), Making History: Essays on the Fornaldarsogur (pp. 33-52). Londres: Viking Society for Northern Research.
Barreiro, S. (2019b). The Hoard Makes the Dragon. Fáfnir as a Shapeshifter. En S. Barreiro y L. Cordo Russo, (eds.), Shapeshifters in Medieval North Atlantic Literature (pp. 53-82). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcmxppn.7
Bek-Pedersen, K. (2007). Are the Spinning Nornir Just a Yarn? Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, 3, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.2.302716
Bek-Pedersen, K. (2009). Fate and Weaving: Justification of a Metaphor. Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, 5, pp. 23-39. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.1.100672
Bek-Pedersen, K. (2011). The Norns in Old Norse Mythology. Edimburgo: Dunedin.
Bek-Pedersen, K. (2021). What does Frigg say to Loki — and why? En S. H. Walther, R. Jucknies, J. Meurer-Bongardt, J. Eiki Schnall, (eds.), Res, Artes et Religio. Essays in Honour of Rudolf Simek (pp. 39-52). Leeds: Kismet press.
Boyer, R. (1986). Fate as a Deus Otiosus in the Íslendingasogur: a romantic view? En R. Simek, J. Kristjánsson y H. Bekker-Nielsen, (eds.), Sagnaskemmtun: Studies in Honour of Hermann Pálsson on his 65th Birthday, 26th May 1986 (pp. 61-77). Viena: Böhlau.
Brégaint, D. (2012). Conquering Minds. Konungs skuggsiá and the Annexation of Iceland in the Thirteenth Century. Scandinavian Studies, 84(4), pp. 439-466. https://doi.org/10.1353/scd.2012.0061
Brunning, S. (2015). (Swinger of) the Serpent of Wounds. Swords and Snakes in the Viking Mind. En M. Bintley y T. Williams, (eds.), Representing Beasts in Early Medieval England and Scandinavia (pp. 53-72). Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781782044925.003
Byock, J. (1986). Governmental Order in Early Medieval Iceland. Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 17, pp. 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301403
Byock, J. (1993). Hólmganga. En P. Pulsiano y K. Wolf, (eds.), Medieval Scandinavia. An Encyclopedia (pp. 289-290). Nueva York, Londres: Garland Publishing.
Clark, D. (2012). Gender, Violence, and the Past in Edda and Saga. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654307.001.0001
Clunies Ross, M. (1994), Prolonged Echoes. Old Norse myths in medieval Norhtern society I: The myths. Odense: Odense University Press.
Dell´Elicine, E., Francisco, H., Miceli, P., Morín, A. (comps.). (2019) Tener por cierto. Prácticas de la creencia de la antigüedad romana a la modernidad. Buenos Aires: Miño y Dávila.
Dronke, U. (1997). The Poetic Edda II. Mythological Poems. Oxford: Clarendon Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198111818.book.1
Durrenberger, E.P. (1992). The Dynamics of Medieval Iceland: Political Economy & Literature. Iowa: Iowa University Press.
Elliot, A., Menin, L. (2018). For an anthropology of destiny. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 8(1), pp. 292-299. https://doi.org/10.1086/698223
Evans, J. (2005). Old Norse Dragons, Beowulf, and the Deutsche Mythologie. En T. Shippey, (ed.), The Shadow-Walkers. Jacob Grimm’s Mythology of the Monstrous (pp. 207-269). Arizona: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies.
Finch, R. (1981). Atlakviða, Atlamál, and V?lsunga Saga: A Study in Combination and Integration. En U. Dronke, (ed.), Speculum Norroenum: Norse Studies in Memory of Gabriel Turville-Petre (pp. 123-138). Odense: Odense University Press.
Godelier, M. (1998). El enigma del don. Barcelona, Buenos Aires, México: Paidós.
Gregory, C. A. (1982). Gifts and Commodities. Londres, Nueva York: Academic Press.
Gropper, S. (2017). Fate. En Ármann Jakobsson y Sverrir Jakobsson, (eds.), The Routledge Research Companion to the Medieval Icelandic Sagas (pp. 198-209). Nueva York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315613628-16
Guðrún Nordal. (1998). Ethics and Action in Thirteenth-Century Iceland. Odense: Odense University Press.
Gurevich, A. (1992). Historical Anthropology of the Middle Ages (ed. Jana Howlett). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hallberg, P. (1973). The concept of Gipta-G?fa-Hamingja in Old Norse Literature. En P. Foote, H. Pálsson and D. Slay, (eds.), Proceedings of the First International Saga Conference, University of Edinburgh, 1971 (pp. 143-183). Londres: Viking Society for Northern Research.
High, M. (2017). Fear and Fortune. Spirit Worlds and Emerging Economies in the Mongolian Gold Rush. Ithaca y Londres: Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501708121
Jón Viðar Sigurðsson. (1999). Chieftains and power in the Icelandic Commonwealth (Trad. de Jean Lundskær-Nielsen). Odense: Odense University Press.
Jón Viðar Sigurðsson. (2007). The appearance and personal abilities of goðar, jarlar, and konungar: Iceland, Orkney and Norway. En B. Ballin Smith, S. Taylor y G. Williams, (eds.), West over Sea. Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement before 1300 (pp. 95-110). Leiden, Boston: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004158931.i-614.43
Jón Viðar Sigurðsson. (2013). The Role of Arbitration in the Settlement of Disputes in Iceland c. 1000-1300. En P. Anderson, K. Salonen, H. M. Sigh., H. Vogt, (eds.). Law and Disputing in the Middle Ages: Proceedings of the Ninth Carlsberg Academy Conference on Medieval Legal History (pp. 123-35). Copenhagen: DJØF Publishing.
Larrington, C. (2010), Þóra and Áslaug in Ragnars saga loðbrókar. Women, Dragons and Destiny. En M. Arnold y A. Finlay, (eds.), Making History: Essays on the Fornaldarsogur (pp. 53-68), Londres: Viking Society for Northern Research.
Larrington, C. (2012). Völsunga saga, Ragnars saga and Romance in Old Norse: Revisiting Relationships. En A. Lassen, A. Ney y Á. Jakobsson, (eds.). The Legendary Sagas: Origins and Development (pp. 251-270). Reykjavík: University of Iceland Press.
Lionarons, J. T. (1998). The Medieval Dragon: The Nature of the Beast in Germanic Literature, Enfield Lock, Middlesex: Hisarlik press.
Lönnroth, L. (1969). The Noble Heathen: A Theme in the Sagas. Scandinavian Studies, 41 (1), pp. 1-29.
Malinowski, B. (1948). Magic, Science, and Religion and other essays. Illinois.
Martín Páez, M. (2020a). La percepción del self a través del shapeshifting: sobre la condición humana en el medievo nórdico. Temas Medievales, 28, pp. 1-19.
Martín Páez, M. (2020b). Sobre el destino, la maldición y la obediencia en el ciclo de los Volsungos: la representación de la estructura de parentesco como condena. Revista de Literatura Medieval, 32, pp. 215-229. https://doi.org/10.37536/RLM.2020.32.0.73666
Mauss, M. (1925). Essai sur le don: Forme et Raison de l´échange dans las sociétés archaïques. L´Année Sociologique, 1, pp. 30-179.
McGillivray, A. (2015). The Best Kept Secret: Ransom, Wealth and Power in Völsunga saga. Scandinavian Studies, 87, pp. 365-382. https://doi.org/10.5406/scanstud.87.3.0365
Meylan, N. (2014). Fate Is a Hero’s Best Friend: Towards a Socio-political Definition of Fate in Medieval Icelandic Literature. Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, 10, 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.5.105216
Miller, W. I. (1986). Dreams, Prophecy and Sorcery: Blaming the Secret Offender in Medieval Iceland. Scandinavian Studies, 58 (2), pp. 101-123.
Miller, W. I. y Vogt, H. (2015). Finding, sharing and risk of loss: of whales, bees and other valuable finds in Iceland, Denmark and Norway. Comparative Legal History, 3 (1), pp. 38-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/2049677X.2015.1041724
Mitchell, S. A. (2017). «Óðinn, Charms, and Necromancy. Hávamál 157 in Its Nordic and European Contexts », en P. Hermann, S. A. Mitchell y J. P. Schjødt, (eds.), Old Norse Mythology-Comparative Perspectives (pp. 289-321). Cambrdige: Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature.
Needham, R. (1972) Belief, Language and Experience, Oxford: Blackwell.
Norseng, P. (1991). Law Codes as a Source for Nordic History in the Early Middle Ages. Scandinavian Journal of History, 16, pp.137-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/03468759108579215
Ong, W. (1982). Orality and Literacy; The technologizing of the world. London, New York: Methuen young books. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203328064
Pérez Miranda, I. (2018). Padres terribles: engaño, incesto y antropofagia en la mitología griega. En C. Rubiera Cancelas, (ed.), Las edades vulnerables: infancia y vejez en la Antigüedad (pp. 43-59). Gijón: Ediciones Trea.
Plukowski, A. (2003). Apocalyptic Monsters: Animal Inspirations for the Iconography of Medieval North European Devourers». En B. Bildhauer y R. Mills, (eds.), The Monstrous Middle ages (pp. 155-176). Toronto, Buffalo: Univeristy of Toronto Press.
Pouillon, J. (2016). Remarks on the verb “to believe”. Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 6(3), pp. 485-492. https://doi.org/10.14318/hau6.3.034
Quinn, J. (2003). Trust in words. Verse quotation and dialogue in Völsunga saga. En Á. Jakobsson, A. Lassen y A. Ney (eds.), Fornaldarsagornas Struktur och Ideologi (pp. 89-100), Uppsala: Uppsala universitet.
Ricketts, P. (2010). High-Ranking Widows in Medieval Iceland and Yorkshire. Property, Power, Marriage and Identity in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Leiden, Boston: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004184718.i-494
Schielke, S. (2018). Destiny as a Relationship. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 8(1), pp. 343-346. https://doi.org/10.1086/698268
Shippey, T. (ed.). (2005) The Shadow-Walkers. Jacob Grimm´s Mythology of the Monstrous, Arizona: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies.
Shippey, T. (2013). Writing into the Gap. Tolkien´s Reconstruction of the Legends of Sigurd and Gudrún. En P. Acker y C. Larrington, (eds.), Revisiting the Poetic Edda. Essays on Old Norse Heroic Legend (pp. 239-257). Nueva York, Londres: Routledge.
Simek, R. (1993). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Cambridge: Brewer.
Stein-Wilkeshuis, M. (1986). Laws in Medieval Iceland. Journal of Medieval History, 12, pp. 37-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(86)90012-6
Sunde, J. Ø. (2014). Daughters of God and Counsellors of the Judges of Men: Changes in the High Middle Ages. En S. Brink y L. Collinson, (eds.), New Approaches to Early Law in Scandinavia (pp. 131-183). Turnhout: Brepols. https://doi.org/10.1484/M.AS-EB.1.101969
Symons, V. (2015). Wreoþenhilt ond wyrmfah. Confronting Serpents in Beowulf and Beyond. En M. Bintley y T. Williams, (eds.), Representing Beasts in Early Medieval England and Scandinavia (pp. 73-93). Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781782044925.004
Torfi H. Tulinius (2002). The Matter of the North: The Rise of Literary Fiction in Thirteenth Century Iceland. Odense: Odense University Press.
Weiner, A. (1992). Inalienable possessions: the paradox of keeping-while-giving. California: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520911802
Boer, R. C. (ed.). (1888). ?rvar-Odds saga. Leiden: Brill.
Cook, R.; Tveitane, M. (eds.). (1979). Strengleikar. An Old Norse Translation of Twenty-one Old French Lais. Edited from the Manuscript Uppsala De la Gardie 4-7- AM 666 b, 4º. Oslo: Norsk Historisk Kjeldeskrift-Institutt.
Díaz Vera, Javier (ed.). (1998). La Saga de los Volsungos. Madrid: Gredos.
Einar ÓL. Sveinsson y Matthías Þórðarson (eds.). (1935). Eiríks saga rauða. Íslenzk fornrit IV. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
Einar ÓL. Sveinsson (ed.). (1954). Brennu-Njáls Saga. Íslenzk fornrit XII. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
Faulkes, A. (ed.). (2005). Snorra Edda. Prologue and Gylfaginning. Londres: Viking Society for Northern Research.
Finch, R.G. (ed.). (1965). V?lsunga Saga. Londres: Nelson.
Finsen, V. (ed.). (1974). Grágás: Konungsbók. Genoptrykt efter Vilhjálmur Finsens udgave 1852. Odense: Odense Universitetsforlag.
Grimstad, K. (ed.). (2005). V?lsunga saga: The Saga of the Volsungs. Saarbrücken: AQ-Verlag.
Guðbrandur Vigfússon y Unger, C. R. (eds.). (1860). Flateyjarbok: en samling af norske konge-sagaer med indskudte mindre fortællinger om begivenheder i og udenfor Norge samt annaler: udgiven efter offentlig foranstaltning. Malling: Christiana.
Guðni Jónsson (ed.). (1936). Grettis Saga Ásmundarsonar. Íslenzk fornrit VII. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
Guðni Jónsson (ed.). (1984). Þiðreks saga af Bern. Reykjavík: Íslendingasagnaútgáfan.
Hazzard Cross, S.; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, O. P. (trads.) (1953), The Russian Primary Chronicle. Laurentian Text. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America.
Jon Sigurdsson (ed.). (1857-1876). Diplomatarium Islandicum: Íslenzkt fornbréfasafn, sem hefir inni að halda bréf og gjörninga, dóma og máldaga og aðrar skrár, er snerta Ísland eða íslenzka menn, I. Copenhagen: Hið íslenzka bókmenntafjelag.
Jónas Kristjánsson; Vésteinn Ólasson (eds.). (2014a). Eddukvædi I. Goðakvædi. Reykjavík. Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
Jónas Kristjánsson; Vésteinn Ólasson (eds.). (2014b). Eddukvædi II. Hetjukvædi. Reykjavík. Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
Kalinke, M. E. (ed.). (1999). Norse Romance I. The Tristan Legend. Cambridge: Brewer.
Lucas de Dios, J. M. (trad.). (1983). Fragmentos. Madrid: Gredos.
Riutort, M; y de la Nuez, J. A. (eds.). (2017). Historia de los descendientes de Volsungr, Madrid: Miraguano.
Storm, G.; Hertzberg, E. (eds.). (1895). Norges gamle Love indtil 1387. Vol V. Grøndahl: Christiana.
Ármann Jakobsson. (2010). Enter the Dragon. Legendary Saga Courage and the Birth of the Hero. En M. Arnold y A. Finlay, (eds.), Making History: Essays on the Fornaldarsogur (pp. 33-52). Londres: Viking Society for Northern Research.
Barreiro, S. (2019b). The Hoard Makes the Dragon. Fáfnir as a Shapeshifter. En S. Barreiro y L. Cordo Russo, (eds.), Shapeshifters in Medieval North Atlantic Literature (pp. 53-82). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvcmxppn.7
Bek-Pedersen, K. (2007). Are the Spinning Nornir Just a Yarn? Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, 3, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.2.302716
Bek-Pedersen, K. (2009). Fate and Weaving: Justification of a Metaphor. Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, 5, pp. 23-39. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.1.100672
Bek-Pedersen, K. (2011). The Norns in Old Norse Mythology. Edimburgo: Dunedin.
Bek-Pedersen, K. (2021). What does Frigg say to Loki — and why? En S. H. Walther, R. Jucknies, J. Meurer-Bongardt, J. Eiki Schnall, (eds.), Res, Artes et Religio. Essays in Honour of Rudolf Simek (pp. 39-52). Leeds: Kismet press.
Boyer, R. (1986). Fate as a Deus Otiosus in the Íslendingasogur: a romantic view? En R. Simek, J. Kristjánsson y H. Bekker-Nielsen, (eds.), Sagnaskemmtun: Studies in Honour of Hermann Pálsson on his 65th Birthday, 26th May 1986 (pp. 61-77). Viena: Böhlau.
Brégaint, D. (2012). Conquering Minds. Konungs skuggsiá and the Annexation of Iceland in the Thirteenth Century. Scandinavian Studies, 84(4), pp. 439-466. https://doi.org/10.1353/scd.2012.0061
Brunning, S. (2015). (Swinger of) the Serpent of Wounds. Swords and Snakes in the Viking Mind. En M. Bintley y T. Williams, (eds.), Representing Beasts in Early Medieval England and Scandinavia (pp. 53-72). Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781782044925.003
Byock, J. (1986). Governmental Order in Early Medieval Iceland. Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 17, pp. 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301403
Byock, J. (1993). Hólmganga. En P. Pulsiano y K. Wolf, (eds.), Medieval Scandinavia. An Encyclopedia (pp. 289-290). Nueva York, Londres: Garland Publishing.
Clark, D. (2012). Gender, Violence, and the Past in Edda and Saga. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654307.001.0001
Clunies Ross, M. (1994), Prolonged Echoes. Old Norse myths in medieval Norhtern society I: The myths. Odense: Odense University Press.
Dell´Elicine, E., Francisco, H., Miceli, P., Morín, A. (comps.). (2019) Tener por cierto. Prácticas de la creencia de la antigüedad romana a la modernidad. Buenos Aires: Miño y Dávila.
Dronke, U. (1997). The Poetic Edda II. Mythological Poems. Oxford: Clarendon Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198111818.book.1
Durrenberger, E.P. (1992). The Dynamics of Medieval Iceland: Political Economy & Literature. Iowa: Iowa University Press.
Elliot, A., Menin, L. (2018). For an anthropology of destiny. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 8(1), pp. 292-299. https://doi.org/10.1086/698223
Evans, J. (2005). Old Norse Dragons, Beowulf, and the Deutsche Mythologie. En T. Shippey, (ed.), The Shadow-Walkers. Jacob Grimm’s Mythology of the Monstrous (pp. 207-269). Arizona: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies.
Finch, R. (1981). Atlakviða, Atlamál, and V?lsunga Saga: A Study in Combination and Integration. En U. Dronke, (ed.), Speculum Norroenum: Norse Studies in Memory of Gabriel Turville-Petre (pp. 123-138). Odense: Odense University Press.
Godelier, M. (1998). El enigma del don. Barcelona, Buenos Aires, México: Paidós.
Gregory, C. A. (1982). Gifts and Commodities. Londres, Nueva York: Academic Press.
Gropper, S. (2017). Fate. En Ármann Jakobsson y Sverrir Jakobsson, (eds.), The Routledge Research Companion to the Medieval Icelandic Sagas (pp. 198-209). Nueva York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315613628-16
Guðrún Nordal. (1998). Ethics and Action in Thirteenth-Century Iceland. Odense: Odense University Press.
Gurevich, A. (1992). Historical Anthropology of the Middle Ages (ed. Jana Howlett). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hallberg, P. (1973). The concept of Gipta-G?fa-Hamingja in Old Norse Literature. En P. Foote, H. Pálsson and D. Slay, (eds.), Proceedings of the First International Saga Conference, University of Edinburgh, 1971 (pp. 143-183). Londres: Viking Society for Northern Research.
High, M. (2017). Fear and Fortune. Spirit Worlds and Emerging Economies in the Mongolian Gold Rush. Ithaca y Londres: Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501708121
Jón Viðar Sigurðsson. (1999). Chieftains and power in the Icelandic Commonwealth (Trad. de Jean Lundskær-Nielsen). Odense: Odense University Press.
Jón Viðar Sigurðsson. (2007). The appearance and personal abilities of goðar, jarlar, and konungar: Iceland, Orkney and Norway. En B. Ballin Smith, S. Taylor y G. Williams, (eds.), West over Sea. Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement before 1300 (pp. 95-110). Leiden, Boston: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004158931.i-614.43
Jón Viðar Sigurðsson. (2013). The Role of Arbitration in the Settlement of Disputes in Iceland c. 1000-1300. En P. Anderson, K. Salonen, H. M. Sigh., H. Vogt, (eds.). Law and Disputing in the Middle Ages: Proceedings of the Ninth Carlsberg Academy Conference on Medieval Legal History (pp. 123-35). Copenhagen: DJØF Publishing.
Larrington, C. (2010), Þóra and Áslaug in Ragnars saga loðbrókar. Women, Dragons and Destiny. En M. Arnold y A. Finlay, (eds.), Making History: Essays on the Fornaldarsogur (pp. 53-68), Londres: Viking Society for Northern Research.
Larrington, C. (2012). Völsunga saga, Ragnars saga and Romance in Old Norse: Revisiting Relationships. En A. Lassen, A. Ney y Á. Jakobsson, (eds.). The Legendary Sagas: Origins and Development (pp. 251-270). Reykjavík: University of Iceland Press.
Lionarons, J. T. (1998). The Medieval Dragon: The Nature of the Beast in Germanic Literature, Enfield Lock, Middlesex: Hisarlik press.
Lönnroth, L. (1969). The Noble Heathen: A Theme in the Sagas. Scandinavian Studies, 41 (1), pp. 1-29.
Malinowski, B. (1948). Magic, Science, and Religion and other essays. Illinois.
Martín Páez, M. (2020a). La percepción del self a través del shapeshifting: sobre la condición humana en el medievo nórdico. Temas Medievales, 28, pp. 1-19.
Martín Páez, M. (2020b). Sobre el destino, la maldición y la obediencia en el ciclo de los Volsungos: la representación de la estructura de parentesco como condena. Revista de Literatura Medieval, 32, pp. 215-229. https://doi.org/10.37536/RLM.2020.32.0.73666
Mauss, M. (1925). Essai sur le don: Forme et Raison de l´échange dans las sociétés archaïques. L´Année Sociologique, 1, pp. 30-179.
McGillivray, A. (2015). The Best Kept Secret: Ransom, Wealth and Power in Völsunga saga. Scandinavian Studies, 87, pp. 365-382. https://doi.org/10.5406/scanstud.87.3.0365
Meylan, N. (2014). Fate Is a Hero’s Best Friend: Towards a Socio-political Definition of Fate in Medieval Icelandic Literature. Viking and Medieval Scandinavia, 10, 155-172. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VMS.5.105216
Miller, W. I. (1986). Dreams, Prophecy and Sorcery: Blaming the Secret Offender in Medieval Iceland. Scandinavian Studies, 58 (2), pp. 101-123.
Miller, W. I. y Vogt, H. (2015). Finding, sharing and risk of loss: of whales, bees and other valuable finds in Iceland, Denmark and Norway. Comparative Legal History, 3 (1), pp. 38-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/2049677X.2015.1041724
Mitchell, S. A. (2017). «Óðinn, Charms, and Necromancy. Hávamál 157 in Its Nordic and European Contexts », en P. Hermann, S. A. Mitchell y J. P. Schjødt, (eds.), Old Norse Mythology-Comparative Perspectives (pp. 289-321). Cambrdige: Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature.
Needham, R. (1972) Belief, Language and Experience, Oxford: Blackwell.
Norseng, P. (1991). Law Codes as a Source for Nordic History in the Early Middle Ages. Scandinavian Journal of History, 16, pp.137-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/03468759108579215
Ong, W. (1982). Orality and Literacy; The technologizing of the world. London, New York: Methuen young books. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203328064
Pérez Miranda, I. (2018). Padres terribles: engaño, incesto y antropofagia en la mitología griega. En C. Rubiera Cancelas, (ed.), Las edades vulnerables: infancia y vejez en la Antigüedad (pp. 43-59). Gijón: Ediciones Trea.
Plukowski, A. (2003). Apocalyptic Monsters: Animal Inspirations for the Iconography of Medieval North European Devourers». En B. Bildhauer y R. Mills, (eds.), The Monstrous Middle ages (pp. 155-176). Toronto, Buffalo: Univeristy of Toronto Press.
Pouillon, J. (2016). Remarks on the verb “to believe”. Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 6(3), pp. 485-492. https://doi.org/10.14318/hau6.3.034
Quinn, J. (2003). Trust in words. Verse quotation and dialogue in Völsunga saga. En Á. Jakobsson, A. Lassen y A. Ney (eds.), Fornaldarsagornas Struktur och Ideologi (pp. 89-100), Uppsala: Uppsala universitet.
Ricketts, P. (2010). High-Ranking Widows in Medieval Iceland and Yorkshire. Property, Power, Marriage and Identity in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Leiden, Boston: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004184718.i-494
Schielke, S. (2018). Destiny as a Relationship. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 8(1), pp. 343-346. https://doi.org/10.1086/698268
Shippey, T. (ed.). (2005) The Shadow-Walkers. Jacob Grimm´s Mythology of the Monstrous, Arizona: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies.
Shippey, T. (2013). Writing into the Gap. Tolkien´s Reconstruction of the Legends of Sigurd and Gudrún. En P. Acker y C. Larrington, (eds.), Revisiting the Poetic Edda. Essays on Old Norse Heroic Legend (pp. 239-257). Nueva York, Londres: Routledge.
Simek, R. (1993). Dictionary of Northern Mythology. Cambridge: Brewer.
Stein-Wilkeshuis, M. (1986). Laws in Medieval Iceland. Journal of Medieval History, 12, pp. 37-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(86)90012-6
Sunde, J. Ø. (2014). Daughters of God and Counsellors of the Judges of Men: Changes in the High Middle Ages. En S. Brink y L. Collinson, (eds.), New Approaches to Early Law in Scandinavia (pp. 131-183). Turnhout: Brepols. https://doi.org/10.1484/M.AS-EB.1.101969
Symons, V. (2015). Wreoþenhilt ond wyrmfah. Confronting Serpents in Beowulf and Beyond. En M. Bintley y T. Williams, (eds.), Representing Beasts in Early Medieval England and Scandinavia (pp. 73-93). Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781782044925.004
Torfi H. Tulinius (2002). The Matter of the North: The Rise of Literary Fiction in Thirteenth Century Iceland. Odense: Odense University Press.
Weiner, A. (1992). Inalienable possessions: the paradox of keeping-while-giving. California: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520911802
Martín Páez, M. (2022). External Forces and Individual Agency in the Medieval Norse: Human Vices and Honorable Attitudes as Tools of Fate. El Futuro Del Pasado, 13, 187–213. https://doi.org/10.14201/fdp.27127
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
+
−