Corpora in Legal Translation: Overcoming Terminological and Phraseological Assymetries between Czech and English
Abstract The paper deals with the role of small-scale corpora of legal language in overcoming terminological and phraseological assymetries between Czech and English. The first part of the paper describes the potential as well as the specifics of the use of such corpora in legal linguistics. The second part of the paper presents selected outcomes of a study involving a comparable-parallel corpus architecture to study the terminology and phraseology of company law in English and Czech. A number of examples are discussed to demonstrate the usefulness of such corpora as a complement to dictionaries and other resources available to translators working with languages of limited diffusion, such as Czech, for identifying terminological and phraseological equivalence in less straightforward cases. The final part discusses the implications for legal translation practice as well as translation training.
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Baker, Paul. 2010. Sociolinguistics and Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Bestué Salinas, Carmen. 2016. «La variación terminológica de los conceptos del derecho de sociedades y sus estrategias de traducción». In Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law 65: 18-35.
Bhatia, Vijay K, Nicola Langton, and Jane Lung. 2004 «Legal Discourse: Opportunities and threats for corpus linguistics». In Discourse in the Professions-A Corpus Linguistics Approach, ed. by Ulla Connor and Thomas Upton, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co, 203-231. https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.16.09bha
Biel, ?ucja. 2010. «Corpus-Based Studies of Legal Language for Translation Purposes: Methodological and Practical Potential». In Reconceptualizing LSP. Online proceedings of the XVII European LSP Symposium 2009, ed. by Carment Heine and Jan Engberg, Aarhus, 1-15.
Biel, ?ucja. 2012. «Areas of similarity and difference in legal phraseology: collocations of key terms in UK and Polish company law». In Phraseology and Discourse: Cross-Linguistic and Corpus-based Approaches, ed. by Antonio Pamies, José Manuel Pazos Bretaña and Lucía Luque Nadal, Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Verlag, 225-233.
Biel, ?ucja and Jan Engberg. 2013 «Research models and methods in legal translation». In Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series - Themes in Translation Studies 12: 1-11.
Biel, ?ucja. 2014. Lost in the Eurofog. The Textual Fit of Translated Law. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-03986-3
Biel, ?ucja 2017a. «Enhancing the communicative dimension of legal translation: comparable corpora in the research-informed classroom». In The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 11(4): 316-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2017.1359761
Biel, ?ucja. 2017b. «Researching Legal Translation: A multi-perspective and mixed-method framework for legal translation». In Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law 68: 76-88.
Borja, Anabel and Isabel García-Izquierdo. 2014. «Corpus-based Knowledge management systems for specialized translators: bridging the gap between theory and professional practice». In Corpus-Based Translation and Interpreting Studies: From Description to Application, ed, by María Teresa Sánchez Nieto, Berlin: Frank & Timme, 191-209.
Cambridge Dictionary (Notice). Accessed 26 June 2019. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/notice
Cambridge Dictionary (Quorum). Accessed 12 April 2019. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/quorum
Chromá, Marta. 2003. ?esko-anglický právnický slovník. Voznice: Leda.
Chromá, Marta. 2014. Právní p?eklad v teorii a praxi: Nový ob?anský zákoník. Praha: Karolinum.
Chromá, Marta. 2016. «Traps of English as a target language in legal translation». Comparative Legilinguistics - International Journal for Legal Communication 26: 71-98. https://doi.org/10.14746/cl.2016.26.04
Dobri? Basaneže, Katja 2017. «Interpreting Phraseological Units in Contracts: The Case of Extended Term-Embedding Collocation». Prgledni glad 84: 196-216. https://doi.org/10.22210/suvlin.2017.084.04
Dub?da, Tomáš, David Mra?ek and Vanda Obdržálková. 2018. P?eklad do nemate?ského jazyka. Prague: Karolinum.
Elischer, David, Ond?ej Frinta, and Monika Pauknerová. 2013. «Recodification of private law in the Czech Republic». In The Scope and Structure of Civil Codes, ed. by Julio César Rivera, Dordrecht: Springer, 105-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7942-6_5
Go?d?-Roszkowksi, Stanis?aw. 2013. «Exploring near-synonymous terms in legal language. A corpus-based phraseological perspective». In Lingustica Anverpiensia New Series - Themes in Translation Studies 13: 94-109.
Go?dz-Roszkowski, Stanislaw and Gianluca Pontrandolfo. 2015. «Legal Phraseology Today: Corpus-based Applications Across Legal Languages and Genres». Fachsprache XXXVII(3-4): 130-138.
Go?d?-Roszkowski, Stanislaw and Gianluca Pontrandolfo. 2017. «Introduction: cross-linguistic approaches and applications to phraseology in legal and institutional discourse». In Phraseology in Legal and Institutional Settings. A Corpus-Based Interdisciplinary Perspective, ed. by Stanislaw Go?d?-Roszkowski, and Gianluca Pontrandolfo. UK: Routledge, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315445724-1
Harvey, Malcolm. 2002. «What's so Special about Legal Translation». In Meta 47 (2): 177-185. https://doi.org/10.7202/008007ar
Harward, Barnaby. 2012. «Giving notice». In Common Mistakes in Business English (blog). Accessed 10 July 2019. https://blog.harwardcommunications.com/2012/03/07/giving-notice/
Heid, Ulrich. 2008. «Computational phraseology: An overview». In Phraseology: An interdisciplinary perspective ed. by Sylviane Granger and Fanny Meunier. Leuven: John Benjamins, 337-360. https://doi.org/10.1075/z.139.28hei
Kjær, Anne Lise. 2000. «On the structure of legal knowledge: The importance of knowing legal rules for understanding legal texts». In Language, Text, and Knowledge. Mental Models of Expert Communication, ed. by Lita Lundquist and Robert J. Jarvella, Berlin/New York: de Gruyter. 127-161. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110826005.127
Klabal, Ond?ej. 2017. «Quality Assurance in Translating National Legislation: The Case of Czech Companies and Cooperatives Act». In Czech and Slovak Linguistic Review 1-2: 87-104.
Ministry of Justice of the Czech Republic. 2015 «Translations». Accessed 23 June 2016. Available from http://obcanskyzakonik.justice.cz/index.php/home/zakony-a-stanoviska/preklady/english
Monzó Nebot, Esther. 2008. «Corpus-based Activities in Legal Translator Training». In The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 2 (2): 221-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2008.10798775
Newmark, Peter. 1981. Approaches to Translation. London/New York: Prentice Hall.
Pastor Lara and Encarnación Tabares Plasencia. 2012. «Estudio de la variación topolectal de las UFE en el ámbito del Derecho Penal español e hispanoamericano». In Phraseology and Discourse: Cross Linguistic and Corpus-based Approaches ed. by Antonio Pamies, Antonio, Lucía Luque Nadal, and José Manuel Pazos Bretaña. Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Hohengehren, 355-366.
Poirier, Eric. 2015. «The interpretation of business in specialized expressions and compound terms for translation purpose», inTRAlinea. Accessed July 8 2019. http://www.intralinea.org/specials/article/the_interpretation_of_business_in_specialized_expressions
Pontrandolfo, Gianluca. 2016. Fraseología y lenguaje judicial. Las sentencias penales desde una perspectiva contrastiva. Roma: Aracne.
Ruusila, Anna and Emilia Lindroos. 2016. «Conditio sine qua non: On Phraseology in Legal Language and its Translation». In Language and Law / Linguagem e Direito 3(1): 120-140.
Schank, Roger. C. and Robert. P. Abelson. 1997. Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: an inquiry into human knowledge structures. N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale.
Scott, Juliette. 2012. «Can Genre-Specific DIY corpora, Compiled by Legal Translators Themselves, Assist them in "Learning the Lingo" of Legal Subgenres». In Comparative Legilinguistics 12: 87-100.
Štefková, Markéta. 2013. Právný text v preklade: Translatologické aspekty právnej komunikácie v kombináciách málo rozšírených jazykov. Bratislava: Iura Edition.
Tabares Plasencia, Encarnación and Juan Manuel Pérez Vigaray. 2007. «Fraseología terminológica: estado de la cuestión y ejemplo de análisis contrastivo». In Revista de Filología de la Universidad de La Laguna 25: 565-575.
Tabares Plasencia, Encarnación and Vessela Ivanova. 2009. «La variación topolectal en Terminología. Implicaciones para la traducción jurídica español-alemán». In Panorama actual del estudio y la enseñanza de discursos especializados edited by María José Varela Salinas. Bern: Peter Lang, 67-93.
Tabares Plasencia, Encarnación. 2016. «Fraseología jurídica y variación topolectal». In Onomázein 33: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.33.1
Vigier Moreno, Francisco J. 2016. «Teaching the Use of ad hoc Corpora». In Language and Law / Linguagem e Direito 3 (1): 100-119.
Vogel, Friedemann; Hanjo Hamann and Isabelle Gauer. 2017. «Computer Assisted Legal Linguistics: Corpora and Empirical Methods As a New Instrument in the Legal Toolbox». In Law & Social Inquiry. Journal of the American Bar Foundation (ABF) 43(4): 1340-1363. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12305
Bestué Salinas, Carmen. 2016. «La variación terminológica de los conceptos del derecho de sociedades y sus estrategias de traducción». In Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law 65: 18-35.
Bhatia, Vijay K, Nicola Langton, and Jane Lung. 2004 «Legal Discourse: Opportunities and threats for corpus linguistics». In Discourse in the Professions-A Corpus Linguistics Approach, ed. by Ulla Connor and Thomas Upton, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co, 203-231. https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.16.09bha
Biel, ?ucja. 2010. «Corpus-Based Studies of Legal Language for Translation Purposes: Methodological and Practical Potential». In Reconceptualizing LSP. Online proceedings of the XVII European LSP Symposium 2009, ed. by Carment Heine and Jan Engberg, Aarhus, 1-15.
Biel, ?ucja. 2012. «Areas of similarity and difference in legal phraseology: collocations of key terms in UK and Polish company law». In Phraseology and Discourse: Cross-Linguistic and Corpus-based Approaches, ed. by Antonio Pamies, José Manuel Pazos Bretaña and Lucía Luque Nadal, Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Verlag, 225-233.
Biel, ?ucja and Jan Engberg. 2013 «Research models and methods in legal translation». In Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series - Themes in Translation Studies 12: 1-11.
Biel, ?ucja. 2014. Lost in the Eurofog. The Textual Fit of Translated Law. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-03986-3
Biel, ?ucja 2017a. «Enhancing the communicative dimension of legal translation: comparable corpora in the research-informed classroom». In The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 11(4): 316-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2017.1359761
Biel, ?ucja. 2017b. «Researching Legal Translation: A multi-perspective and mixed-method framework for legal translation». In Revista de Llengua i Dret, Journal of Language and Law 68: 76-88.
Borja, Anabel and Isabel García-Izquierdo. 2014. «Corpus-based Knowledge management systems for specialized translators: bridging the gap between theory and professional practice». In Corpus-Based Translation and Interpreting Studies: From Description to Application, ed, by María Teresa Sánchez Nieto, Berlin: Frank & Timme, 191-209.
Cambridge Dictionary (Notice). Accessed 26 June 2019. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/notice
Cambridge Dictionary (Quorum). Accessed 12 April 2019. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/quorum
Chromá, Marta. 2003. ?esko-anglický právnický slovník. Voznice: Leda.
Chromá, Marta. 2014. Právní p?eklad v teorii a praxi: Nový ob?anský zákoník. Praha: Karolinum.
Chromá, Marta. 2016. «Traps of English as a target language in legal translation». Comparative Legilinguistics - International Journal for Legal Communication 26: 71-98. https://doi.org/10.14746/cl.2016.26.04
Dobri? Basaneže, Katja 2017. «Interpreting Phraseological Units in Contracts: The Case of Extended Term-Embedding Collocation». Prgledni glad 84: 196-216. https://doi.org/10.22210/suvlin.2017.084.04
Dub?da, Tomáš, David Mra?ek and Vanda Obdržálková. 2018. P?eklad do nemate?ského jazyka. Prague: Karolinum.
Elischer, David, Ond?ej Frinta, and Monika Pauknerová. 2013. «Recodification of private law in the Czech Republic». In The Scope and Structure of Civil Codes, ed. by Julio César Rivera, Dordrecht: Springer, 105-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7942-6_5
Go?d?-Roszkowksi, Stanis?aw. 2013. «Exploring near-synonymous terms in legal language. A corpus-based phraseological perspective». In Lingustica Anverpiensia New Series - Themes in Translation Studies 13: 94-109.
Go?dz-Roszkowski, Stanislaw and Gianluca Pontrandolfo. 2015. «Legal Phraseology Today: Corpus-based Applications Across Legal Languages and Genres». Fachsprache XXXVII(3-4): 130-138.
Go?d?-Roszkowski, Stanislaw and Gianluca Pontrandolfo. 2017. «Introduction: cross-linguistic approaches and applications to phraseology in legal and institutional discourse». In Phraseology in Legal and Institutional Settings. A Corpus-Based Interdisciplinary Perspective, ed. by Stanislaw Go?d?-Roszkowski, and Gianluca Pontrandolfo. UK: Routledge, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315445724-1
Harvey, Malcolm. 2002. «What's so Special about Legal Translation». In Meta 47 (2): 177-185. https://doi.org/10.7202/008007ar
Harward, Barnaby. 2012. «Giving notice». In Common Mistakes in Business English (blog). Accessed 10 July 2019. https://blog.harwardcommunications.com/2012/03/07/giving-notice/
Heid, Ulrich. 2008. «Computational phraseology: An overview». In Phraseology: An interdisciplinary perspective ed. by Sylviane Granger and Fanny Meunier. Leuven: John Benjamins, 337-360. https://doi.org/10.1075/z.139.28hei
Kjær, Anne Lise. 2000. «On the structure of legal knowledge: The importance of knowing legal rules for understanding legal texts». In Language, Text, and Knowledge. Mental Models of Expert Communication, ed. by Lita Lundquist and Robert J. Jarvella, Berlin/New York: de Gruyter. 127-161. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110826005.127
Klabal, Ond?ej. 2017. «Quality Assurance in Translating National Legislation: The Case of Czech Companies and Cooperatives Act». In Czech and Slovak Linguistic Review 1-2: 87-104.
Ministry of Justice of the Czech Republic. 2015 «Translations». Accessed 23 June 2016. Available from http://obcanskyzakonik.justice.cz/index.php/home/zakony-a-stanoviska/preklady/english
Monzó Nebot, Esther. 2008. «Corpus-based Activities in Legal Translator Training». In The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 2 (2): 221-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750399X.2008.10798775
Newmark, Peter. 1981. Approaches to Translation. London/New York: Prentice Hall.
Pastor Lara and Encarnación Tabares Plasencia. 2012. «Estudio de la variación topolectal de las UFE en el ámbito del Derecho Penal español e hispanoamericano». In Phraseology and Discourse: Cross Linguistic and Corpus-based Approaches ed. by Antonio Pamies, Antonio, Lucía Luque Nadal, and José Manuel Pazos Bretaña. Baltmannsweiler: Schneider Hohengehren, 355-366.
Poirier, Eric. 2015. «The interpretation of business in specialized expressions and compound terms for translation purpose», inTRAlinea. Accessed July 8 2019. http://www.intralinea.org/specials/article/the_interpretation_of_business_in_specialized_expressions
Pontrandolfo, Gianluca. 2016. Fraseología y lenguaje judicial. Las sentencias penales desde una perspectiva contrastiva. Roma: Aracne.
Ruusila, Anna and Emilia Lindroos. 2016. «Conditio sine qua non: On Phraseology in Legal Language and its Translation». In Language and Law / Linguagem e Direito 3(1): 120-140.
Schank, Roger. C. and Robert. P. Abelson. 1997. Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: an inquiry into human knowledge structures. N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale.
Scott, Juliette. 2012. «Can Genre-Specific DIY corpora, Compiled by Legal Translators Themselves, Assist them in "Learning the Lingo" of Legal Subgenres». In Comparative Legilinguistics 12: 87-100.
Štefková, Markéta. 2013. Právný text v preklade: Translatologické aspekty právnej komunikácie v kombináciách málo rozšírených jazykov. Bratislava: Iura Edition.
Tabares Plasencia, Encarnación and Juan Manuel Pérez Vigaray. 2007. «Fraseología terminológica: estado de la cuestión y ejemplo de análisis contrastivo». In Revista de Filología de la Universidad de La Laguna 25: 565-575.
Tabares Plasencia, Encarnación and Vessela Ivanova. 2009. «La variación topolectal en Terminología. Implicaciones para la traducción jurídica español-alemán». In Panorama actual del estudio y la enseñanza de discursos especializados edited by María José Varela Salinas. Bern: Peter Lang, 67-93.
Tabares Plasencia, Encarnación. 2016. «Fraseología jurídica y variación topolectal». In Onomázein 33: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.33.1
Vigier Moreno, Francisco J. 2016. «Teaching the Use of ad hoc Corpora». In Language and Law / Linguagem e Direito 3 (1): 100-119.
Vogel, Friedemann; Hanjo Hamann and Isabelle Gauer. 2017. «Computer Assisted Legal Linguistics: Corpora and Empirical Methods As a New Instrument in the Legal Toolbox». In Law & Social Inquiry. Journal of the American Bar Foundation (ABF) 43(4): 1340-1363. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12305
Klabal, O. (2019). Corpora in Legal Translation: Overcoming Terminological and Phraseological Assymetries between Czech and English. CLINA Revista Interdisciplinaria De Traducción Interpretación Y Comunicación Intercultural, 5(2), 165–186. https://doi.org/10.14201/clina201952165186
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