Attachment experiences in mothers of children with developmental delay: content analysis
Abstract The aim of this study is to develop a profile of attachment experiences through the analysis of content shared in a virtual forum by a group of mothers who have children with developmental delay. Three categories were extracted from the data: behavioural system, care system, and professional parenting assistance. The results allowed the identification of the mothers’ emotional states associated with the uncertainty about diagnosis, difficulty interpreting their children behaviour, and responding consequently, seeking emotional intimacy, and prevalence of guided learning during the early stages of diagnosis. It is concluded that the diagnosis “developmental delay”, being provisional, makes the acceptance process difficult, which impacts the maternal care system negatively. Terminology, attitudes, and practices of support professionals seem to play an important role. The desire for emotional intimacy, positive emotions, and appropriate professional support would be protective factors to establish a more favourable attachment between parents and children.
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Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. y Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Alexander, S. L., Frederico, M. y Long, M. (2018). Attachment and children with disabilities: knowledge and views of early intervention professionals. Children Australia, 43(4), 245-254. https://doi.org/10.1017/cha.2018.38
Arriazu, R. (2007). ¿Nuevos medios o nuevas formas de indagación? Una propuesta metodológica para la investigación social on-line a través del foro de discusión. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 8(3).
Baker, J. K., Fenning, R. M., Crnic, K. A., Baker, B. L. y Blacher, J. (2007). Prediction of social skills in 6-years-old children with and without developmental delays: contributions of early regulation and maternal scaffolding. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112, 375-391. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[0375:POSSIY]2.0.CO;2
Boström, P. K., Broberg, M. y Hwang, P. (2009). Parents' descriptions and experiences of young children recently diagnosed with intellectual disability. Child: Care, Health and Development, 36(1), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.01036.x
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment. Attachment and loss (vol. I). Londres: Hogarth Press.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Anxiety y anger. Attachment and loss (vol. II). London: Hogarth Press.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Sadness y depression. Attachment and loss (vol. III). London: Hogarth Press.
Campos-Castelló, J. (2013). Retraso madurativo neurológico. Revista de Neurología, 57(supl. 1), 211-219. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.57S01.2013254
Chandramuki, Dr., Venkatakrishnashastry, I. y Vranda, M. (2012). Attitudes of Parents towards Children with specific learning disabilities. Disability, CBR and Inclusive Development, 13(1), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.5463/dcid.v23i1.47
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3.ª ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA, EE. UU.: SAGE.
Czornyj, L. (2004). Retraso madurativo. Aspectos neurológicos. En H. Lejarraga, El desarrollo del niño en contexto (pp. 193-215). Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Delgado, C. (2014). Viajando a Ítaca por los mares cuantitativos, manual de ruta para investigar en grado y en postgrado. Salamanca: Amaru.
Dyches, T. T., Smith, T. B., Korth, B. B., Roper, S. O. y Mandleco, B. (2012). Positive parenting of children with developmental disabilities: a meta-analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 2213-2220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.06.015
Estalella, A. y Ardèvol, E. (2007). Ética de campo: hacia una ética situada para la investigación etnográfica de internet. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 8(3).
Feniger-Schaal, R. y Oppenheim, D. (2013). Resolution of the diagnosis and maternal sensitivity among mothers of children with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 306-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.08.007
Fiamenghi, G. A., Vedovato, A. G., Meirelles, M. C. y Shimoda, M. E. (2010). Mothers' interaction with their disabled infants: two case studies. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 28(2), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646830903295042
Fletcher, H. (2016). Attachment relashionships beetwin parents and their children: the impact of "the loss of the healthy child". En H. Fletcher, A. Flood y D. J. Hare (Eds.), Attachment in intellectual and developmental disability: a clinical guide to practices and research. John Wiley and Sons: Londres. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118938119.ch3
Floyd, M. y Dago, R. (2014). La importancia de buena comunicación entre el médico y el niño, la familia, y otros profesionales. Revista Nacional e Internacional de Educación Inclusiva, 7, 148-163.
Hernández, R., Fernández, C. y Baptista, P. (2010). Metodología de la investigación (6.ª ed.). D. F., México: McGraw Hill.
Howe, D. (2006). Disabled children, parent-child interaction and attachment. Child and Family Social Work, 11, 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2006.00397.x
Hsieh, R. L., Hsieh, W. H. y Lee, W. C. (2016). Short-term family-centered workshop for children with developmental delays enhances family functioning and satisfaction: a prospective clinical trial. Medicine, 95(31), e4200. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004200
Janssen, C., Schuengel, C. y Stolk, J. (2002). Understanding challenging behaviour in people with severe and profound intellectual disability: a stress-attachment model. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46(6), 445-453. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2002.00430.x
LaMont, M. (2011). Mother-child attachment and preschool behavior problems in children with developmental delay. Dissertation Abstracts International, 72, 1827.
Lewallen, A. C. y Neece, C. L. (2015). Improved social skills in children with developmental delays after parent participation in MBSR: The role of parent-child relational factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(10), 3117-3129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0116-8
López, F. y Ortiz, M. J. (2001). El desarrollo del apego en la primera infancia. En F. López, I. Etxebarria, M. J. Fuentes y M. J. Ortiz (Coords.), Desarrollo afectivo y social (pp. 41-64). Madrid: Pirámide.
Lucassen, N., Tharner, A., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Volling, B. L., Verhulst, F. C., Lambregtse-van den Berg, M. P. y Tiemeier, H. (2011). The association between paternal sensitivity and infant-father attachment security: a meta-analysis of three decades of research. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(6), 986-992. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025855
Martínez, A. y Calet, N. (2015). Intervención en Atención Temprana: Enfoque desde el ámbito familiar. Escritos de Psicología, 8(2), 33-42. Recuperado de http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1989-38092015000200006. https://doi.org/10.5231/psy.writ.2015.1905
Morin, I. (2012). Les troubles de l'attachement en déficience intellectuelle. Québec: SQETGC.
Moss, E., Dubois-Comtois, K. y Cyr, C. (2010). Efficacy of a home-visiting intervention aimed at improving maternal sensitivity, child attachment, and behavioral outcomes for maltreated children: a randomized control trial. Dev Psychopathol, 195-210. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000738
Narbona, J. y Schlumberger, É. (2008). Retraso Psicomotor. En J. Narbona García y C. Casas Fernández, Protocolos de Neurología (pp. 151-157). Madrid: SENP-AEP.
Oppenheim, D., Dolev, S., Koren-Karie, N., Sher-Censor, E., Yirmiya, N. y Salomon, S. (2007). Mother's reactions to their child's diagnosis: relations with security of attachment. En D. Oppenheim y D. F. Goldsmith, Attachment theory in clinical work with children bridging the gap between research and practice (pp. 109-136). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Pérez-Salas, C. P. y Santelices, M. P. (2009). Vinculación en niños con discapacidad intelectual: Reflexiones para la promoción de un apego seguro. Revista de Psicopatología y Salud Mental del Niño y del Adolescente, 14, 17-25.
Rodríguez, G. y Gómez, M. (2010). Análisis de contenidos y textual de datos cualitativos. En S. Nieto Martín (Coord.), Principios, métodos y técnicas esenciales para la investigación educativa (pp. 191-219). Madrid: Dykinson.
Rutgers, A. H., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Swinkels, S. H. N., van Daalen, E., Dietz, C., Naber, F. B. A., Bui Telaar, J. y van Engeland, H. (2007). Autism, attachment and parenting: a comparison of children with autism spectrum disorder, mental retardation, language disorder, and non-clinical children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 35, 859-870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9139-y
Sánchez, M. C., Delgado, M. C. y Santos, M. C. (2012). El proceso de investigación cualitativa. Manual de procedimiento: ejemplificación con una tesis doctoral. Valladolid: Edintras.
Schuengel, C., Clasien de Schipper, J., Sterkenburg, P. y Kef, S. (2013). Attachment, Intellectual Disabilities and Mental Health: Research, Assessment and Intervention. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 26, 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12010
Schuengel, C., Kef, S., Damen, S. y Worm, M. (2010). 'People who need people': attachment and professional caregiving. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(supl. 1), 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01236.x
Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología (26 de julio de 2008). Declaración Universal de Principios Éticos para Psicólogas y Psicólogos. Recuparado de Biblioteca Virtual en Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires: http://bvs.psi.uba.ar/local/File/DeclaracionPrinEticosSIP.PDF.
Teague, S. J., Newman, L. K., Tonge, B. J. y Gray, K. M. (2018). Caregiver mental health, parenting practices, and perceptions of child attachment in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(8), 2642-2652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3517-x
Tójar, J. C. (2006). Investigación cualitativa: comprender y actuar. Madrid: La Muralla.
Van Ijzendoorn, M., Rutgers, A., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., van Daalen, E., Dietz, C., Swinkels, S., van Daalen, E., Dietz, C., Naber, F., Buitelaar, J. K. y van Engeland, H. (2007). Parental sensitivity and attachment in children with autism spectrum disorder: comparison with children with mental retardation, with language delays, and with typical development. Child Development, 78(2), 597-608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01016.x
Alexander, S. L., Frederico, M. y Long, M. (2018). Attachment and children with disabilities: knowledge and views of early intervention professionals. Children Australia, 43(4), 245-254. https://doi.org/10.1017/cha.2018.38
Arriazu, R. (2007). ¿Nuevos medios o nuevas formas de indagación? Una propuesta metodológica para la investigación social on-line a través del foro de discusión. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 8(3).
Baker, J. K., Fenning, R. M., Crnic, K. A., Baker, B. L. y Blacher, J. (2007). Prediction of social skills in 6-years-old children with and without developmental delays: contributions of early regulation and maternal scaffolding. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112, 375-391. https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[0375:POSSIY]2.0.CO;2
Boström, P. K., Broberg, M. y Hwang, P. (2009). Parents' descriptions and experiences of young children recently diagnosed with intellectual disability. Child: Care, Health and Development, 36(1), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.01036.x
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment. Attachment and loss (vol. I). Londres: Hogarth Press.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Anxiety y anger. Attachment and loss (vol. II). London: Hogarth Press.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Sadness y depression. Attachment and loss (vol. III). London: Hogarth Press.
Campos-Castelló, J. (2013). Retraso madurativo neurológico. Revista de Neurología, 57(supl. 1), 211-219. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.57S01.2013254
Chandramuki, Dr., Venkatakrishnashastry, I. y Vranda, M. (2012). Attitudes of Parents towards Children with specific learning disabilities. Disability, CBR and Inclusive Development, 13(1), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.5463/dcid.v23i1.47
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3.ª ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA, EE. UU.: SAGE.
Czornyj, L. (2004). Retraso madurativo. Aspectos neurológicos. En H. Lejarraga, El desarrollo del niño en contexto (pp. 193-215). Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Delgado, C. (2014). Viajando a Ítaca por los mares cuantitativos, manual de ruta para investigar en grado y en postgrado. Salamanca: Amaru.
Dyches, T. T., Smith, T. B., Korth, B. B., Roper, S. O. y Mandleco, B. (2012). Positive parenting of children with developmental disabilities: a meta-analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 2213-2220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.06.015
Estalella, A. y Ardèvol, E. (2007). Ética de campo: hacia una ética situada para la investigación etnográfica de internet. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 8(3).
Feniger-Schaal, R. y Oppenheim, D. (2013). Resolution of the diagnosis and maternal sensitivity among mothers of children with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 306-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.08.007
Fiamenghi, G. A., Vedovato, A. G., Meirelles, M. C. y Shimoda, M. E. (2010). Mothers' interaction with their disabled infants: two case studies. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 28(2), 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646830903295042
Fletcher, H. (2016). Attachment relashionships beetwin parents and their children: the impact of "the loss of the healthy child". En H. Fletcher, A. Flood y D. J. Hare (Eds.), Attachment in intellectual and developmental disability: a clinical guide to practices and research. John Wiley and Sons: Londres. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118938119.ch3
Floyd, M. y Dago, R. (2014). La importancia de buena comunicación entre el médico y el niño, la familia, y otros profesionales. Revista Nacional e Internacional de Educación Inclusiva, 7, 148-163.
Hernández, R., Fernández, C. y Baptista, P. (2010). Metodología de la investigación (6.ª ed.). D. F., México: McGraw Hill.
Howe, D. (2006). Disabled children, parent-child interaction and attachment. Child and Family Social Work, 11, 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2006.00397.x
Hsieh, R. L., Hsieh, W. H. y Lee, W. C. (2016). Short-term family-centered workshop for children with developmental delays enhances family functioning and satisfaction: a prospective clinical trial. Medicine, 95(31), e4200. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004200
Janssen, C., Schuengel, C. y Stolk, J. (2002). Understanding challenging behaviour in people with severe and profound intellectual disability: a stress-attachment model. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46(6), 445-453. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2002.00430.x
LaMont, M. (2011). Mother-child attachment and preschool behavior problems in children with developmental delay. Dissertation Abstracts International, 72, 1827.
Lewallen, A. C. y Neece, C. L. (2015). Improved social skills in children with developmental delays after parent participation in MBSR: The role of parent-child relational factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(10), 3117-3129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0116-8
López, F. y Ortiz, M. J. (2001). El desarrollo del apego en la primera infancia. En F. López, I. Etxebarria, M. J. Fuentes y M. J. Ortiz (Coords.), Desarrollo afectivo y social (pp. 41-64). Madrid: Pirámide.
Lucassen, N., Tharner, A., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Volling, B. L., Verhulst, F. C., Lambregtse-van den Berg, M. P. y Tiemeier, H. (2011). The association between paternal sensitivity and infant-father attachment security: a meta-analysis of three decades of research. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(6), 986-992. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025855
Martínez, A. y Calet, N. (2015). Intervención en Atención Temprana: Enfoque desde el ámbito familiar. Escritos de Psicología, 8(2), 33-42. Recuperado de http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1989-38092015000200006. https://doi.org/10.5231/psy.writ.2015.1905
Morin, I. (2012). Les troubles de l'attachement en déficience intellectuelle. Québec: SQETGC.
Moss, E., Dubois-Comtois, K. y Cyr, C. (2010). Efficacy of a home-visiting intervention aimed at improving maternal sensitivity, child attachment, and behavioral outcomes for maltreated children: a randomized control trial. Dev Psychopathol, 195-210. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000738
Narbona, J. y Schlumberger, É. (2008). Retraso Psicomotor. En J. Narbona García y C. Casas Fernández, Protocolos de Neurología (pp. 151-157). Madrid: SENP-AEP.
Oppenheim, D., Dolev, S., Koren-Karie, N., Sher-Censor, E., Yirmiya, N. y Salomon, S. (2007). Mother's reactions to their child's diagnosis: relations with security of attachment. En D. Oppenheim y D. F. Goldsmith, Attachment theory in clinical work with children bridging the gap between research and practice (pp. 109-136). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Pérez-Salas, C. P. y Santelices, M. P. (2009). Vinculación en niños con discapacidad intelectual: Reflexiones para la promoción de un apego seguro. Revista de Psicopatología y Salud Mental del Niño y del Adolescente, 14, 17-25.
Rodríguez, G. y Gómez, M. (2010). Análisis de contenidos y textual de datos cualitativos. En S. Nieto Martín (Coord.), Principios, métodos y técnicas esenciales para la investigación educativa (pp. 191-219). Madrid: Dykinson.
Rutgers, A. H., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Swinkels, S. H. N., van Daalen, E., Dietz, C., Naber, F. B. A., Bui Telaar, J. y van Engeland, H. (2007). Autism, attachment and parenting: a comparison of children with autism spectrum disorder, mental retardation, language disorder, and non-clinical children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 35, 859-870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9139-y
Sánchez, M. C., Delgado, M. C. y Santos, M. C. (2012). El proceso de investigación cualitativa. Manual de procedimiento: ejemplificación con una tesis doctoral. Valladolid: Edintras.
Schuengel, C., Clasien de Schipper, J., Sterkenburg, P. y Kef, S. (2013). Attachment, Intellectual Disabilities and Mental Health: Research, Assessment and Intervention. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 26, 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12010
Schuengel, C., Kef, S., Damen, S. y Worm, M. (2010). 'People who need people': attachment and professional caregiving. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(supl. 1), 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01236.x
Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología (26 de julio de 2008). Declaración Universal de Principios Éticos para Psicólogas y Psicólogos. Recuparado de Biblioteca Virtual en Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires: http://bvs.psi.uba.ar/local/File/DeclaracionPrinEticosSIP.PDF.
Teague, S. J., Newman, L. K., Tonge, B. J. y Gray, K. M. (2018). Caregiver mental health, parenting practices, and perceptions of child attachment in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(8), 2642-2652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3517-x
Tójar, J. C. (2006). Investigación cualitativa: comprender y actuar. Madrid: La Muralla.
Van Ijzendoorn, M., Rutgers, A., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., van Daalen, E., Dietz, C., Swinkels, S., van Daalen, E., Dietz, C., Naber, F., Buitelaar, J. K. y van Engeland, H. (2007). Parental sensitivity and attachment in children with autism spectrum disorder: comparison with children with mental retardation, with language delays, and with typical development. Child Development, 78(2), 597-608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01016.x
García Toro, M., & Sánchez Gómez, M. C. (2020). Attachment experiences in mothers of children with developmental delay: content analysis. Siglo Cero, 51(1), 89–109. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero202051189109
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