Non-Translation, Code-Switching, and the Reader-as-Translator
Abstract Translation possesses an inherent relationship with conflict and is inescapably involved with power relations. This essay focuses on literary texts that involve code-switching and non-translation as potential loci for such clashes. The fundamental point of argument revolves around how authors such as Helena Maria Viramontes, Cormac McCarthy, and Junot Diaz use untranslated, unmarked Spanish to create situations in which the reader assumes the role of translator. How do readers confront these critical moments in their role as translator? Situations extracted from code-switching narratives provide the textual basis for reflections upon the reconstructed reading experience of a typical, mostly monolingual English reader when faced with embedded Spanish material within an English matrix text. Combining elements of translation studies, bilingual studies, and narrative theory, the normative experience of reading is contrasted with the multitude of potential experiences that code-switching literary texts can trigger in monolingual and bilingual readers.
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Baker, Mona. 2006. Translation and Conflict. London: Routledge.
Bhatt, Rakesh M. and Agnes Bolonyai. 2011. "Code-Switching and the Optimal Grammar of Bilingual Language Use." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14 (4): 522-46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728910000295
Campbell, Lt. Jim. "A Translation of the Spanish in Cities of the Plain", cormacmccarthy.com. Accessed June 19, 2014. www.cormacmccarthy.com/resources/translations/
Callahan, Laura. 2004. Spanish/English Codeswitching in a Written Corpus. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.27
Casielles-Suarez, Eugenia. 2013. "Radical Code-Switching in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao." Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 90 (4): 475-87. https://doi.org/10.3828/bhs.2013.30
Cespedes, Diogenes, Silvio Torres-Saillant and Junot Diaz. 2000. "Fiction is the Poor Man's Cinema: An Interview with Junot Diaz." Callaloo 23 (3): 892-907. https://doi.org/10.1353/cal.2000.0131
Ch'ien, Evelyn Nien-Ming. 2004. Weird English. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cutter, Martha J. 2005. Lost & Found in Translation: Contemporary Ethnic American Writing and the Politics of Language Diversity. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Diaz, Junot. 2007. The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. New York: Riverhead.
Diaz, Junot. 2012. This Is How You Lose Her. New York: Riverhead.
Gardner-Chloros, Penelope. 2009. Code-Switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609787
McCarthy, Cormac. 1992. All the Pretty Horses. New York: Vintage.
McCarthy, Cormac. 1998. Cities of the Plain. New York: Knopf.
McCarthy, Cormac. 1994. The Crossing. New York: Knopf.
Montes-Alcala, Cecilia. 2012. "Code-Switching in US-Latino Novels." In Language Mixing and Code-Switching in Writing: Approaches to Mixed-Language Written Discourse, ed. by Mark Sebb, Shahrzad Mahootian, and Carla Jonsson. New York: Routledge, 68-88.
Noble, Alan. 2012. "Narrative, Being, and the Dialogic Novel: The Problem of Discourse and Language in Cormac McCarthy's The Crossing." Western American Literature 47 (3): 236-57. https://doi.org/10.1353/wal.2012.0061
Parker, Robert Dale. 2003. The Invention of Native American Literature. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Torres, Lourdes. 2007. "In the Contact Zone: Code-Switching Strategies by Latino/a Writers." MELUS 32 (1): 75-96. https://doi.org/10.1093/melus/32.1.75
Viramontes, Helena Maria. 2000. "Praying for Knowledge." In Latina Self-Portrait: Interviews with Contemporary Women Writers, ed. by Bridget Kevane and Juanita Heredia. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 141-54.
Viramontes, Helena Maria. 1996. Under the Feet of Jesus. New York: Plume.
Bhatt, Rakesh M. and Agnes Bolonyai. 2011. "Code-Switching and the Optimal Grammar of Bilingual Language Use." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14 (4): 522-46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728910000295
Campbell, Lt. Jim. "A Translation of the Spanish in Cities of the Plain", cormacmccarthy.com. Accessed June 19, 2014. www.cormacmccarthy.com/resources/translations/
Callahan, Laura. 2004. Spanish/English Codeswitching in a Written Corpus. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.27
Casielles-Suarez, Eugenia. 2013. "Radical Code-Switching in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao." Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 90 (4): 475-87. https://doi.org/10.3828/bhs.2013.30
Cespedes, Diogenes, Silvio Torres-Saillant and Junot Diaz. 2000. "Fiction is the Poor Man's Cinema: An Interview with Junot Diaz." Callaloo 23 (3): 892-907. https://doi.org/10.1353/cal.2000.0131
Ch'ien, Evelyn Nien-Ming. 2004. Weird English. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cutter, Martha J. 2005. Lost & Found in Translation: Contemporary Ethnic American Writing and the Politics of Language Diversity. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Diaz, Junot. 2007. The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. New York: Riverhead.
Diaz, Junot. 2012. This Is How You Lose Her. New York: Riverhead.
Gardner-Chloros, Penelope. 2009. Code-Switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609787
McCarthy, Cormac. 1992. All the Pretty Horses. New York: Vintage.
McCarthy, Cormac. 1998. Cities of the Plain. New York: Knopf.
McCarthy, Cormac. 1994. The Crossing. New York: Knopf.
Montes-Alcala, Cecilia. 2012. "Code-Switching in US-Latino Novels." In Language Mixing and Code-Switching in Writing: Approaches to Mixed-Language Written Discourse, ed. by Mark Sebb, Shahrzad Mahootian, and Carla Jonsson. New York: Routledge, 68-88.
Noble, Alan. 2012. "Narrative, Being, and the Dialogic Novel: The Problem of Discourse and Language in Cormac McCarthy's The Crossing." Western American Literature 47 (3): 236-57. https://doi.org/10.1353/wal.2012.0061
Parker, Robert Dale. 2003. The Invention of Native American Literature. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Torres, Lourdes. 2007. "In the Contact Zone: Code-Switching Strategies by Latino/a Writers." MELUS 32 (1): 75-96. https://doi.org/10.1093/melus/32.1.75
Viramontes, Helena Maria. 2000. "Praying for Knowledge." In Latina Self-Portrait: Interviews with Contemporary Women Writers, ed. by Bridget Kevane and Juanita Heredia. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 141-54.
Viramontes, Helena Maria. 1996. Under the Feet of Jesus. New York: Plume.
Womble, T. (2017). Non-Translation, Code-Switching, and the Reader-as-Translator. CLINA Revista Interdisciplinaria De Traducción Interpretación Y Comunicación Intercultural, 3(1), 57–76. https://doi.org/10.14201/clina2017315776
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