Barriers and Facilitators for the Educational Inclusion of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities
Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyse the barriers and aids that 32 people with intellectual disabilities (ID), enrolled in ordinary schools, have identified in their school experience. The authors conducted a qualitative study based on the assumptions of inclusive research with Spanish adults with ID. Data was collected through individual interviews and coded with a category system. Research participants actively collaborated in the analysis. The results show that the barriers and supports encountered by people with ID were related to the teaching profile, the curriculum, social relations with peers and other agents, such as family and school management teams. The main conclusions are that teaching practice and relationships with peers are fundamental and can act as both a barrier and a help. Recommendations include the need for teachers to be committed to teaching functional content, the use of active and student-centred methodologies, as well as actions to promote social relations between students.
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AINSCOW, M. (2004). Desarrollo de escuelas inclusivas. Ideas, propuestas y experiencias para mejorar las instituciones escolares. Narcea.
AINSCOW, M., SLEE, R. y BEST, M. (2019). Editorial: the Salamanca statement: 25 years on. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 23(7-8), 671-676. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1622800
ALESECH, J. y NAYAR, S. (2019). Teacher strategies for promoting acceptance and belonging in the classroom: a New Zealand study. Interna-tional Journal of Inclusive Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1600054
APA. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code the conduct. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/ethics-code-2017.pdf
BOYNTON, L. y MAHON, J. (2018). Secondary teachers’ experiences with students with disabilities: examining the global landscape. Internatio-nal Journal of Inclusive Education, 22(3), 306-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603 116.2017.1364793
BUCHNER, T., SHEVLIN, M., DONOVAN, M.-A., GERCKE, M., GOLL, H., ŠIŠKA, J., JANYŠKOVÁ, K., SMOGORZEWSKA, J., SZUMSKI, G., VLACHOU, A., DEMO, H., FEYERER, E. y CORBY, D. (2020). Same progress for all? Inclusive education, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and students with intellectual disability in European countries. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12368
DATTA, P. (2013). “Is Test Anxiety a peril for students with intellectual disabilities?”. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 17(2), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629513484667
DÍAZ-GAROLERA, G., PALLISERA, M. y FULLANA, J. (2019). Developing social skills to empower friendships: design and assessment of a social skills training programme. International Journal of Inclusive Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1625564
DÍEZ, E. y SÁNCHEZ, S. (2015). Diseño Universal para el Aprendizaje como metodología docente para atender a la diversidad en la universidad. Aula Abierta, 43, 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aula.2014.12.002
ECHEITA, G. (2017). Educación inclusiva. Sonrisas y lágrimas. Aula Abierta, 46, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.17811/rifie.46.2017.17-24
EUROPEAN AGENCY FOR SPECIAL NEEDS AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION. (2018). Evidence of the link between inclusive education and social inclusion: a review of the literature. https://www.european-agency.org/resources/publications/evidence-literature-review
FARMER, T. W., DAWES, M., HAMM, J. V., LEE, D., MEHTAJI, M., HOFFMAN, A. S. y BROOKS, D. S. (2018). Classroom social dynamics management: why the invisible hand of the teacher matters for special education. Remedial and Special Education, 39, 177-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932517718359
FLORIAN, L. (2014). What counts as evidence of inclusive education? European Journal of Special Needs Education, 29(3), 286-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856 257.2014.933551
GEST, S., MADILL, R., ZADZORA, K., MILLER, A. y RODKIN, P. (2014). Teacher management of elementary classroom social dynamics. Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 22(2), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/10634 26613512677
GIANGRECO, M. (2017). Expanding opportunities for students with intellectual disability. Educational Leadership, 74(7), 52-57. https://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/apr17/vol74/num07/Expanding-Opportunities-for-Students-with-Intellectual-Disability.as
GIESBERS, S., HENDRIKS, L., JAHODA, A., HASTINGS, R. y EMBREGTS, P. (2019). Living with support: experiences of people with mild intellectual disabili-ty. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(2), 446-456. https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jar.12542
GILOR, O. y KATZ, M. (2018). From normalisation to inclusion: effects on pre-service teachers’ willingness to teach in inclusive classes. Inter-national Journal of Inclusive Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1559365
JIGYEL, K., MILLER, J., MAVROPOULOU, S. y BERMAN, J. (2018). Benefits and concerns: parents’ perceptions of inclusive schooling for children with special educational needs (SEN) in Bhutan. International Journal of Inclusive Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1511761
KUNTZ, M. y CARTER, W. (2019). Review of interventions supporting secondary students with intellectual disability in general education clas-ses. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 44(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1540796919847483
KURT, X. (2016). Constructivism, dewey, and academic advising. NACADA Journal, 36(2), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.12930/ NACADA-14-027
LACONO, T., KEEFE, M., KENNY, A. y McKINSTRY, C. (2019). A document review of exclusionary practices in the context of Australian school educa-tion policy. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 16(4), 264-272. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12290
LEIVA, J. (2020). La educación intercultural e inclusiva: transformar mentalidades y contextos para el cambio y la innovación educativa. En L. ORTIZ y J. J. CARRIÓN (Eds.), Educación inclusiva: abriendo puertas al futuro (pp. 195-202). Dykinson.
LÓPEZ MELERO, M. (2011). Barreras que impiden la escuela inclusiva y algunas estrategias para construir una escuela sin exclusiones. Innova-ción Educativa, 21, 37-54. https://revistas.usc.es/index.php/ie/article/view/23
LOW, H. M., LEE, L. W. y CHE AHMAD, A. (2018). Pre-service teachers’ attitude towards inclusive education for students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Malaysia. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 22(3), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2017.1362479
MAÑAS-OLMO, M., GONZÁLEZ-ALBA, B. y CORTÉS-GONZÁLEZ, P. (2020). Historias de vida de personas con discapacidad intelectual. Entre el acoso y exclusión en la escuela como moduladores de la identidad. Revista Educación, Política y Sociedad, 5(1), 60-84. https://hdl.handle.net/10486/689680
MESSIOU, K. (2006). Understanding marginalisation in education: the voice of children. European Journal of Psychology of Education (Special Issue), 21(3), 305-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173418
MORIÑA, A. (2010). School memories by young people with disabilities: an analysis of barriers and aids to inclusion. Disability and Society, 25(2), 163-175. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687590903534346
NEPI, L. D., FIORAVANTI, J., NANNINI, P. y PERU, A. (2015). Social acceptance and the choosing of favourite classmates: a comparison between students with special educational needs and typically developing students in a context of full inclusion. British Journal of Special Edu-cation, 42(3) 319-337. https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1467-8578.12096
NIETO, C. y MORIÑA, A. (2019). The dream school: mind-changing perspectives of people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability, 32, 1549-1557. https://doi:10.1111/JAR.12650
NIND, M. (2014). What is inclusive research? Bloomsbury.
NOTA, L., GINEVRA, M. C. y SORESI, S. (2018). School inclusion of children with intellectual disability: an intervention program. Journal of Intellec-tual and Developmental Disability, 44(4), 439-446. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2018.1428785
ONU. (2019). Empowering children with disabilities for the enjoyment of their human rights, including through inclusive education. https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/27
RAMBERG, J. y WATKINS, A. (2020). Exploring inclusive education across Europe: some insights from the European Agency Statistics on inclusive education. FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education, 6(1), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.32865/fire202061172
RIITAOJA, A., HELAKORPI, J. y HOLM, G. (2019). Students negotiating the borders between general and special education classes: an ethnographic and participatory research study. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 34(5), 586-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2019.1572093
ROBINSON, S., HILL, M., FISHER, K. y GRAHAM, A. (2020). Belonging and exclusion in the lives of young people with intellectual disability in small town communities. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 24(1), 50-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629518765830
ROSE, C., SIMPSON, C. y ELLIS, S. (2016). The relationship between school belonging, sibling aggression and bullying involvement: implications for students with and without disabilities. Educational Psychology, 36(8), 1462-1486. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443 410.2015.1066757
RUSHBROOKE, E., MURRAY, C. y TOWNSEND, S. (2014). The experiences of intimate relationships by people with intellectual disabilities: a qualitati-ve study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 27, 531-541. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12091
SANAHUJA, A., MOLINER, O. y MOLINER, L. (2020). Organización del aula inclusiva: ¿Cómo diferenciar las estructuras para lograr prácticas educati-vas más efectivas? Revista Complutense de Educación, 31(4), 407-417. https://doi.org/10.5209/rced.65774
SANDOVAL, M., SIMÓN, C. y ECHEITA, G. (2019). A critical review of education support practices in Spain. European Journal of Special Needs Edu-cation, 34(4), 441-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2018.1533094
SCHARENBERG, K., ROLLETT, W. y BOS, W. (2019). Do differences in classroom composition provide unequal opportunities for academic learning and social participation of SEN students in inclusive classes in primary school? School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 30(3), 309-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2019.1590423
SHARMA, U., LOREMAN, T. y SIMI, J. (2017). Stakeholder perspectives on barriers and facilitators of inclusive education in the Solomon Islands. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 17(2), 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12375
SHOGREN, K., GROSS, J., FORBER-PRATT, A., FRANCIS, G., SATTER, A., BLUE-BANNING, M. y HILL, C. (2015). The perspectives of students with and without disabilities on inclusive schools. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 40(4), 243-260. https://doi.org/10.1177/15407 96915 583493
SIMÓN, C. y BARRIOS, A. (2019). Las familias en el corazón de la educación inclusiva. Aula Abierta, 48(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.17811/rifie.48.1.2019.51-58
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AINSCOW, M., SLEE, R. y BEST, M. (2019). Editorial: the Salamanca statement: 25 years on. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 23(7-8), 671-676. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1622800
ALESECH, J. y NAYAR, S. (2019). Teacher strategies for promoting acceptance and belonging in the classroom: a New Zealand study. Interna-tional Journal of Inclusive Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1600054
APA. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code the conduct. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/ethics-code-2017.pdf
BOYNTON, L. y MAHON, J. (2018). Secondary teachers’ experiences with students with disabilities: examining the global landscape. Internatio-nal Journal of Inclusive Education, 22(3), 306-322. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603 116.2017.1364793
BUCHNER, T., SHEVLIN, M., DONOVAN, M.-A., GERCKE, M., GOLL, H., ŠIŠKA, J., JANYŠKOVÁ, K., SMOGORZEWSKA, J., SZUMSKI, G., VLACHOU, A., DEMO, H., FEYERER, E. y CORBY, D. (2020). Same progress for all? Inclusive education, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and students with intellectual disability in European countries. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12368
DATTA, P. (2013). “Is Test Anxiety a peril for students with intellectual disabilities?”. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 17(2), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629513484667
DÍAZ-GAROLERA, G., PALLISERA, M. y FULLANA, J. (2019). Developing social skills to empower friendships: design and assessment of a social skills training programme. International Journal of Inclusive Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1625564
DÍEZ, E. y SÁNCHEZ, S. (2015). Diseño Universal para el Aprendizaje como metodología docente para atender a la diversidad en la universidad. Aula Abierta, 43, 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aula.2014.12.002
ECHEITA, G. (2017). Educación inclusiva. Sonrisas y lágrimas. Aula Abierta, 46, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.17811/rifie.46.2017.17-24
EUROPEAN AGENCY FOR SPECIAL NEEDS AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION. (2018). Evidence of the link between inclusive education and social inclusion: a review of the literature. https://www.european-agency.org/resources/publications/evidence-literature-review
FARMER, T. W., DAWES, M., HAMM, J. V., LEE, D., MEHTAJI, M., HOFFMAN, A. S. y BROOKS, D. S. (2018). Classroom social dynamics management: why the invisible hand of the teacher matters for special education. Remedial and Special Education, 39, 177-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932517718359
FLORIAN, L. (2014). What counts as evidence of inclusive education? European Journal of Special Needs Education, 29(3), 286-295. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856 257.2014.933551
GEST, S., MADILL, R., ZADZORA, K., MILLER, A. y RODKIN, P. (2014). Teacher management of elementary classroom social dynamics. Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 22(2), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/10634 26613512677
GIANGRECO, M. (2017). Expanding opportunities for students with intellectual disability. Educational Leadership, 74(7), 52-57. https://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/apr17/vol74/num07/Expanding-Opportunities-for-Students-with-Intellectual-Disability.as
GIESBERS, S., HENDRIKS, L., JAHODA, A., HASTINGS, R. y EMBREGTS, P. (2019). Living with support: experiences of people with mild intellectual disabili-ty. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(2), 446-456. https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jar.12542
GILOR, O. y KATZ, M. (2018). From normalisation to inclusion: effects on pre-service teachers’ willingness to teach in inclusive classes. Inter-national Journal of Inclusive Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1559365
JIGYEL, K., MILLER, J., MAVROPOULOU, S. y BERMAN, J. (2018). Benefits and concerns: parents’ perceptions of inclusive schooling for children with special educational needs (SEN) in Bhutan. International Journal of Inclusive Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1511761
KUNTZ, M. y CARTER, W. (2019). Review of interventions supporting secondary students with intellectual disability in general education clas-ses. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 44(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1540796919847483
KURT, X. (2016). Constructivism, dewey, and academic advising. NACADA Journal, 36(2), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.12930/ NACADA-14-027
LACONO, T., KEEFE, M., KENNY, A. y McKINSTRY, C. (2019). A document review of exclusionary practices in the context of Australian school educa-tion policy. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 16(4), 264-272. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12290
LEIVA, J. (2020). La educación intercultural e inclusiva: transformar mentalidades y contextos para el cambio y la innovación educativa. En L. ORTIZ y J. J. CARRIÓN (Eds.), Educación inclusiva: abriendo puertas al futuro (pp. 195-202). Dykinson.
LÓPEZ MELERO, M. (2011). Barreras que impiden la escuela inclusiva y algunas estrategias para construir una escuela sin exclusiones. Innova-ción Educativa, 21, 37-54. https://revistas.usc.es/index.php/ie/article/view/23
LOW, H. M., LEE, L. W. y CHE AHMAD, A. (2018). Pre-service teachers’ attitude towards inclusive education for students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Malaysia. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 22(3), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2017.1362479
MAÑAS-OLMO, M., GONZÁLEZ-ALBA, B. y CORTÉS-GONZÁLEZ, P. (2020). Historias de vida de personas con discapacidad intelectual. Entre el acoso y exclusión en la escuela como moduladores de la identidad. Revista Educación, Política y Sociedad, 5(1), 60-84. https://hdl.handle.net/10486/689680
MESSIOU, K. (2006). Understanding marginalisation in education: the voice of children. European Journal of Psychology of Education (Special Issue), 21(3), 305-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173418
MORIÑA, A. (2010). School memories by young people with disabilities: an analysis of barriers and aids to inclusion. Disability and Society, 25(2), 163-175. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687590903534346
NEPI, L. D., FIORAVANTI, J., NANNINI, P. y PERU, A. (2015). Social acceptance and the choosing of favourite classmates: a comparison between students with special educational needs and typically developing students in a context of full inclusion. British Journal of Special Edu-cation, 42(3) 319-337. https://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1467-8578.12096
NIETO, C. y MORIÑA, A. (2019). The dream school: mind-changing perspectives of people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability, 32, 1549-1557. https://doi:10.1111/JAR.12650
NIND, M. (2014). What is inclusive research? Bloomsbury.
NOTA, L., GINEVRA, M. C. y SORESI, S. (2018). School inclusion of children with intellectual disability: an intervention program. Journal of Intellec-tual and Developmental Disability, 44(4), 439-446. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2018.1428785
ONU. (2019). Empowering children with disabilities for the enjoyment of their human rights, including through inclusive education. https://undocs.org/A/HRC/40/27
RAMBERG, J. y WATKINS, A. (2020). Exploring inclusive education across Europe: some insights from the European Agency Statistics on inclusive education. FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education, 6(1), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.32865/fire202061172
RIITAOJA, A., HELAKORPI, J. y HOLM, G. (2019). Students negotiating the borders between general and special education classes: an ethnographic and participatory research study. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 34(5), 586-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2019.1572093
ROBINSON, S., HILL, M., FISHER, K. y GRAHAM, A. (2020). Belonging and exclusion in the lives of young people with intellectual disability in small town communities. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 24(1), 50-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629518765830
ROSE, C., SIMPSON, C. y ELLIS, S. (2016). The relationship between school belonging, sibling aggression and bullying involvement: implications for students with and without disabilities. Educational Psychology, 36(8), 1462-1486. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443 410.2015.1066757
RUSHBROOKE, E., MURRAY, C. y TOWNSEND, S. (2014). The experiences of intimate relationships by people with intellectual disabilities: a qualitati-ve study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 27, 531-541. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12091
SANAHUJA, A., MOLINER, O. y MOLINER, L. (2020). Organización del aula inclusiva: ¿Cómo diferenciar las estructuras para lograr prácticas educati-vas más efectivas? Revista Complutense de Educación, 31(4), 407-417. https://doi.org/10.5209/rced.65774
SANDOVAL, M., SIMÓN, C. y ECHEITA, G. (2019). A critical review of education support practices in Spain. European Journal of Special Needs Edu-cation, 34(4), 441-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2018.1533094
SCHARENBERG, K., ROLLETT, W. y BOS, W. (2019). Do differences in classroom composition provide unequal opportunities for academic learning and social participation of SEN students in inclusive classes in primary school? School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 30(3), 309-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2019.1590423
SHARMA, U., LOREMAN, T. y SIMI, J. (2017). Stakeholder perspectives on barriers and facilitators of inclusive education in the Solomon Islands. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 17(2), 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12375
SHOGREN, K., GROSS, J., FORBER-PRATT, A., FRANCIS, G., SATTER, A., BLUE-BANNING, M. y HILL, C. (2015). The perspectives of students with and without disabilities on inclusive schools. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 40(4), 243-260. https://doi.org/10.1177/15407 96915 583493
SIMÓN, C. y BARRIOS, A. (2019). Las familias en el corazón de la educación inclusiva. Aula Abierta, 48(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.17811/rifie.48.1.2019.51-58
SIMÓN, C., GINÉ, C. y ECHEITA, G. (2016). Escuela, familia y comunidad: construyendo alianzas para promover la inclusión. Revista Latinoameri-cana de Educación Inclusiva, 10(1), 25-42. https://doi.org/10.4067/ S0718-73782016000100003
SMITH, S. y LOW, S. (2013). The role of social-emotional learning in bullying prevention efforts. Theory into Practice, 52(4), 280-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405 841.2013.829731
SMOGORZEWSKA, J., SZUMSKI, G. y GRYGIEL, P. (2019). Theory of mind development in school environment: a case of children with mild intellec-tual disability learning in inclusive and special education classrooms. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability, 32, 1241-1254. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12616
SOULIS, S. y FLORIDIS, T. (2010). Sources of stress for Greek students with intellectual disabilities attending mainstream schools. Support for Learning, 25, 74-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9604.2010.01443.x
UNESCO. (1994). The Salamanca statement and framework for action on special educational needs. Unesco.
UNESCO. (2020). Global education monitoring report-inclusion and education: All means all. Unesco.
VALENTIM, A. y VALENTIM, J. P. (2019). What I think of school: perceptions of school by people with intellectual disabilities. Disability & Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1702507
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