Analyzing context to improve outcomes
Research and best practices
Abstract Context matters in the lives of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and is acknowledged as an influencing factor in various approaches to understanding and developing systems of supports. However, there is not a shared and common understanding of context, how to operationalize it, and how to leverage contextual analysis to drive change in outcomes for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Researchers have engaged in work to operationally define context, recognize the multidimensionality of context, and define methods (i. e., contextual analysis) to assess contextual factors and drive systemic change. This paper provides an overview of this work, highlighting how a multidimensional understanding of context as multifactorial, multilevel, and interactive can recognize the totality of circumstances that comprise context. Using this understanding can drive contextual analysis and the implementation of a context-based change model to enhance personal outcomes. Ways contextual analysis can advance the adoption of a shared citizenship paradigm to advance personal and systemic outcomes is described.
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Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
Buntinx, W. H. E. (2006). The relationship between the WHO-ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disaiblity and Health) and the AAMR 2002 system. In H. Switzky and S. Greenspan (Eds.), What is mental retardation? (pp. 6-10). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Luckasson, R., Borthwick-Duffy, S., Buntinx, W. H. E., Coulter, D. L., Craig, E. P. M., Reeve, A., Schalock, R. L., Snell, M. E., Spitalnik, D. M., Spreat, S. and Tasse, M. J. (2002). Mental retardation: Definition, classification, and systems of support (10th ed.). American Association on Mental Retardation.
Luckasson, R., Schalock, R. L., Tassé, M. J. and Shogren, K. A. (2023). The intellectual and developmental disability shared citizenship paradigm: its cross-cultural status, implementation and confirmation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 67(1), 64-76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12992
Schalock, R. L. (2017). Introduction to the special issue on disability policy in a time of change. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 55(4), 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-55.4.215
Schalock, R. L., Borthwick-Duffy, S., Bradley, V., Buntix, W. H. E., Coulter, D. L., Craig, E. P. M., Gomez, S. C., Lachapelle, Y., Luckasson, R. A., Reeve, A., Shogren, K. A., Snell, M. E., Spreat, S., Tasse, M. J., Thompson, J. R., Verdugo, M. Á., Wehmeyer, M. L. and Yeager, M. H. (2010). Intellectual disability: Definition, classification and systems of support (11th ed.). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R. and Tassé, M. J. (2021). Intellectual disability: Definition, diagnosis, classification, and systems of supports (12th ed.). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., Tassé, M. J. and Shogren, K. A. (2022). The IDD paradigm of shared citizenship: Its operationalization, application, evaluation, and shaping for the future. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 60(5), 426-443. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-60.5.426
Shogren, K. A., Luckasson, R. and Schalock, R. L. (2014). The definition of context and its application in the field of intellectual disability. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 11(2), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12077
Shogren, K. A., Luckasson, R. and Schalock, R. L. (2018). The responsibility to build contexts that enhance human functioning and promote valued outcomes for people with intellectual disability: Strengthening system responsiveness. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 56(4), 287-300. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-56.5.287
Shogren, K. A., Luckasson, R. and Schalock, R. L. (2020). Using a multi-dimensional model to analyze context and enhance personal outcomes. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 58(2), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-58.2.95
Shogren, K. A., Luckasson, R. and Schalock, R. L. (2021). Leveraging the power of context in disability policy development, implementation, and evaluation: Multiple applications to enhance personal outcomes. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 31(4), 230-243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207320923656
Shogren, K. A., Schalock, R. L. and Luckasson, R. (2018). The use of a context-based change model to unfreeze the status quo and drive valued outcomes. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 15(2), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12233
Turnbull, H. R. and Stowe, M. J. (2017). A model for analyzing disability policy. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 55(4), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-55.4.223
United Nations. (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability. https://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?navid=14&pid=150
Verdugo, M. Á., Jenaro, C., Calvo, I. and Navas, P. (2017). Disability policy implementation from a cross-cultural perspective. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 55(4), 234-246. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-55.4.234
World Health Organization. (2001). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.
World Health Organization. (2007). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Children and youth version.
Buntinx, W. H. E. (2006). The relationship between the WHO-ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disaiblity and Health) and the AAMR 2002 system. In H. Switzky and S. Greenspan (Eds.), What is mental retardation? (pp. 6-10). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Luckasson, R., Borthwick-Duffy, S., Buntinx, W. H. E., Coulter, D. L., Craig, E. P. M., Reeve, A., Schalock, R. L., Snell, M. E., Spitalnik, D. M., Spreat, S. and Tasse, M. J. (2002). Mental retardation: Definition, classification, and systems of support (10th ed.). American Association on Mental Retardation.
Luckasson, R., Schalock, R. L., Tassé, M. J. and Shogren, K. A. (2023). The intellectual and developmental disability shared citizenship paradigm: its cross-cultural status, implementation and confirmation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 67(1), 64-76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12992
Schalock, R. L. (2017). Introduction to the special issue on disability policy in a time of change. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 55(4), 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-55.4.215
Schalock, R. L., Borthwick-Duffy, S., Bradley, V., Buntix, W. H. E., Coulter, D. L., Craig, E. P. M., Gomez, S. C., Lachapelle, Y., Luckasson, R. A., Reeve, A., Shogren, K. A., Snell, M. E., Spreat, S., Tasse, M. J., Thompson, J. R., Verdugo, M. Á., Wehmeyer, M. L. and Yeager, M. H. (2010). Intellectual disability: Definition, classification and systems of support (11th ed.). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R. and Tassé, M. J. (2021). Intellectual disability: Definition, diagnosis, classification, and systems of supports (12th ed.). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Schalock, R. L., Luckasson, R., Tassé, M. J. and Shogren, K. A. (2022). The IDD paradigm of shared citizenship: Its operationalization, application, evaluation, and shaping for the future. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 60(5), 426-443. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-60.5.426
Shogren, K. A., Luckasson, R. and Schalock, R. L. (2014). The definition of context and its application in the field of intellectual disability. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 11(2), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12077
Shogren, K. A., Luckasson, R. and Schalock, R. L. (2018). The responsibility to build contexts that enhance human functioning and promote valued outcomes for people with intellectual disability: Strengthening system responsiveness. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 56(4), 287-300. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-56.5.287
Shogren, K. A., Luckasson, R. and Schalock, R. L. (2020). Using a multi-dimensional model to analyze context and enhance personal outcomes. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 58(2), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-58.2.95
Shogren, K. A., Luckasson, R. and Schalock, R. L. (2021). Leveraging the power of context in disability policy development, implementation, and evaluation: Multiple applications to enhance personal outcomes. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 31(4), 230-243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207320923656
Shogren, K. A., Schalock, R. L. and Luckasson, R. (2018). The use of a context-based change model to unfreeze the status quo and drive valued outcomes. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 15(2), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12233
Turnbull, H. R. and Stowe, M. J. (2017). A model for analyzing disability policy. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 55(4), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-55.4.223
United Nations. (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability. https://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?navid=14&pid=150
Verdugo, M. Á., Jenaro, C., Calvo, I. and Navas, P. (2017). Disability policy implementation from a cross-cultural perspective. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 55(4), 234-246. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-55.4.234
World Health Organization. (2001). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.
World Health Organization. (2007). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Children and youth version.
Shogren, K. A. (2025). Analyzing context to improve outcomes: Research and best practices. Siglo Cero, 56(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.14201/scero.32214
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