The Manhood Myth and its Evolution in Marvel Comics Through 20th Century
Abstract Male characters were the main protagonists in Marvel Comics through 20th century. These male characters showed some recurrent characteristics that helped to create a manhood myth. However, this myth evolved since 1961, widening the until then tight masculinity borders. The goals of this article are, first of all, to understand what the manhood myth message was, how affected young, mature and old men, and in what way it changed. In second place, we aim to understand what social, economic and production transformations helped to develop a new manhood myth. To do it, we are going to study one hundred and something Marvel comic books from 1940 to 2000, analyzing archetypes from a Cultural Studies perspective. Between our conclusions we can highlight the existence of a Patriarchal Manhood model which survived without problem until 1960 because a mix of political, economic and productive factors, but this model started to be challenged in 1961 with important changes in the production process in the Marvel Comics bullpen, and was helped by the political, economic and social problems from the 60s and 70s. In spite of this, we cannot say that the manhood myth evolved in an irrevocable and stoppable way. On the contrary, we can observe a struggle between old and new manhood myths.
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Bronfenbrenner, U. (1987). La ecología del desarrollo humano. Barcelona: Paidos.
Brooks, V. (2012). Last Season of Innocence: The Teen Experience in the 1960s. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Brown, J. A. (2001). Black Superheroes, Milestone Comics, and Their Fans. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
Burke, P. (2001). Visto y no visto. El uso de la imagen como documento histórico. Barcelona: Crítica.
Chartier, R. (1991). El mundo como representación. Historia Social, 10, pp. 163-176.
Cline, W. C. (1997). In the Nick of Time. Motion Picture Sound Serials. Jefferson: McFarland and Company Inc.
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Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Daniels, L. (1991). Marvel, Five Fabulous Decades of the World’s Greatest Comics. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc.
Denavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B. D., Smith, J. C. (2012). Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011. Washington D.C.: US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration y US Census Bureau.
Eichenwald, K. (1987, 30 septiembre). Grown-Ups Gather at the Comic Book Stand. The New York Times. Recuperado el 26 de junio de 2016, de .
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Freixas, A. (2008). La vida de las mujeres mayores a la luz de la investigación gerontológica feminista. Anuario de Psicología, 39(1), pp. 41-57.
Ghalioun, B. (2004). Exclusión y dinámicas de representación en el contexto de la globalización. CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 66-67, pp. 69-81.
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Gasca, L., Gubern, R. (1988). El discurso del cómic. Madrid: Cátedra
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Raphael, J., Spurgeon, T. (2003). Stan Lee and the Rise and Fall of the American Comic Book. Chicago: Chicago Review Press.
Real, M. R. (1996). Exploring Media Culture. A Guide. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
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Rodríguez Moreno, J. J. (2012). La explosión Marvel: Historia de Marvel en los setenta. Palma de Mallorca: Dolmen Editorial.
Savage, W. (1990). Comic Books and America, 1945-1954. Oklahoma: University Oklahoma Press.
Schott, G. (2010). From Fan Appropriation to Industry Re-Appropriation: The Sexual Identity of Comic Superheroes. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, 1(2), pp.17-29.
Voelker-Morris, R., Voelker-Morris, J. (2014). Stuck in Tights: Mainstream Superhero Comics’ Habitual Limitation on Social Constructions of Male Superheroes. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, 5(1), pp. 101-117.
Wiefek, N. (2003). The Impact of Economic Anxiety in Postindustrial America. Westport: Praeger.
Wright, B. W. (2003). Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Zinn, H. (1999). La otra historia de los Estados Unidos. Hondarribia: Argitaletxe Hiru.
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