‘Nam Generation. Vietnam Veterans: Youth, Social Inequality and Demovilization Culture in the United States
Abstract This paper turns around the construction of the war veteran culture, taking the example of the Vietnam War soldiers and veterans, based on the idea that this is a product of the social inequality and cultural context of the 60’s. The Vietnam War is known as the unpopular war par excellence, a demoralizing counter-insurgency war fought by drafted teenagers of working class and minorities that originated very visible physiological scarfs between the troops, and at the same time, generated an incredible wave of working-class resistance, mutiny and indiscipline inside the army.
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Appy, C. G. (2015). American Reckoning, the Vietnam War and our national identity. New York: Viking,
Appy, C. G. (1993). Working-class war. American combat soldier and Vietnam. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Barker, M. (1988). Nam. Suffolk: Abacus,
Bonior, D. E.; Champlin, S. M.; Kolly, T. S. (1984). The Vietnam veteran. A history of neglect. New York: Praeger.
Boulton, M. (2014). Failing our veterans. The G.I. Bill and the Vietnam generation. New York: New York University Press.
Boulton, M. (2007-2008). How the GI Bill failed African-Americans. Journal of blacks in higher education, 58.
Bourke, J. (2008). Sed de sangre: Historia íntima del combate cuerpo a cuerpo en las guerras del siglo XX. Barcelona: Crítica.
Bradley, D.; Werner, C. (2015). We gotta get out of this place: The soundtrack of the Vietnam War. Boston: University of Massachussets Press.
Brende, J. O.; Parson, E. R. (1985). Vietnam veterans. The road to recovery. New York: Plenum Press.
Buzzanco, R. (1999). Vietnam and the transformation of American life. Massachussets: Blackwell.
Cantor, N. (1973). La era de la protesta: Oposición y rebeldía en el siglo XX. Madrid: Alianza.
Caputo, P. (2009). Un rumor de guerra. Barcelona: Inédita.
Caputo, P. (1987). Indian Country. London: Arrow Books.
Cortright, D. (2005). Soldiers in revolt, GI resistance during the Vietnam War. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
Draper, T. (1972). El nacionalismo negro en Estados Unidos. Madrid: Alianza.
Degroot, G. J. (2000). A noble cause? America and the Vietnam War. London: Longman.
Degroot, G. J. (2008). The 60’s Unplugged: A kaleidoscopic history of a disorderly decade. Londron: Macmillan.
Doggett, P. (2008). There’s a riot going on: Revolutionaries, rock stars and the rise and fall of ‘60s counter-culture. Edinburgh: Canongate.
Ebert, J. R. (2004). A life in a year. The American infantryman in Vietnam. New York: Presidio Press.
Ehrhart, W. D. (1995). Busted: A Vietnam Veteran in Nixon’s America. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press.
Ehrhart, W. D. (1989). Passing Time: Memoir of a Vietnam Veteran Against the War. New York: McFarland & Company.
Franklin, H. B. (2012). Vietnam y las fantasías norteamericanas. Buenos Aires: Final Abierto.
Gardner, L.; Young, M. (2008). Iraq and the lessons of Vietnam. Or how not to learn form the past. New York: The New Press.
Gitlin, T. (1994). The sixties, years of hope, days of rage. New York: Banta
Groom, W. (1978). Better times than these. Ontario: Totem Books.
Haldeman, J. (1995). 1968. New York: Avon Books.
Haldeman, J. (2013). La guerra interminable. Barcelona: Ediciones Zeta Bolsillo.
Hallin, D. C. (1989). Uncesored War, the media and Vietnam. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Harris, M. (1994): La cultura norteamericana contemporania. Madrid: Alianza.
Hebdige, D. (2004). Subcultura. Barcelona: Paidós.
Heinemann, L (1988): La historia de Paco. Barcelona: Ediciones B.
Heinemann, L. (2005). Black Virgin Mountain. New York: Doubleday.
Hoskins, A. (2004). Televising war: from Vietnam to Irak. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Hunt, D. (1999). The turning, a history of VVAW. New York: New York University Press.
Kindsvatter, P. S. (2003). American soldiers. Ground combat in the World Wars, Korea and Vietnam. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Kinney, K. (2000). Friendly fire. American images of the Vietnam War. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kordb, L. J.; Duggan; S. E.; Juul, P. M.; Bermann; M. A. (2009). Serving america’s veterans: a reference handbook. Santa Barbara: Greenwood publishing group.
Kovic, R. (1990). Nacido el 4 de julio. Barcelona: Emece.
Lawrence, M.; Strauss, W. A. (1978). Chance and circumstance. The draft, the war and the Vietnam Generation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc.
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Lewes, J. (2003). Protest and survive. Underground GI Newspapers during the Vietnam war. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
Lewis, P. (2013). Hardhats, hippies, and hawks: The Vietnam antiwar movement as myth and memory. New York: Cornell University Press.
Louvre, A.; Walsh, J. (eds.) (1988). Tell me lies about Vietnam, cultural battle for the meaning of the war. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Maffi, M. (1975). La cultura underground. Barcelona: Anagrama.
Marlantes, K. (2009). Matterhorn. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
Marlantes, K. (2011). What is like to go to war. London: Corvus.
Martin, A (1993). Receptions of war. Vietnam and the American culture. University of Oklahoma Press.
Mosser, R. (1996). The new Winter soldier, GI and veteran dissent during the Vietnam War. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
Napoli, P. F. (2013). Bringing it all back home: An oral history of New York city’s Vietnam veterans. New York: Hill and Wang.
Neale, J. (2003). A people’s history of Vietnam War. New York: Free Press.
Nelson, D. (2008). The War behind me. Vietnam veterans confront the truth about U.S. Crimes. New York: Basic Books.
Nicosia, G. (2001). Home to War: A History of the Vietnam Veterans Movement. New York: Crown.
O’Brien, T. (2006). If I die in combat zone. London: Harper Perennial.
O’Brien, T. (1999). Going after Cacciato. New York: Broodway books.
O’Brien, T. (2011). Las cosas que llevaban los hombres que lucharon. Barcelona: Anagrama.
O’Brien, T. (1994). En el lago de los bosques. Barcelona: Anagrama.
Oropeza, L. (2005). Raza si guerra no. Chicano protest and patriotism during Vietnam war Era. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Reinberg, L. (1991). In the field: The language of the Vietnam War. New York: Facts on File.
Rorabaugh, W. J. (2005). Kennedy y el sueño de los sesenta. Barcelona: Paidós.
Roszak, T. (2005). El nacimiento de una contracultura. Barcelona: Kairós.
Rowe, J. C.; Berg, R. (1991). The Vietnam war and the American culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
Schmitz, D. F. (2005). The Tet Offensive, Politics, war and public opinion. Lanham: Rowman & Latfield Publishers.
Schulzinger, R. D. (2006). A time for Peace. The legacy of the Vietnam war. New York: Oxford University Press.
Severo, R.; Milford, L. (1990). Wages of war. New York: Touchstone.
Shephard, B. (2002). War of nerves. Soldiers and psychiatrists 1914-1994. London: Pimlico.
Spann, E. K. (2003). Democracy Children. The young rebels of the 1960s and the power of ideals. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc.
Stacewicz, R. (1997). Winter soldiers. An oral history of Vientam Veterans Againts the War. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
Stanford, K. L. (2008). If We must die: African American voices on war and peace. Maryland: Rowan and Littlefield.
Starr, P.; James, H.; Bonner, R. (1973). The discarded army: veterans after Vietnam. New York: Charterhouse.
Terry, W. (1985). Bloods. Black Veterans of the Vietnam War: An Oral History. New York: Presidio Press.
Trujillo, C. (2000). Soldados: Chicanos in Viet Nam. California: Chusma House.
Turse, N. (2013). Kill anything that moves. The real American war in Vietnam. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Uhl, M.; Ensign, T. (1980). GI Guinea pigs. How the Pentagon exposed our troops to dangers more deadly than war. New York: Wideview Books.
Webb, J. (2001). Lost soldiers. New York: Random House.
Westheider, J. (2008). The African American experience in Vietnam. Plymouth, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Wiest, A. (ed.). (2006). Rolling Thunder in a gentle Land. The Vietnam War revisited. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
Ybarra, L. (2004). Vietnam Veteranos: chicanos recall the war. University of Texas Press.
Young, M. B. (1991). The Vietnam wars 1945-1990. New York: Harper Perennial.
Appy, C. G. (1993). Working-class war. American combat soldier and Vietnam. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Barker, M. (1988). Nam. Suffolk: Abacus,
Bonior, D. E.; Champlin, S. M.; Kolly, T. S. (1984). The Vietnam veteran. A history of neglect. New York: Praeger.
Boulton, M. (2014). Failing our veterans. The G.I. Bill and the Vietnam generation. New York: New York University Press.
Boulton, M. (2007-2008). How the GI Bill failed African-Americans. Journal of blacks in higher education, 58.
Bourke, J. (2008). Sed de sangre: Historia íntima del combate cuerpo a cuerpo en las guerras del siglo XX. Barcelona: Crítica.
Bradley, D.; Werner, C. (2015). We gotta get out of this place: The soundtrack of the Vietnam War. Boston: University of Massachussets Press.
Brende, J. O.; Parson, E. R. (1985). Vietnam veterans. The road to recovery. New York: Plenum Press.
Buzzanco, R. (1999). Vietnam and the transformation of American life. Massachussets: Blackwell.
Cantor, N. (1973). La era de la protesta: Oposición y rebeldía en el siglo XX. Madrid: Alianza.
Caputo, P. (2009). Un rumor de guerra. Barcelona: Inédita.
Caputo, P. (1987). Indian Country. London: Arrow Books.
Cortright, D. (2005). Soldiers in revolt, GI resistance during the Vietnam War. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
Draper, T. (1972). El nacionalismo negro en Estados Unidos. Madrid: Alianza.
Degroot, G. J. (2000). A noble cause? America and the Vietnam War. London: Longman.
Degroot, G. J. (2008). The 60’s Unplugged: A kaleidoscopic history of a disorderly decade. Londron: Macmillan.
Doggett, P. (2008). There’s a riot going on: Revolutionaries, rock stars and the rise and fall of ‘60s counter-culture. Edinburgh: Canongate.
Ebert, J. R. (2004). A life in a year. The American infantryman in Vietnam. New York: Presidio Press.
Ehrhart, W. D. (1995). Busted: A Vietnam Veteran in Nixon’s America. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press.
Ehrhart, W. D. (1989). Passing Time: Memoir of a Vietnam Veteran Against the War. New York: McFarland & Company.
Franklin, H. B. (2012). Vietnam y las fantasías norteamericanas. Buenos Aires: Final Abierto.
Gardner, L.; Young, M. (2008). Iraq and the lessons of Vietnam. Or how not to learn form the past. New York: The New Press.
Gitlin, T. (1994). The sixties, years of hope, days of rage. New York: Banta
Groom, W. (1978). Better times than these. Ontario: Totem Books.
Haldeman, J. (1995). 1968. New York: Avon Books.
Haldeman, J. (2013). La guerra interminable. Barcelona: Ediciones Zeta Bolsillo.
Hallin, D. C. (1989). Uncesored War, the media and Vietnam. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Harris, M. (1994): La cultura norteamericana contemporania. Madrid: Alianza.
Hebdige, D. (2004). Subcultura. Barcelona: Paidós.
Heinemann, L (1988): La historia de Paco. Barcelona: Ediciones B.
Heinemann, L. (2005). Black Virgin Mountain. New York: Doubleday.
Hoskins, A. (2004). Televising war: from Vietnam to Irak. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Hunt, D. (1999). The turning, a history of VVAW. New York: New York University Press.
Kindsvatter, P. S. (2003). American soldiers. Ground combat in the World Wars, Korea and Vietnam. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Kinney, K. (2000). Friendly fire. American images of the Vietnam War. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kordb, L. J.; Duggan; S. E.; Juul, P. M.; Bermann; M. A. (2009). Serving america’s veterans: a reference handbook. Santa Barbara: Greenwood publishing group.
Kovic, R. (1990). Nacido el 4 de julio. Barcelona: Emece.
Lawrence, M.; Strauss, W. A. (1978). Chance and circumstance. The draft, the war and the Vietnam Generation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc.
Lee, M. A.; Shlain, B. (2002). Sueños de ácido: Historia social del LSD. Barcelona: Castellarte.
Lewes, J. (2003). Protest and survive. Underground GI Newspapers during the Vietnam war. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
Lewis, P. (2013). Hardhats, hippies, and hawks: The Vietnam antiwar movement as myth and memory. New York: Cornell University Press.
Louvre, A.; Walsh, J. (eds.) (1988). Tell me lies about Vietnam, cultural battle for the meaning of the war. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Maffi, M. (1975). La cultura underground. Barcelona: Anagrama.
Marlantes, K. (2009). Matterhorn. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
Marlantes, K. (2011). What is like to go to war. London: Corvus.
Martin, A (1993). Receptions of war. Vietnam and the American culture. University of Oklahoma Press.
Mosser, R. (1996). The new Winter soldier, GI and veteran dissent during the Vietnam War. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
Napoli, P. F. (2013). Bringing it all back home: An oral history of New York city’s Vietnam veterans. New York: Hill and Wang.
Neale, J. (2003). A people’s history of Vietnam War. New York: Free Press.
Nelson, D. (2008). The War behind me. Vietnam veterans confront the truth about U.S. Crimes. New York: Basic Books.
Nicosia, G. (2001). Home to War: A History of the Vietnam Veterans Movement. New York: Crown.
O’Brien, T. (2006). If I die in combat zone. London: Harper Perennial.
O’Brien, T. (1999). Going after Cacciato. New York: Broodway books.
O’Brien, T. (2011). Las cosas que llevaban los hombres que lucharon. Barcelona: Anagrama.
O’Brien, T. (1994). En el lago de los bosques. Barcelona: Anagrama.
Oropeza, L. (2005). Raza si guerra no. Chicano protest and patriotism during Vietnam war Era. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Reinberg, L. (1991). In the field: The language of the Vietnam War. New York: Facts on File.
Rorabaugh, W. J. (2005). Kennedy y el sueño de los sesenta. Barcelona: Paidós.
Roszak, T. (2005). El nacimiento de una contracultura. Barcelona: Kairós.
Rowe, J. C.; Berg, R. (1991). The Vietnam war and the American culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
Schmitz, D. F. (2005). The Tet Offensive, Politics, war and public opinion. Lanham: Rowman & Latfield Publishers.
Schulzinger, R. D. (2006). A time for Peace. The legacy of the Vietnam war. New York: Oxford University Press.
Severo, R.; Milford, L. (1990). Wages of war. New York: Touchstone.
Shephard, B. (2002). War of nerves. Soldiers and psychiatrists 1914-1994. London: Pimlico.
Spann, E. K. (2003). Democracy Children. The young rebels of the 1960s and the power of ideals. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc.
Stacewicz, R. (1997). Winter soldiers. An oral history of Vientam Veterans Againts the War. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
Stanford, K. L. (2008). If We must die: African American voices on war and peace. Maryland: Rowan and Littlefield.
Starr, P.; James, H.; Bonner, R. (1973). The discarded army: veterans after Vietnam. New York: Charterhouse.
Terry, W. (1985). Bloods. Black Veterans of the Vietnam War: An Oral History. New York: Presidio Press.
Trujillo, C. (2000). Soldados: Chicanos in Viet Nam. California: Chusma House.
Turse, N. (2013). Kill anything that moves. The real American war in Vietnam. New York: Metropolitan Books.
Uhl, M.; Ensign, T. (1980). GI Guinea pigs. How the Pentagon exposed our troops to dangers more deadly than war. New York: Wideview Books.
Webb, J. (2001). Lost soldiers. New York: Random House.
Westheider, J. (2008). The African American experience in Vietnam. Plymouth, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Wiest, A. (ed.). (2006). Rolling Thunder in a gentle Land. The Vietnam War revisited. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
Ybarra, L. (2004). Vietnam Veteranos: chicanos recall the war. University of Texas Press.
Young, M. B. (1991). The Vietnam wars 1945-1990. New York: Harper Perennial.
Soler Ruda, A. (2017). ‘Nam Generation. Vietnam Veterans: Youth, Social Inequality and Demovilization Culture in the United States. El Futuro Del Pasado, 8, 121–146. https://doi.org/10.14516/fdp.2017.008.001.004
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