Fundamentalism, Argumentative Strategies, and Emotions: A Perspective from Higher-Order Cognition
Abstract This paper examines the problem of fundamentalism from the point of view of higher-order cognition; that is, of cognitive systems composed by more than one human being. It is proposed that second-order brains work well if 1) they are diverse; that is, it contains diverse perspectives and heuristics; and 2) if they have cohesion, that is if the different parts listen to each other. Fundamentalism is characterized by the idea of authoritarianism in authors such as Robert Altemeyer or Theodor Adorno, by theories of authoritarian and democratic cognition in Solomon Schimmel and Humberto Maturana, and by the idea of political foundations and moral emotions of Johnathan Haidt. Fundamentalism is understood as an active effort that involves feelings such as hate, of evading to participate in the World Brain, namely, the higher-order system that gathers to all human beings.
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ALTEMEYER, B. (2006). “The Authoritarians”. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bxxy
lK6fR81rckQxWi1hVFFRUDg/view?resourcekey=0-WGxUhtR8lhJdnFck4tTIyA (última consulta 10.06.2021).
Anderson, M. (1988). Revolution. San Diego. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
BEER, S. (1994). Designing Freedom. New York. John Wiley & Sons.
BEER, S. (1995). Brain of the Firm. New York. John Wiley & Sons.
BULA, G., Garavito, M. C y González, S. (2021). “Cognitive Bubbles: Towards a Logic of Fundamentalism”. Tópicos, 60, pp. 413-436.
COLOMBETTI, G. (2014). The Feeling Body: Affective Science Meets the Enactive Mind. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
DENNETT, D. (2001). “Are we explaining consciousness yet?” Cognition, 79, pp. 221-237
DEWEY, J. (1950). “Democracy” en Randall, J. H. et. al. (eds) Readings in Philosophy. New York, Barnes and Noble.
EVOLA, J. (1995). Revolt Against the Modern World. Rochester, VT. Inner Traditions
GALLAGHER, S. & ZAHAVI, S. (2008). The phenomenological mind. London. Routledge.
GORE, A. (2007). El ataque contra la razón. Barcelona. Random House.
GUIORA, A. (2014). Tolerating Intolerance: The Price of Protecting Extremism. Oxford. Oxford University Press.
HAIDT, J. (2003). “The Moral Emotions”, en R. Davidson, K. Scherer y H. Goldsmith (eds.), Handbook of Affective Sciences, pp. 852-870. Oxford. Oxford University Press.
HAIDT, J., & Graham, J. (2007). “When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recogni-ze”. Social Justice Research, 20, 98-116.
HALBERSTAM, D. (1993). The Best and the Brightest. New York, Ballantine.
HAYEK, F. (1976). Camino de Servidumbre. Madrid, Alianza.
HOROWITZ, J. (2017). Steve Bannon cited Italian thinker who inspired fascists. The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/10/world/europe/bannon-vatican-julius-evola-fascism.html?_r=0 (última consulta 10.06.2021).
JANIS, I. (1980). “Groupthink”, en Leavitt, H., Pondit, L. y Boje, M. Readings in Managerial Psychology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
KLEIN, M. (2007). The Shock Doctrine. Nueva York: Picador.
LAKOFF, G. (2007). No pienses en un elefante. Lenguaje y debate político. Madrid: Editorial Complutense.
LÓPEZ DE LIZAGA, J. (2007). “Leo Strauss y la rehabilitación de la filosofía política clásica”. Studivm, Revista de humanidades, 13, pp. 171-184.
MATURANA, H. (1995). La democracia es una obra de arte. Bogotá, Magisterio.
REYNOLDS, C. (1987). “Flocks, herds and schools: a distributed behavioral model. SIGGRAPH ‘87”. Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques pp. 25-34. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=37406 (última con-sulta 10.06.2021).
PAGE, S. (2007a). “Making the Difference: Applying a Logic of Diversity”. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(4), pp. 6-20.
PAGE, S. (2007b). The difference. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
POPPER, K. (1981). La sociedad abierta y sus enemigos. Barcelona, Paidós.
POSTEL, D. (2003). “Noble lies and perpetual war: Leo Strauss, the neocons, and Iraq”. openDemocracy.net, https://www.opendemocracy.net/faithiraqwarphiloshophy/article_1542.jsp (última consulta 10.06.2021).
RAY, D. G., Mackie, D. M., y Smith E. R. (2014). “Intergroup emotion: self-categorization, emotion, and the regulation of inter-group conflict”, en von Scheve, C. y Salmela, M. (eds). Collective Emotions Perspectives from Psychology, Philosophy, and Socio-logy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
SCHIMMEL, S. (2008). The Tenacity of Unreasonable Beliefs. Oxford: UK. Oxford University Press.
SCHULER, D. (2001). “Cultivating Society’s Civic Intelligence: Patterns for a New ‘World Brain’”. Information, Communication & Society, 4:2 pp. 157-181.
SHORRIS, E. (2004). Ignoble liars: Leo Strauss, George Bush, and the philosophy of mass deception. Harper’s Magazine, 1, pp. 65-71.
SCHMITT, C. (2009). El concepto de lo político. Madrid, Alianza editorial.
STRAUSS, L. (1996). Persecución y el arte de escribir. Valencia, Alfons el Magnánim.
STRAUSS, L. (2005). Sobre la tiranía. Madrid, Encuentro.
SUNSTEIN, C. (2003). República.com. Barcelona, Paidós.
VERGARA, J. (2005). La utopía neoliberal y sus críticos. Utopía y praxis latinoamericana, 10, 31, pp. 37-62.
Garavito Gómez, M. C., & Bula Caraballo, G. (2022). Fundamentalism, Argumentative Strategies, and Emotions: A Perspective from Higher-Order Cognition. Azafea: Revista De Filosofía, 23(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.14201/azafea2021233956
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