Evaluación del Pensamiento Computacional utilizando cuatro robots educativos con estudiantes de primaria en Perú
Resumen El desarrollo de habilidades de pensamiento computacional en estudiantes de primaria puede llevarse a cabo a través de distintas actividades, con o sin el uso de computadoras o aparatos tecnológicos. En ese sentido, la utilización de robots programables trae consigo muchas de las ventajas de la robótica educativa para el contexto de la enseñanza de aspectos fundamentales de la computación. Este artículo describe una intervención educativa que evalúa el uso de cuatro modelos de robots educativos para mejorar el pensamiento computacional con estudiantes de primaria en la región de Huancavelica en Perú, Sudamérica. Esta región peruana es conocida por sus bajas tasas de desarrollo humano, donde la población aún enfrenta importantes barreras de acceso a la educación y a la tecnología. El estudio se desarrolló con un grupo de estudiantes de 6 a 13 años, durante un período de cuatro semanas. La evaluación del pensamiento computacional se realizó utilizando conceptos computacionales como secuencias, ciclos, eventos, paralelismo, condicionales, operadores y manipulación de datos. Los resultados de la evaluación mostraron que los niños preferían los robots que tienen más interacción, conectividad y características de programación, y que podrían contribuir significativamente al desarrollo de sus habilidades del pensamiento computacional.
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Almeida, M. E. B. (2014). Las políticas TIC en los sistemas educativos de América Latina: Caso Brasil. UNICEF. https://bit.ly/3FwbOSi
Álvarez-Herrero, J. F. (2020). Computational Thinking in Early Childhood Education, beyond Floor Robots. Education in the Knowledge Society, 21, Article 21. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.22366
Alves, N. D. C., Von Wangenheim, C. G., & Hauck, J. C. R. (2019). Approaches to assess computational thinking competences based on code analysis in K-12 education: A systematic mapping study. Informatics in Education, 18(1), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2019.02
Barcelos, T. S., & Silveira, I. F. (2012). Teaching computational thinking in initial series an analysis of the confluence among mathematics and computer sciences in elementary education and its implications for higher education. In 2012 XXXVIII Conferencia Latinoamericana En Informatica (CLEI) (pp. 1-8). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEI.2012.6427135
Barcelos, T. S., Muñoz-Soto, R., Acevedo, R. V., & Silveira, I. F. (2015). Relações entre o pensamento computacional e a matemática: uma revisão sistemática da literatura. In Anais dos Workshops do Congresso Brasileiro de Informática na Educação (Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 1369). https://doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wcbie.2015.1369
Barcelos, T. S., Muñoz-Soto, R., Villarroel, R., Merino, E., & Silveira, I. F. (2018). Mathematics Learning through Computational Thinking Activities: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Universal Computing Science, 24(7), 815-845. https://doi.org/10.3217/jucs-024-07-0815
Bocconi, S., Chioccariello, A., Dettori, G., Ferrari, A., Engelhardt, K., Kampylis, P., & Punie, Y. (2016). Developing computational thinking: Approaches and orientations in K-12 education. In EdMedia+ Innovate Learning (pp. 13-18). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Brackmann, C. P., Barone, D., Casali, A., Boucinha, R., & Muñoz-Hernandez, S. (2016). Computational thinking: Panorama of the Americas. In 2016 international symposium on computers in Education (SIIE). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIE.2016.7751839
Brackmann, C. P., Román-González, M., Robles, G., Moreno-León, J., Casali, A., & Barone, D. (2017). Development of computational thinking skills through unplugged activities in primary school. In Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Primary and Secondary Computing Education (pp. 65-72). https://doi.org/10.1145/3137065.3137069
Brennan, K., & Resnick, M. (2012). New frameworks for studying and assessing the development of computational thinking. In Proceedings of the 2012 annual meeting of the American educational research association, Vancouver, Canada (Vol. 1).
Caballero-González, Y. A., & García-Valcárcel, A. (2020). Learning with Robotics in Primary Education? A Means of Stimulating Computational Thinking. Education in the Knowledge Society, 21, Article 10. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.21443
Camargo, C., Gonçalves, J., Conde, M. Á., Rodríguez-Sedano, F. J., Costa, P., & García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2021). Systematic Literature Review of Realistic Simulators Applied in Educational Robotics Context. Sensors, 21(12), Article 4031. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124031
Castillo, L. E. (2020). Regional Dynamics of Income Inequality in Peru. Working Documents of Central Reserve Bank of Peru (No. 2020-004). https://bit.ly/3Fs5CuH
Catlin, D., & Woollard, J. (2014). Educational robots and computational thinking. In Proceedings of 4th International workshop teaching robotics, teaching with robotics & 5th International conference robotics in education (pp. 144-151).
Conde, M. Á., Rodríguez?Sedano, F. J., Fernández?Llamas, C., Gonçalves, J., Lima, J., & García?Peñalvo, F. J. (2021). Fostering STEAM through challenge?based learning, robotics, and physical devices: A systematic mapping literature review. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 29(1), 46-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22354
Curasma, R. P., Jara, N. J., Curasma, H. P., & Ornetta, V. C. (2019). Assessment of Computational Thinking in regular basic education: case IETP “José Obrero”. In 2019 IEEE XXVI International Conference on Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computing (INTERCON) (pp. 1-4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/INTERCON.2019.8853613
D’Abreu, J. V. V., & Villalba-Condori, K. O. (2017). Education and Educative Robotics. Revista de Educación a Distancia (RED), (54). https://doi.org/10.6018/red/54/11
del Rey, Y. A. R., Cambinda, I. N. C., Deco, C., Bender, C., Avello?Martínez, R., & Villalba?Condori, K. O. (2020). Developing computational thinking with a module of solved problems. Computer Applications in Engineering Education. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22214
Díaz-Lauzurica, B., & Moreno-Salinas, D. (2019). Computational thinking and robotics: A teaching experience in compulsory secondary education with students with high degree of apathy and demotivation. Sustainability, 11(18), 5109. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11185109
Duryea, S., Galiani, S., Ñopo, H., & Piras, C. C. (2007). The educational gender gap in Latin America and the Caribbean. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1820870
Ferrada-Ferrada, C., Carrillo-Rosúa, J., Díaz-Levicoy, D., & Silva-Díaz, F. (2020). Robotics from STEM areas in Primary School: A Systematic Review. Education in the Knowledge Society, 21, Article 22. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.22036
García, J. M. (2015). Robótica Educativa. La programación como parte de un proceso educativo. Revista de Educación a Distancia (RED), (46). https://doi.org/10.6018/red/46/8
García, M. A., Deco, C., & Collazos, C. A. (2016). Estrategias basadas en robótica para apoyar el pensamiento computacional. In XXII Congreso Argentino de Ciencias de la Computación (CACIC 2016) (pp. 1241–1250). https://bit.ly/3qu3QEX
García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2016). A brief introduction to TACCLE3 – Coding European Project. In F. J. García-Peñalvo & J. A. Mendes (Eds.), 2016 International Symposium on Computers in Education (SIIE 16). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIE.2016.7751876
García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2018). Computational thinking. IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologías del Aprendizaje (IEEE RITA), 13(1), 17-19. https://doi.org/10.1109/RITA.2018.2809939
García-Peñalvo, F. J., & Mendes, J. A. (2018). Exploring the computational thinking effects in pre-university education. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 407-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.005
González-González, C. S. (2019). State of the art in the teaching of computational thinking and programming in childhood education. Education in the Knowledge Society, 20, Article 17. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks2019_20_a17
Grover, S. (2011). Robotics and engineering for middle and high school students to develop computational thinking. In Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA. https://bit.ly/3GAJn7m
Grover, S., & Pea, R. (2013). Computational thinking in K–12: A review of the state of the field. Educational researcher, 42(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X12463051
Gutiérrez, J. M., & Sanders, I. D. (2009). Computer science education in Peru: a new kind of monster? ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 41(2), 86-89. https://doi.org/10.1145/1595453.1595481
Jara, I. & Hepp, P. (2016). Enseñar Ciencias de la Computación: Creando oportunidades para los jóvenes de América Latina. Microsoft América Latina.
Le, N. T., & Wartschinski, L. (2018). A cognitive assistant for improving human reasoning skills. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 117, 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.02.005
Lee, I., Martin, F., & Apone, K. (2014). Integrating computational thinking across the K-8 curriculum. ACM Inroads, 5(4), 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1145/2684721.2684736
Linares, J. (2015) Robótica educativa en el Perú 1994 - 2014. Evaluaciones nacionales e internacionales en diferentes administraciones gubernamentales. Instituto de Tecnología Von Braun. https://bit.ly/3fqrcFa
Maximiliano, A. (2017) JUNAEB incorpora Robótica Educativa para niños de colegios en nuevos Servicios Locales de Educación. La Serena Online. https://bit.ly/3qqseHy
Minsky, M. L. (Ed.). (1968). Semantic Information Processing. MIT Press.
Moreno, I., Muñoz, L., Sarracín, J. R., Quintero, J., Pittí Patiño, K., & Quiel, J. (2012). La robótica educativa, una herramienta para la enseñanza-aprendizaje de las ciencias y las tecnologías. Education in the Knowledge Society, 13(2), 74-90. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.9000
Papert, S. (1980). Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas. Basic Books.
Rich, K. M., Yadav, A., & Schwarz, C. V. (2019). Computational thinking, mathematics, and science: Elementary teachers’ perspectives on integration. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 27(2), 165-205.
Sarmento, H. R., Reis, C. A., Zaramella, V., Almeida, L. D., & Tacla, C. A. (2015). Supporting the development of computational thinking: A robotic platform controlled by smartphone. In International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies (pp. 124-135). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20609-7_13
Sullivan, F. R., & Heffernan, J. (2016). Robotic construction kits as computational manipulatives for learning in the STEM disciplines. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 48(2), 105-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2016.1146563
Weintrop, D., Beheshti, E., Horn, M., Orton, K., Jona, K., Trouille, L., & Wilensky, U. (2016). Defining computational thinking for mathematics and science classrooms. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 25(1), 127-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-015-9581-5
Wing, J. M. (2006) Computational Thinking. Communications of the ACM, 49(3), 33-35. https://doi.org/10.1145/1118178.1118215
Witherspoon, E. B., Schunn, C. D., Higashi, R. M., & Baehr, E. C. (2016). Gender, interest, and prior experience shape opportunities to learn programming in robotics competitions. International Journal of STEM Education, 3(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-016-0052-1
Yoo, J. (2015). Results and outlooks of robot education in Republic of Korea. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 176, 251-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.468
Zapata-Ros, M. (2019). Computational thinking unplugged. Education in the Knowledge Society, 20, Article 18. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks2019_20_a18
Almeida, M. E. B. (2014). Las políticas TIC en los sistemas educativos de América Latina: Caso Brasil. UNICEF. https://bit.ly/3FwbOSi
Álvarez-Herrero, J. F. (2020). Computational Thinking in Early Childhood Education, beyond Floor Robots. Education in the Knowledge Society, 21, Article 21. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.22366
Alves, N. D. C., Von Wangenheim, C. G., & Hauck, J. C. R. (2019). Approaches to assess computational thinking competences based on code analysis in K-12 education: A systematic mapping study. Informatics in Education, 18(1), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2019.02
Barcelos, T. S., & Silveira, I. F. (2012). Teaching computational thinking in initial series an analysis of the confluence among mathematics and computer sciences in elementary education and its implications for higher education. In 2012 XXXVIII Conferencia Latinoamericana En Informatica (CLEI) (pp. 1-8). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEI.2012.6427135
Barcelos, T. S., Muñoz-Soto, R., Acevedo, R. V., & Silveira, I. F. (2015). Relações entre o pensamento computacional e a matemática: uma revisão sistemática da literatura. In Anais dos Workshops do Congresso Brasileiro de Informática na Educação (Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 1369). https://doi.org/10.5753/cbie.wcbie.2015.1369
Barcelos, T. S., Muñoz-Soto, R., Villarroel, R., Merino, E., & Silveira, I. F. (2018). Mathematics Learning through Computational Thinking Activities: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Universal Computing Science, 24(7), 815-845. https://doi.org/10.3217/jucs-024-07-0815
Bocconi, S., Chioccariello, A., Dettori, G., Ferrari, A., Engelhardt, K., Kampylis, P., & Punie, Y. (2016). Developing computational thinking: Approaches and orientations in K-12 education. In EdMedia+ Innovate Learning (pp. 13-18). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Brackmann, C. P., Barone, D., Casali, A., Boucinha, R., & Muñoz-Hernandez, S. (2016). Computational thinking: Panorama of the Americas. In 2016 international symposium on computers in Education (SIIE). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIE.2016.7751839
Brackmann, C. P., Román-González, M., Robles, G., Moreno-León, J., Casali, A., & Barone, D. (2017). Development of computational thinking skills through unplugged activities in primary school. In Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Primary and Secondary Computing Education (pp. 65-72). https://doi.org/10.1145/3137065.3137069
Brennan, K., & Resnick, M. (2012). New frameworks for studying and assessing the development of computational thinking. In Proceedings of the 2012 annual meeting of the American educational research association, Vancouver, Canada (Vol. 1).
Caballero-González, Y. A., & García-Valcárcel, A. (2020). Learning with Robotics in Primary Education? A Means of Stimulating Computational Thinking. Education in the Knowledge Society, 21, Article 10. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.21443
Camargo, C., Gonçalves, J., Conde, M. Á., Rodríguez-Sedano, F. J., Costa, P., & García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2021). Systematic Literature Review of Realistic Simulators Applied in Educational Robotics Context. Sensors, 21(12), Article 4031. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124031
Castillo, L. E. (2020). Regional Dynamics of Income Inequality in Peru. Working Documents of Central Reserve Bank of Peru (No. 2020-004). https://bit.ly/3Fs5CuH
Catlin, D., & Woollard, J. (2014). Educational robots and computational thinking. In Proceedings of 4th International workshop teaching robotics, teaching with robotics & 5th International conference robotics in education (pp. 144-151).
Conde, M. Á., Rodríguez?Sedano, F. J., Fernández?Llamas, C., Gonçalves, J., Lima, J., & García?Peñalvo, F. J. (2021). Fostering STEAM through challenge?based learning, robotics, and physical devices: A systematic mapping literature review. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 29(1), 46-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22354
Curasma, R. P., Jara, N. J., Curasma, H. P., & Ornetta, V. C. (2019). Assessment of Computational Thinking in regular basic education: case IETP “José Obrero”. In 2019 IEEE XXVI International Conference on Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computing (INTERCON) (pp. 1-4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/INTERCON.2019.8853613
D’Abreu, J. V. V., & Villalba-Condori, K. O. (2017). Education and Educative Robotics. Revista de Educación a Distancia (RED), (54). https://doi.org/10.6018/red/54/11
del Rey, Y. A. R., Cambinda, I. N. C., Deco, C., Bender, C., Avello?Martínez, R., & Villalba?Condori, K. O. (2020). Developing computational thinking with a module of solved problems. Computer Applications in Engineering Education. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22214
Díaz-Lauzurica, B., & Moreno-Salinas, D. (2019). Computational thinking and robotics: A teaching experience in compulsory secondary education with students with high degree of apathy and demotivation. Sustainability, 11(18), 5109. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11185109
Duryea, S., Galiani, S., Ñopo, H., & Piras, C. C. (2007). The educational gender gap in Latin America and the Caribbean. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1820870
Ferrada-Ferrada, C., Carrillo-Rosúa, J., Díaz-Levicoy, D., & Silva-Díaz, F. (2020). Robotics from STEM areas in Primary School: A Systematic Review. Education in the Knowledge Society, 21, Article 22. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.22036
García, J. M. (2015). Robótica Educativa. La programación como parte de un proceso educativo. Revista de Educación a Distancia (RED), (46). https://doi.org/10.6018/red/46/8
García, M. A., Deco, C., & Collazos, C. A. (2016). Estrategias basadas en robótica para apoyar el pensamiento computacional. In XXII Congreso Argentino de Ciencias de la Computación (CACIC 2016) (pp. 1241–1250). https://bit.ly/3qu3QEX
García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2016). A brief introduction to TACCLE3 – Coding European Project. In F. J. García-Peñalvo & J. A. Mendes (Eds.), 2016 International Symposium on Computers in Education (SIIE 16). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIIE.2016.7751876
García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2018). Computational thinking. IEEE Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnologías del Aprendizaje (IEEE RITA), 13(1), 17-19. https://doi.org/10.1109/RITA.2018.2809939
García-Peñalvo, F. J., & Mendes, J. A. (2018). Exploring the computational thinking effects in pre-university education. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 407-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.005
González-González, C. S. (2019). State of the art in the teaching of computational thinking and programming in childhood education. Education in the Knowledge Society, 20, Article 17. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks2019_20_a17
Grover, S. (2011). Robotics and engineering for middle and high school students to develop computational thinking. In Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA. https://bit.ly/3GAJn7m
Grover, S., & Pea, R. (2013). Computational thinking in K–12: A review of the state of the field. Educational researcher, 42(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X12463051
Gutiérrez, J. M., & Sanders, I. D. (2009). Computer science education in Peru: a new kind of monster? ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 41(2), 86-89. https://doi.org/10.1145/1595453.1595481
Jara, I. & Hepp, P. (2016). Enseñar Ciencias de la Computación: Creando oportunidades para los jóvenes de América Latina. Microsoft América Latina.
Le, N. T., & Wartschinski, L. (2018). A cognitive assistant for improving human reasoning skills. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 117, 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.02.005
Lee, I., Martin, F., & Apone, K. (2014). Integrating computational thinking across the K-8 curriculum. ACM Inroads, 5(4), 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1145/2684721.2684736
Linares, J. (2015) Robótica educativa en el Perú 1994 - 2014. Evaluaciones nacionales e internacionales en diferentes administraciones gubernamentales. Instituto de Tecnología Von Braun. https://bit.ly/3fqrcFa
Maximiliano, A. (2017) JUNAEB incorpora Robótica Educativa para niños de colegios en nuevos Servicios Locales de Educación. La Serena Online. https://bit.ly/3qqseHy
Minsky, M. L. (Ed.). (1968). Semantic Information Processing. MIT Press.
Moreno, I., Muñoz, L., Sarracín, J. R., Quintero, J., Pittí Patiño, K., & Quiel, J. (2012). La robótica educativa, una herramienta para la enseñanza-aprendizaje de las ciencias y las tecnologías. Education in the Knowledge Society, 13(2), 74-90. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.9000
Papert, S. (1980). Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas. Basic Books.
Rich, K. M., Yadav, A., & Schwarz, C. V. (2019). Computational thinking, mathematics, and science: Elementary teachers’ perspectives on integration. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 27(2), 165-205.
Sarmento, H. R., Reis, C. A., Zaramella, V., Almeida, L. D., & Tacla, C. A. (2015). Supporting the development of computational thinking: A robotic platform controlled by smartphone. In International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies (pp. 124-135). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20609-7_13
Sullivan, F. R., & Heffernan, J. (2016). Robotic construction kits as computational manipulatives for learning in the STEM disciplines. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 48(2), 105-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2016.1146563
Weintrop, D., Beheshti, E., Horn, M., Orton, K., Jona, K., Trouille, L., & Wilensky, U. (2016). Defining computational thinking for mathematics and science classrooms. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 25(1), 127-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-015-9581-5
Wing, J. M. (2006) Computational Thinking. Communications of the ACM, 49(3), 33-35. https://doi.org/10.1145/1118178.1118215
Witherspoon, E. B., Schunn, C. D., Higashi, R. M., & Baehr, E. C. (2016). Gender, interest, and prior experience shape opportunities to learn programming in robotics competitions. International Journal of STEM Education, 3(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-016-0052-1
Yoo, J. (2015). Results and outlooks of robot education in Republic of Korea. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 176, 251-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.468
Zapata-Ros, M. (2019). Computational thinking unplugged. Education in the Knowledge Society, 20, Article 18. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks2019_20_a18
Paucar-Curasma, R., Villalba-Condori, K., Arias-Chavez, D., Le, N.-T., Garcia-Tejada, G., & Frango-Silveira, I. (2022). Evaluación del Pensamiento Computacional utilizando cuatro robots educativos con estudiantes de primaria en Perú. Education in the Knowledge Society (EKS), 23. https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.26161
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