?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????: Syrian Influence in the First Servile War
Abstract During the First Servile War the leader Euno consolidated his power using signs and gestures, which came from the worship to the Syrian Goddess (Atargatis). The coronation of Euno made reference to the high priest of Hierapolis and the coinage with the name Antiochus appealed to the highest authority of the Seleucid monarchy. Pulling out the hair and eating of the sacred fish belong to the same religious tradition. The above mentioned facts are the basis for the hypothesis that, in Sicily, the Syrian Identity lived together with the native Greek identity. Euno unified both cults in the same city, a very important fact for the inhabitants of the city of Enna, a «new Hierapolis».
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Bonnet, Corinne (1996): Astarté. Dossier Documentaire et Perspectives Historiques (Contributi alla Storia della Religione Fenicio-Punica-II), Roma.
Bradley, Keith R. (1989): Slavery And Rebellion in the Roman World 140 B.C. - 70 B.C., Bloomington e Indianapolis/London.
Brennan, T. Corey (1993): «The Commanders in the First Sicilian Slave War», RFIC, 121.2, 153-184.
Caerols Pérez, José Joaquín (1991): Los Libros Sibilinos en la Historiografía Latina, Madrid.
Caietanus, Octavius (1657): Vitae Sanctorum Siculorum, Palermo [consultado en la Biblioteca Xeral de la Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC)].
Capdetrey, Laurent (2007): Le Pouvoir Séleucide: Territoire, Administration, Finances d'un Royaume Hellénistique (312-129 Avant J.-C.), Rennes. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.6126
Cardete del Olmo, María Cruz (2007): «Sicilia Sícula: La revuelta étnica de Ducetio (465-440 a.C.)», Stud. Hist., H.ª Antig., 25, 117-129.
Cardete del Olmo, María Cruz (2009): «Construcciones Identitarias en el mundo antiguo: arqueología y fuentes literarias. El caso de la Sicilia Griega», Arqueología Espacial, 27, 29-46.
Chauveau, Michel (1990): «Un été 145», Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, 90, 135-168.
Chrubasik, Boris (2016): Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire: The Men who would be King (Oxford Classical Monographs), Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198786924.001.0001
Co?kun, Altay y McAuley, Alex (2016): Seleukid Royal Women. Creation, Representation and Distortion of Hellenistic Queenship in the Seleukid Empire (Historia 240), München.
Cotton, Hannah M. y Wörrle, Michael (2007): «Seleukos IV to Heliodoros. A New Dossier of Royal Correspondence from Israel», ZPE, 159, 191-205.
Cumont, Franz (1987): Las Religiones Orientales y el Paganismo Romano, Madrid.
Di Marco, Paolo (2013): Euno: Figlio della Libertà, Palermo.
Drijvers, Han J. W. (1981): «Die Dea Syria und andere Syrische Gottheiten im Imperium Romanum», en M. J. Vermaseren (ed.), Die Orientalischen Religionen im Römerreich, Leiden, 241-263. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004295711_010
Dumont, Jean Christian (1987): Servus. Rome et l'Esclavage sous la République, Paris.
Edelstein, Ludwig y Kidd, Ian G. (1994): Posidonius, Cambridge.
Ehling, Kay (2008): Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Späten Seleukiden (164-63 V. Chr.) Vom Tode des Antiochos Iv. bis zur Einrichtung der Provinz Syria Unter Pompeius (Historia 196), Stuttgart.
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Engels, David (2017): Benefactors, Kings, Rulers: Studies on the Seleukid Empire Between East and West (Studia Hellenistica 57), Leuven-Paris-Bristol.
Gallini, Clara (1970): Protesta e Integrazione nella Roma Antica, Bari.
Gehrke, Hans-Joachim (1982): «Der siegreiche König. Überlegungen zur hellenistischen Monarchie», AKG, 64, 247-277. https://doi.org/10.7788/akg-1982-0203
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Hekster, Olivier y Fowler, Richard (2005): Imaginary Kings. Royal Images in the Ancient Near East, Greece And Rome, München.
Hörig, Monika (1984): «Dea Syria-Atargatis», en Wolfgang Haase (ed.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, 2.17.3, Berlin-New York, 1536-1581.
Jacoby, Felix (1923): Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker, Leiden.
Jones, Cristopher P. (2009): «The Inscription from Tel Maresha for Olympiodoros», ZPE, 171, 100-104.
Keaveney, Arthur (1998): «Three Roman Chronological Problems (141-132 B.C.)», Klio, 80, 66-90. https://doi.org/10.1524/klio.1998.80.1.66
Kosmin, Paul J. (2013): «Seleucid Ethnography and Indigenous Kingship: The Babylonian Education of Antiochus I», en Johannes Haubold et al. (eds.), The World of Berossus, Wiesbaden, 199-212.
Kosmin, Paul J. (2014): The Land of the Elephant Kings. Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire, Cambridge-London. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674416161
Le Bonniec, Henri (1958): Le Culte de Ceres à Rome des Origines à la Fine de la République, Paris.
López Barja de Quiroga, Pedro Manuel (2003): «El ritual de los Cerialia y la fundación de Lavinio», Stud. Hist., H.ª Antig., 21, 75-85.
López Barja de Quiroga, Pedro Manuel (2007): Historia de la Manumisión En Roma. De los Orígenes a los Severos (Gerión Anejos 11), Madrid.
Luraghi, Nino (2013): The Splendors and Miseries of Rulling Alone. Encounters with Monarchy from Archaic Greece to the Hellenistic Mediterranean, Stuttgart.
Manganaro, Giacomo (1990): «Due studi di numismatica greca», ASNP, 20, 409-427.
Marcos Casquero, Manuel Antonio (1995): «Creencias religioso-supersticiosas del mundo antiguo relativas al cabello», en J. M. Nieto Ibáñez (ed.), Estudios de Religión y Mito en Grecia y Roma. X Jornadas de Filología Clásica de Castilla y León (Universidad de León Secretariado de Publicaciones), Ponferrada, 123-153.
Mignone, Lisa Marie (2016): The Republican Aventine and Rome's Social Order, Ann Arbor. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.8565032
Montero, Santiago (1995): «Adivinación y esclavitud en la Roma antigua», ILU, 0, 141-156.
Morton, Peter (2012): Refiguring the Sicilian Slave Wars: From Servile Unrest to Civic Disquiet and Social Disorder, Edinburgh.
Morton, Peter (2013): «Eunus: The Cowardly King», CQ, 63, 237-252. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838812000778
Morton, Peter (2014): «The Geography of Rebellion: Strategy and Supply in the two 'Sicilian Slave Wars'», BICS, 57.1, 20-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2014.00063.x
Muccioli, Federicomaria (2013): Gli Epiteti Ufficiali dei Re Ellenistici (Historia-Einzelschriften 224), Stuttgart.
Mylona, Dimitra (2015): «Fish», en J. Wilkins y R. Nadeau (eds.), A Companion to Food in the Ancient World (Wiley Blackwell), Oxford, 147-159. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878255.ch14
Nasrallah, Laura (2005): «Mapping the world: Justin, Tatian, Lucian, and the Second Sophistic», Harvard Theological Review, 98.3, 283-314. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816005000982
Noël Dillon, John (2013): «The Delegation of the Xviri to Enna ca. 133 BC and the murder of Tiberius Gracchus», BICS, 56.2, 89-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00060.x
Ogden, Daniel (2017): The Legend of Seleucus: Kingship, Narrative and Mythmaking in the Ancient World, Cambridge-New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316691236
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Piantanida, Fernando Martín (2012): «Las insurrecciones serviles en Sicilia. El relato de Diodoro Sículo y la participación de los campesinos libres», Sociedades Precapitalistas, 2.1, 1-17.
Pinzone, Antonino (2015): «Aspetti temporali e spaziali nei frammenti Diodorei sulle Guerre Servili Siciliane», en A. Beltrán et al. (eds.), XXXVº Coloquio Internacional Del Girea, Besançon, 351-364.
Prag, Jonathan R. W. (2013): The Hellenistic West: Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139505987
Ramallo Asensio, Sebastián y F. Ruiz Valderas, Elena (1994): «Un edículo republicano dedicado a Atargatis en Carthago Nova», AEA, 67, 79-102. https://doi.org/10.3989/aespa.1994.v67.420
Robinson, Edward S. G. (1920): «Antiochus King of the Slaves», NC, 20, 175-176.
Sachs, Abraham J. y Hunger, Hermann (1988): Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia: Vol. II, Vienna.
Sánchez León, María Luisa (2004): «Adorando a Deméter. Euno-Antíoco y la diosa de Enna», Gerión, 22.1, 135-145.
Savalli-Lestrade, Ivana (1998): Les Philoi Royaux dans l'Asie Hellénistique, Geneva.
Sfameni, Giulia (1973): I Culti Orientali in Sicilia, Leiden.
Shaw, Brent D. (2001): Spartacus an the Slave Wars: A Brief History with Documents, Boston. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-12161-5
Turcan, Robert (2001): Los Cultos Orientales en el Mundo Romano, Madrid.
Urbainczyk, Theresa (2008): Slave Revolts in Antiquity, Berkeley. https://doi.org/10.1017/UPO9781844653959
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Verbrugghe, Gerald P. (1972): «Sicily 210-70 B.C.: Livy, Cicero and Diodorus», TAPhA, 103, 535-559. https://doi.org/10.2307/2935992
Verbrugghe, Gerald P. (1973): «The Elogium from Polla and the First Slave War». CPh, 68, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1086/365919
Virgilio, Biagio (2003): Lancia, Diadema e Porpora. Il Re e la Regalità Ellenistica, Pisa-Roma.
Vogt, Joseph (1974): Ancient Slavery and the Ideal of Man, Cambridge.
Weinstock, Stefan (1971): Divus Julius, Oxford.
Wiseman, T. P. (1969): «Viae Anniae Again», PBSR, 37, 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068246200007698
Wozniczka, Piotr (2014): «'Diodorus' Narrative on the First Sicilian Slave War - a reflection of Poseidonios 'ideas and style'?», en L. I. Hau et al. (eds.), Diodorus Siculus: Shared Myths, World Community, and Universal History. Historia Hellenistica (GLASGOW, 31 August-2 September 2011), Leuven-Paris-Bristol, 221-246.
Yarrow, Liv Mariah (2009): Historiography at the End of the Republic. Provincial Perspectives on Roman Rule, Oxford.
Blázquez, José María; Alvar, Jaime y Wagner, Carlos G. (1999): Fenicios y Cartagineses en el Mediterráneo, Madrid.
Bonnet, Corinne (1996): Astarté. Dossier Documentaire et Perspectives Historiques (Contributi alla Storia della Religione Fenicio-Punica-II), Roma.
Bradley, Keith R. (1989): Slavery And Rebellion in the Roman World 140 B.C. - 70 B.C., Bloomington e Indianapolis/London.
Brennan, T. Corey (1993): «The Commanders in the First Sicilian Slave War», RFIC, 121.2, 153-184.
Caerols Pérez, José Joaquín (1991): Los Libros Sibilinos en la Historiografía Latina, Madrid.
Caietanus, Octavius (1657): Vitae Sanctorum Siculorum, Palermo [consultado en la Biblioteca Xeral de la Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC)].
Capdetrey, Laurent (2007): Le Pouvoir Séleucide: Territoire, Administration, Finances d'un Royaume Hellénistique (312-129 Avant J.-C.), Rennes. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.6126
Cardete del Olmo, María Cruz (2007): «Sicilia Sícula: La revuelta étnica de Ducetio (465-440 a.C.)», Stud. Hist., H.ª Antig., 25, 117-129.
Cardete del Olmo, María Cruz (2009): «Construcciones Identitarias en el mundo antiguo: arqueología y fuentes literarias. El caso de la Sicilia Griega», Arqueología Espacial, 27, 29-46.
Chauveau, Michel (1990): «Un été 145», Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, 90, 135-168.
Chrubasik, Boris (2016): Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire: The Men who would be King (Oxford Classical Monographs), Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198786924.001.0001
Co?kun, Altay y McAuley, Alex (2016): Seleukid Royal Women. Creation, Representation and Distortion of Hellenistic Queenship in the Seleukid Empire (Historia 240), München.
Cotton, Hannah M. y Wörrle, Michael (2007): «Seleukos IV to Heliodoros. A New Dossier of Royal Correspondence from Israel», ZPE, 159, 191-205.
Cumont, Franz (1987): Las Religiones Orientales y el Paganismo Romano, Madrid.
Di Marco, Paolo (2013): Euno: Figlio della Libertà, Palermo.
Drijvers, Han J. W. (1981): «Die Dea Syria und andere Syrische Gottheiten im Imperium Romanum», en M. J. Vermaseren (ed.), Die Orientalischen Religionen im Römerreich, Leiden, 241-263. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004295711_010
Dumont, Jean Christian (1987): Servus. Rome et l'Esclavage sous la République, Paris.
Edelstein, Ludwig y Kidd, Ian G. (1994): Posidonius, Cambridge.
Ehling, Kay (2008): Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Späten Seleukiden (164-63 V. Chr.) Vom Tode des Antiochos Iv. bis zur Einrichtung der Provinz Syria Unter Pompeius (Historia 196), Stuttgart.
Engels, David (2011): «Ein syrisches Sizilien? Seleukidische Aspekte des ersten sizilischen Sklavenkriegs und der Herrschaft des Eunus-Antiochos», Polifemo, 11, 233-251.
Engels, David (2015): «Sicily under Roman Republican Rule: Roman Province and Slave Kingdom», en D. Burgersdijk et al. (eds.), Sicily and the Sea, Amsterdam, 91-94.
Engels, David (2017): Benefactors, Kings, Rulers: Studies on the Seleukid Empire Between East and West (Studia Hellenistica 57), Leuven-Paris-Bristol.
Gallini, Clara (1970): Protesta e Integrazione nella Roma Antica, Bari.
Gehrke, Hans-Joachim (1982): «Der siegreiche König. Überlegungen zur hellenistischen Monarchie», AKG, 64, 247-277. https://doi.org/10.7788/akg-1982-0203
Gera, Dov (2009): «Olympiodoros, Heliodoros and the Temples of Koile Syria and Phoinike», ZPE, 169, 125-155.
Goukowsky, Paul (2014): Diodore de Sicile, Bibliothèque Historique, Fragments, Tome IV, Livres XXXIII-XL, Paris.
Green, Peter (1961): «The First Sicilian Slave War», P&P, 20, 10-29. https://doi.org/10.1093/past/20.1.10
Haake, Matthias (2012): «Diadem und Basileus. Überlegungen zu einer Insignie und einem Titel in hellenistischer Zeit», en A. Lichtenberger (ed.), Das Diadem der Hellenistischen Herrscher. Übernahme, Transformation Oder Neuschöpfung Einesherrschaftszeichens?, Bonn, 293-313.
Hekster, Olivier y Fowler, Richard (2005): Imaginary Kings. Royal Images in the Ancient Near East, Greece And Rome, München.
Hörig, Monika (1984): «Dea Syria-Atargatis», en Wolfgang Haase (ed.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, 2.17.3, Berlin-New York, 1536-1581.
Jacoby, Felix (1923): Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker, Leiden.
Jones, Cristopher P. (2009): «The Inscription from Tel Maresha for Olympiodoros», ZPE, 171, 100-104.
Keaveney, Arthur (1998): «Three Roman Chronological Problems (141-132 B.C.)», Klio, 80, 66-90. https://doi.org/10.1524/klio.1998.80.1.66
Kosmin, Paul J. (2013): «Seleucid Ethnography and Indigenous Kingship: The Babylonian Education of Antiochus I», en Johannes Haubold et al. (eds.), The World of Berossus, Wiesbaden, 199-212.
Kosmin, Paul J. (2014): The Land of the Elephant Kings. Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire, Cambridge-London. https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674416161
Le Bonniec, Henri (1958): Le Culte de Ceres à Rome des Origines à la Fine de la République, Paris.
López Barja de Quiroga, Pedro Manuel (2003): «El ritual de los Cerialia y la fundación de Lavinio», Stud. Hist., H.ª Antig., 21, 75-85.
López Barja de Quiroga, Pedro Manuel (2007): Historia de la Manumisión En Roma. De los Orígenes a los Severos (Gerión Anejos 11), Madrid.
Luraghi, Nino (2013): The Splendors and Miseries of Rulling Alone. Encounters with Monarchy from Archaic Greece to the Hellenistic Mediterranean, Stuttgart.
Manganaro, Giacomo (1990): «Due studi di numismatica greca», ASNP, 20, 409-427.
Marcos Casquero, Manuel Antonio (1995): «Creencias religioso-supersticiosas del mundo antiguo relativas al cabello», en J. M. Nieto Ibáñez (ed.), Estudios de Religión y Mito en Grecia y Roma. X Jornadas de Filología Clásica de Castilla y León (Universidad de León Secretariado de Publicaciones), Ponferrada, 123-153.
Mignone, Lisa Marie (2016): The Republican Aventine and Rome's Social Order, Ann Arbor. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.8565032
Montero, Santiago (1995): «Adivinación y esclavitud en la Roma antigua», ILU, 0, 141-156.
Morton, Peter (2012): Refiguring the Sicilian Slave Wars: From Servile Unrest to Civic Disquiet and Social Disorder, Edinburgh.
Morton, Peter (2013): «Eunus: The Cowardly King», CQ, 63, 237-252. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009838812000778
Morton, Peter (2014): «The Geography of Rebellion: Strategy and Supply in the two 'Sicilian Slave Wars'», BICS, 57.1, 20-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2014.00063.x
Muccioli, Federicomaria (2013): Gli Epiteti Ufficiali dei Re Ellenistici (Historia-Einzelschriften 224), Stuttgart.
Mylona, Dimitra (2015): «Fish», en J. Wilkins y R. Nadeau (eds.), A Companion to Food in the Ancient World (Wiley Blackwell), Oxford, 147-159. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878255.ch14
Nasrallah, Laura (2005): «Mapping the world: Justin, Tatian, Lucian, and the Second Sophistic», Harvard Theological Review, 98.3, 283-314. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816005000982
Noël Dillon, John (2013): «The Delegation of the Xviri to Enna ca. 133 BC and the murder of Tiberius Gracchus», BICS, 56.2, 89-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00060.x
Ogden, Daniel (2017): The Legend of Seleucus: Kingship, Narrative and Mythmaking in the Ancient World, Cambridge-New York. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316691236
Pailler, Jean-Marie (1988): Bacchanalia. La Répression de 186 Av. J.-C. á Rome et en Italie: Vestiges, Images (Tradition, Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises d'Athènes et de Rome 270), Roma.
Pfuntner, Laura (2015): «Reading Diodorus through Photius: The Case of the Sicilian Slave Revolts», Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 55.1, 256-272.
Piantanida, Fernando Martín (2012): «Las insurrecciones serviles en Sicilia. El relato de Diodoro Sículo y la participación de los campesinos libres», Sociedades Precapitalistas, 2.1, 1-17.
Pinzone, Antonino (2015): «Aspetti temporali e spaziali nei frammenti Diodorei sulle Guerre Servili Siciliane», en A. Beltrán et al. (eds.), XXXVº Coloquio Internacional Del Girea, Besançon, 351-364.
Prag, Jonathan R. W. (2013): The Hellenistic West: Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139505987
Ramallo Asensio, Sebastián y F. Ruiz Valderas, Elena (1994): «Un edículo republicano dedicado a Atargatis en Carthago Nova», AEA, 67, 79-102. https://doi.org/10.3989/aespa.1994.v67.420
Robinson, Edward S. G. (1920): «Antiochus King of the Slaves», NC, 20, 175-176.
Sachs, Abraham J. y Hunger, Hermann (1988): Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia: Vol. II, Vienna.
Sánchez León, María Luisa (2004): «Adorando a Deméter. Euno-Antíoco y la diosa de Enna», Gerión, 22.1, 135-145.
Savalli-Lestrade, Ivana (1998): Les Philoi Royaux dans l'Asie Hellénistique, Geneva.
Sfameni, Giulia (1973): I Culti Orientali in Sicilia, Leiden.
Shaw, Brent D. (2001): Spartacus an the Slave Wars: A Brief History with Documents, Boston. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-12161-5
Turcan, Robert (2001): Los Cultos Orientales en el Mundo Romano, Madrid.
Urbainczyk, Theresa (2008): Slave Revolts in Antiquity, Berkeley. https://doi.org/10.1017/UPO9781844653959
Van Berg, P. L. (1972): Corpus Cultus Deae Syriae (CCDS) (EPRO 28), Leiden. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004296282
Verbrugghe, Gerald P. (1972): «Sicily 210-70 B.C.: Livy, Cicero and Diodorus», TAPhA, 103, 535-559. https://doi.org/10.2307/2935992
Verbrugghe, Gerald P. (1973): «The Elogium from Polla and the First Slave War». CPh, 68, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1086/365919
Virgilio, Biagio (2003): Lancia, Diadema e Porpora. Il Re e la Regalità Ellenistica, Pisa-Roma.
Vogt, Joseph (1974): Ancient Slavery and the Ideal of Man, Cambridge.
Weinstock, Stefan (1971): Divus Julius, Oxford.
Wiseman, T. P. (1969): «Viae Anniae Again», PBSR, 37, 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068246200007698
Wozniczka, Piotr (2014): «'Diodorus' Narrative on the First Sicilian Slave War - a reflection of Poseidonios 'ideas and style'?», en L. I. Hau et al. (eds.), Diodorus Siculus: Shared Myths, World Community, and Universal History. Historia Hellenistica (GLASGOW, 31 August-2 September 2011), Leuven-Paris-Bristol, 221-246.
Yarrow, Liv Mariah (2009): Historiography at the End of the Republic. Provincial Perspectives on Roman Rule, Oxford.
Intxaurrandieta Ormazabal, A. (2020). ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????: Syrian Influence in the First Servile War. Studia Historica. Historia Antigua, 38, 79–111. https://doi.org/10.14201/shha20203879111
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