Mobilização Clientelista e Participação Política Fora da Arena Eleitoral
Resumo Os estudos sobre a mobilização do clientelismo têm se concentrado quase que exclusivamente no clientelismo eleitoral, ou seja, nos esforços dos partidos e intermediários para incentivar o voto e a participação em eventos de campanha. O que tem recebido muito menos atenção é o impacto da mobilização clientelista nas formas de participação política que desafiam as elites, como protestos e demandas cidadãs. Este estudo usa dados das pesquisas LAPOP de 2010 e 2014 para explorar o impacto da compra de votos em formas não eleitorais de atividade política. Apesar da expectativa de que ação coletiva e mobilização patronal sejam incompatíveis, este estudo demonstra uma forte relação empírica entre compra de votos e participação em protestos na maioria dos países latino-americanos. Além disso, a análise mostra que as pessoas que recebem ofertas de compra de votos têm muito mais chances de participar das reivindicações. Exploro os mecanismos pelos quais o clientelismo fomenta esse ativismo político, destacando o papel das organizações cívicas e a forma como a mobilização clientelista fomenta identidades partidárias e um maior interesse por questões políticas entre os cidadãos.
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AmericasBarometer by the LAPOP Lab, www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop
Auerbach, A. (2016). Clients and Communities: The Political Economy of Party Network Organization and Development in India’s Urban Slums. World Politics, 68(1), 111-148.
Auerbach, A. (2017). Neighborhood Associations and the Urban Poor: India’s Slum Development Committees. World Development, 96, 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.002
Auerbach, A., & Thachil T. (2018). How Clients Select Brokers: Competition and Choice in India’s Slums. American Political Science Review, 112(2), 775-791. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305541800028X
Auyero, J. (1999). From the Client’s Point of View: How Poor People Perceive and Evaluate Political Clientelism. Theory and Society 28(2), 297-334. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006905214896
Auyero, J. (2000). The Logic of Clientelism in Argentina: An Ethnographic Account. Latin American Research Review 35(3), 55-81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0023879100018653
Auyero, J. (2007). Routine politics and violence in Argentina: The gray zone of state power. Cambridge University Press.
Auyero, J., Lapegna, P., & Poma, F. P. (2009). Patronage Politics and Contentious Collective Action: A Recursive Relationship. Latin American Politics and Society, 51(3), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00054.x
Beltrán, U., & Castro Cornejo, R. (2019). La activación clientelar del electorado en México. Entre compra de votos y comunicación política. Política y gobierno, 26(2), 171-204.
Boulding, C., & Holzner C. A. (2020). Community Organizations and Latin America’s Poorest Citizens: Voting, Protesting and Contacting Government. Latin American Politics and Society, 62(4), 98-125. https://doi.org/10.1017/lap.2020.17
Boulding, C., & Holzner C. A. (2021). Voice and Inequality: Poverty and Political Participation in Latin American Democracies. Oxford University Press.
Brusco, V., Nazareno, M., & Stokes, S. (2004). Vote Buying in Argentina. Latin American Research Review, 39(2), 66-88. https://doi.org/10.1353/lar.2004.0022
Canel, E. (2012). “Fragmented Clientelism” in Montevideo: Training Ground for Community Engagement with participatory Decentralization. In T.Hilgers (Ed.), Clientelism in Everyday Latin American Politics, (pp. 137-158). Palgrave McMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137275998_8
Carlin, R. E., & Moseley, M. (2015). Good democrats, bad targets: Democratic values and clientelistic vote buying. The Journal of Politics, 77(1), 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1086/678307
Carlin, R. E., & Moseley, M. W. (2022). When Clientelism Backfires: Vote Buying, Democratic Attitudes, and Electoral Retaliation in Latin America. Political Research Quarterly, 75(3), 766-781. https://doi.org/10.11177/10659129211020126
Castro Cornejo, R. and Beltrán, U. (2022). Who Receives Electoral Gifts? It Depends on Question Wording: Experimental Evidence from Mexico. Political Behavior, 44(1), 227-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-020-09618-1
Córdova, A. (2008). Methodological Note: Measuring Relative Wealth Using Household Asset Indicators. AmericasBarometer Insights, 6, 1-9.
Cornelius, W. (1974). Urbanization and Political Demand Making: Political Participation Among the Migrant Poor in Latin American Cities. American Political Science Review, 68(3), 1125-1146. https://doi.org/10.2307/1959152
Dixit, A., & Londregan, J. (1996). The Determinants of Success of Special Interests in Redistributive Politics. The Journal of Politics, 58(4), 1132-55. https://doi.org/10.2307/2960152
Eisenstadt, S. N., & Roniger, L. (1980). Patron-Client Relations as a Model of Structuring Social Exchange. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 22(1), 42-77. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500009154
Epstein, D. J. (2009). Clientelism Versus Ideology: Problems of Party Development in Brazil. Party Politics, 15(3), 335-355. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068809102250
Escobar, A., & Alvarez, S. (Eds.). (1998). Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy and Democracy, Routledge.
Garay, C., Palmer-Rubin, B., & Poertner, M. (2020). Organizational and Partisan Brokerage of Social Benefits: Social Policy Linkages in Mexico. World Development, 136, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105103
Gay, R. (1998). Rethinking Clientelism: Demands, Discourses and Practices in Contemporary Brazil. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, (65), 7-24.
González Ocantos, E., de Jonge, C. K., Meléndez, C., Osorio, J., & Nickerson, D. W. (2012). Vote buying and social desirability bias: Experimental evidence from Nicaragua. American Journal of Political Science, 56(1), 202-217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00540.x
González Ocantos, E., de Jonge, C., & Nickerson, D. (2014). The Conditionality of Vote-Buying Norms: Experimental Evidence from Latin America. American Journal of Political Science, 58(1), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12047
Hicken, A. (2011). Clientelism. Annual Review of Political Science, 14(1), 102-132. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220508
Hilgers T. (2009). ’Who is using Whom?’ Clientelism from the Client’s Perspective. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research, 15(1), 51-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/13260219.2009.9649902
Hilgers, T. (Ed.). (2012). Clientelism in Everyday Latin American Politics. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Holland, A., & Palmer-Rubin, B. (2015) Beyond the Machine: Clientelist Brokers and Interest Organizations in Latin America. Comparative Political Studies, 48(9), 1186-1223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015574883
Holzner, C. (2004). The End of Clientelism? Strong and Weak Networks in a Mexican Squatter Movement. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 9(3), 223–40. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.9.3.f588244l3644j156
Kitschelt, H., & Wilkinson, S. (2007). Patrons, Clients, and Policies. Cambridge University Press.
Lapegna, P. (2013). Social Movements and Patronage Politics: Processes of Demobilization and Dual Pressure. Sociological Forum, 28(4), 842-863. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12059
Lapegna, P., & Auyero, J. (2012). Democratic Processes, Patronage Politics, and Contentious Collective Action in El Alto, Bolivia. In T. Hilgers (Ed.), Clientelism in Everyday Latin American Politics (pp. 63-80). Palgrave McMillan. https://doi.org/10.10157/9781137275998_4
Lazar, S. (2004). Personalist Politics, Clientelism and Citizenship: Local Elections in El Alto, Bolivia. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 23(2), 228-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2004.00106.x
Levitsky, S. (2003). Transforming Labor-Based Parties in Latin America: Argentine Peronism in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Moseley, M. W. (2018). Protest State: The Rise of Everyday Contention in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nichter, S. (2008). Vote buying or Turnout Buying? American Political Science Review, 102(1), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055408080106
Nichter, S. (2018). Votes for Survival: Relational Clientelism in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
Nichter, S., & Peress, M. (2016). Request Fulfilling: When Citizens Demand Clientelist Benefits. Comparative Political Studies, 50(8), 1086-1117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016666838
Palmer-Rubin, B. (2019). Evading the patronage trap: Organizational capacity and demand making in Mexico. Comparative Political Studies, 52(13-14), 2097-2134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019830745
Poma, F. P. (2020). Collective Action, Violence and Clientelism during Argentina’s 2001 Crisis. Theory and Action, 13(3), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.3798/tia.1937-0237.2035
Price, J. J. (2019). Keystone Organizations versus Clientelism. Comparative Politics, 51(3), 407-427.
Roniger, L. (1990). Hierarchy and Trust in Modern Mexico and Brazil. New York: Praeger.
Ruth, S. (2016). Clientelism and the Utility of the Left-Right Dimension in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society, 58(1), 72-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00300.x
Scott J. (1969). Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Change. American Political Science Review, 63(4), 1142-1158. https://doi.org/10.2307/1955076
Scott J. (1972). Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia. The American Political Science Review, 66(1), 91-113. https://doi.org/10.2307/1959280
Stokes, S. C. (2005). Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina. American Political Science Review, 99(3), 315-325. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051683
Szwarcberg, M. (2015). Mobilizing Poor Voters: Machine Politics, Clientelism, and Social Networks in Argentina. Cambridge University Press.
Weitz-Shapiro, R. (2012). What Wins Votes: Why Some Politicians Opt Out of Clientelism. American Journal of Political Science, 56(3), 568-583. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00578.x
Wolfinger, R. E. (1972). Why Political Machines Have Not Withered Away and Other Revisionist Thoughts. The Journal of Politics, 34(2), 365-398. https://doi.org/10.2307/2129360
Auerbach, A. (2016). Clients and Communities: The Political Economy of Party Network Organization and Development in India’s Urban Slums. World Politics, 68(1), 111-148.
Auerbach, A. (2017). Neighborhood Associations and the Urban Poor: India’s Slum Development Committees. World Development, 96, 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.002
Auerbach, A., & Thachil T. (2018). How Clients Select Brokers: Competition and Choice in India’s Slums. American Political Science Review, 112(2), 775-791. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305541800028X
Auyero, J. (1999). From the Client’s Point of View: How Poor People Perceive and Evaluate Political Clientelism. Theory and Society 28(2), 297-334. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006905214896
Auyero, J. (2000). The Logic of Clientelism in Argentina: An Ethnographic Account. Latin American Research Review 35(3), 55-81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0023879100018653
Auyero, J. (2007). Routine politics and violence in Argentina: The gray zone of state power. Cambridge University Press.
Auyero, J., Lapegna, P., & Poma, F. P. (2009). Patronage Politics and Contentious Collective Action: A Recursive Relationship. Latin American Politics and Society, 51(3), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00054.x
Beltrán, U., & Castro Cornejo, R. (2019). La activación clientelar del electorado en México. Entre compra de votos y comunicación política. Política y gobierno, 26(2), 171-204.
Boulding, C., & Holzner C. A. (2020). Community Organizations and Latin America’s Poorest Citizens: Voting, Protesting and Contacting Government. Latin American Politics and Society, 62(4), 98-125. https://doi.org/10.1017/lap.2020.17
Boulding, C., & Holzner C. A. (2021). Voice and Inequality: Poverty and Political Participation in Latin American Democracies. Oxford University Press.
Brusco, V., Nazareno, M., & Stokes, S. (2004). Vote Buying in Argentina. Latin American Research Review, 39(2), 66-88. https://doi.org/10.1353/lar.2004.0022
Canel, E. (2012). “Fragmented Clientelism” in Montevideo: Training Ground for Community Engagement with participatory Decentralization. In T.Hilgers (Ed.), Clientelism in Everyday Latin American Politics, (pp. 137-158). Palgrave McMillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137275998_8
Carlin, R. E., & Moseley, M. (2015). Good democrats, bad targets: Democratic values and clientelistic vote buying. The Journal of Politics, 77(1), 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1086/678307
Carlin, R. E., & Moseley, M. W. (2022). When Clientelism Backfires: Vote Buying, Democratic Attitudes, and Electoral Retaliation in Latin America. Political Research Quarterly, 75(3), 766-781. https://doi.org/10.11177/10659129211020126
Castro Cornejo, R. and Beltrán, U. (2022). Who Receives Electoral Gifts? It Depends on Question Wording: Experimental Evidence from Mexico. Political Behavior, 44(1), 227-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-020-09618-1
Córdova, A. (2008). Methodological Note: Measuring Relative Wealth Using Household Asset Indicators. AmericasBarometer Insights, 6, 1-9.
Cornelius, W. (1974). Urbanization and Political Demand Making: Political Participation Among the Migrant Poor in Latin American Cities. American Political Science Review, 68(3), 1125-1146. https://doi.org/10.2307/1959152
Dixit, A., & Londregan, J. (1996). The Determinants of Success of Special Interests in Redistributive Politics. The Journal of Politics, 58(4), 1132-55. https://doi.org/10.2307/2960152
Eisenstadt, S. N., & Roniger, L. (1980). Patron-Client Relations as a Model of Structuring Social Exchange. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 22(1), 42-77. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500009154
Epstein, D. J. (2009). Clientelism Versus Ideology: Problems of Party Development in Brazil. Party Politics, 15(3), 335-355. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068809102250
Escobar, A., & Alvarez, S. (Eds.). (1998). Making of Social Movements in Latin America: Identity, Strategy and Democracy, Routledge.
Garay, C., Palmer-Rubin, B., & Poertner, M. (2020). Organizational and Partisan Brokerage of Social Benefits: Social Policy Linkages in Mexico. World Development, 136, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105103
Gay, R. (1998). Rethinking Clientelism: Demands, Discourses and Practices in Contemporary Brazil. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, (65), 7-24.
González Ocantos, E., de Jonge, C. K., Meléndez, C., Osorio, J., & Nickerson, D. W. (2012). Vote buying and social desirability bias: Experimental evidence from Nicaragua. American Journal of Political Science, 56(1), 202-217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00540.x
González Ocantos, E., de Jonge, C., & Nickerson, D. (2014). The Conditionality of Vote-Buying Norms: Experimental Evidence from Latin America. American Journal of Political Science, 58(1), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12047
Hicken, A. (2011). Clientelism. Annual Review of Political Science, 14(1), 102-132. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220508
Hilgers T. (2009). ’Who is using Whom?’ Clientelism from the Client’s Perspective. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research, 15(1), 51-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/13260219.2009.9649902
Hilgers, T. (Ed.). (2012). Clientelism in Everyday Latin American Politics. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Holland, A., & Palmer-Rubin, B. (2015) Beyond the Machine: Clientelist Brokers and Interest Organizations in Latin America. Comparative Political Studies, 48(9), 1186-1223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015574883
Holzner, C. (2004). The End of Clientelism? Strong and Weak Networks in a Mexican Squatter Movement. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 9(3), 223–40. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.9.3.f588244l3644j156
Kitschelt, H., & Wilkinson, S. (2007). Patrons, Clients, and Policies. Cambridge University Press.
Lapegna, P. (2013). Social Movements and Patronage Politics: Processes of Demobilization and Dual Pressure. Sociological Forum, 28(4), 842-863. https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.12059
Lapegna, P., & Auyero, J. (2012). Democratic Processes, Patronage Politics, and Contentious Collective Action in El Alto, Bolivia. In T. Hilgers (Ed.), Clientelism in Everyday Latin American Politics (pp. 63-80). Palgrave McMillan. https://doi.org/10.10157/9781137275998_4
Lazar, S. (2004). Personalist Politics, Clientelism and Citizenship: Local Elections in El Alto, Bolivia. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 23(2), 228-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2004.00106.x
Levitsky, S. (2003). Transforming Labor-Based Parties in Latin America: Argentine Peronism in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Moseley, M. W. (2018). Protest State: The Rise of Everyday Contention in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nichter, S. (2008). Vote buying or Turnout Buying? American Political Science Review, 102(1), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055408080106
Nichter, S. (2018). Votes for Survival: Relational Clientelism in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
Nichter, S., & Peress, M. (2016). Request Fulfilling: When Citizens Demand Clientelist Benefits. Comparative Political Studies, 50(8), 1086-1117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016666838
Palmer-Rubin, B. (2019). Evading the patronage trap: Organizational capacity and demand making in Mexico. Comparative Political Studies, 52(13-14), 2097-2134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019830745
Poma, F. P. (2020). Collective Action, Violence and Clientelism during Argentina’s 2001 Crisis. Theory and Action, 13(3), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.3798/tia.1937-0237.2035
Price, J. J. (2019). Keystone Organizations versus Clientelism. Comparative Politics, 51(3), 407-427.
Roniger, L. (1990). Hierarchy and Trust in Modern Mexico and Brazil. New York: Praeger.
Ruth, S. (2016). Clientelism and the Utility of the Left-Right Dimension in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society, 58(1), 72-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2016.00300.x
Scott J. (1969). Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Change. American Political Science Review, 63(4), 1142-1158. https://doi.org/10.2307/1955076
Scott J. (1972). Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia. The American Political Science Review, 66(1), 91-113. https://doi.org/10.2307/1959280
Stokes, S. C. (2005). Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina. American Political Science Review, 99(3), 315-325. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051683
Szwarcberg, M. (2015). Mobilizing Poor Voters: Machine Politics, Clientelism, and Social Networks in Argentina. Cambridge University Press.
Weitz-Shapiro, R. (2012). What Wins Votes: Why Some Politicians Opt Out of Clientelism. American Journal of Political Science, 56(3), 568-583. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00578.x
Wolfinger, R. E. (1972). Why Political Machines Have Not Withered Away and Other Revisionist Thoughts. The Journal of Politics, 34(2), 365-398. https://doi.org/10.2307/2129360
Holzner, C. A. (2023). Mobilização Clientelista e Participação Política Fora da Arena Eleitoral. Revista Latinoamericana De Opinión Pública, 12(1), 41–68. https://doi.org/10.14201/rlop.31164
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