Informalidade Trabalhista e Responsabilidade Política Econômica de Líderes Executivos na América Latina
Resumo Vários governos na América Latina não conseguiram reduzir os altos níveis de informalidade do trabalho e fornecer proteções sociais e legais que contribuam para reduzir a vulnerabilidade e a incerteza dos trabalhadores informais. Este ensaio argumenta que as condições inerentes aos trabalhadores informais atuam como sinais ruidosos, diminuindo o efeito que as percepções da economia têm nas avaliações do trabalho executivo nos países latino-americanos. Os resultados empíricos corroboram o argumento, indicando que o efeito das percepções econômicas sobre as avaliações do trabalho executivo é menor entre os trabalhadores informais em comparação com os trabalhadores formais. Além disso, esses resultados são mais relevantes em áreas urbanas onde há uma diferenciação mais clara entre trabalhadores formais e informais, e menos prevalentes em áreas rurais. Nestas, ambos os grupos, trabalhadores formais e informais, enfrentam desafios que produzem sinais ruidosos, reduzindo o efeito dessas percepções que a economia tem sobre as avaliações sobre o desempenho do executivo pelos cidadãos.
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Alt, J. E., Lassen, D. D., & Marshall, J. (2016). Credible sources and sophisticated voters: When does new information induce economic voting? Journal of Politics, 78(2), 327- 342. https://doi.org/10.1086/683832
Altamirano, M. (2019). Economic vulnerability and partisanship in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society, 61(3), 80-103. https://doi.org/10.1017/lap.2019.7
AmericasBarometer (2020). The Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP), www. LapopSurveys.org.
Anderson, C. J. (2000). Economic voting and political context: A comparative perspective. Electoral Studies, 19(2-3), 151-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3794(99)00045-1
Anderson, C. J. (2007). The End of Economic Voting? Contingency Dilemmas and the Limits of Democratic Accountability. Annual Review of Political Science, 10(1), 271-296. htt-ps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.050806.155344
Ansolabehere, S., Meredith, M., & Snowberg, E. (2014). Mecro-economic voting: Local in¬formation and micro-perceptions of the macro-economy. Economics and Politics, 26(3), 380-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12040
Baker, A., & Velasco-Guachalla, V. X. (2018). Is the Informal Sector Politically Different? (Null) Answers from Latin America. World Development, 102, 170-182. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.09.014
Berens, S. (2015). Preferences on Redistribution in Fragmented Labor Markets in Latin America and the Caribbean. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 7(3), 117-156. https:// doaj.org/article/172c2a8ce49a4c6bb33e602a2ece836c
Berens, S. (2020). Opting for Exit: Informalization, Social Policy Discontent, and Lack of Good Governance. Latin American Politics and Society, 62(2), 1-28. https://doi. org/10.1017/lap.2019.58
Berens, S., & Kemmerling, A. (2019). Labor Divides, Informality, and Regulation: The Public Opinion on Labor Law in Latin America. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 11(19), 23- 48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1866802X19843362
Bischof, D. (2017). New graphic schemes for Stata: Plotplain and plottig. Stata Journal, 17(3), 748–759. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x1701700313
Bosch, M., & Maloney, W. F. (2010). Comparative analysis of labor market dynamics us¬ing Markov processes: An application to informality. Labour Economics, 17(4), 621-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2010.01.005
Cabezas, J. M., & Navia, P. (2019). Presidential Approval in Chile, 1990-2018: Variance in U-Shaped Curves. Revista Latinoamericana de Opinión Pública, 8(2), 63-87. https://doi. org/10.14201/rlop.22354
Carlin, R. E., & Hellwig, T. (2020). The world economy, political control, and presidential success. Journal of Politics, 82(2), 786-799. https://doi.org/10.1086/706108
Carlin, R. E., Hellwig, T., Love, G. J., Cecilia Martínez-Gallardo, & Singer, M. M. (Forthcom¬ing). “When Growth is not Enough : Issue Positions , Inequality , and Executive Ap¬proval.” Political Science Research and Methods.
Carlin, R. E., Hellwig, T., Love, G. J., Martínez-Gallardo, C., & Singer, M. M. (2021). When does the Public Get It Right? The Information Environment and the Ac¬curacy of Economic Sentiment 1. Comparative Political Studies, 1-35. https://doi. org/10.1177/0010414021989758
Carnes, M. E. (2014). Continuity Despite Change: The Politics of Labor Regulation in Latin America. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvqsdwbn
Collier, R. B., & Collier, D. (2002). Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America (2nd ed.). Univeristy of Notre Dame Press.
Córdova, A. (2009). AmericasBarometer Insight Series No. 6: Methodological Note: Measuring Relative Wealth using Household Asset Indicators.
Daza, N., & Gamboa, L. F. (2013). An approximation to the informal-formal wage gap in Colombia 2008-2012. Universidad Del Rosario, 138. https://repository.urosario.edu.co/ handle/10336/10947
Dodlova, M., Giolbas, A., & Lay, J. (2018). Non-contributory social transfer programs in developing countries: A new dataset and research agenda. Data in Brief, 16, 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.10.066
Duch, R. M., & Stevenson, R. T. (2008). The Economic Vote: How Political and Economic Insti¬tutions Condition Election Results. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/ cbo9780511755934.007
Feldman, S. (1984). Economic Self-Interest and the Vote : Evidence and Meaning. Political Behavior, 6(3), 229-251. https://www.jstor.org/stable/586090
Flores, R., & Telles, E. (2012). Social Stratification in Mexico: Disentangling Color, Ethnicity, and Class. American Sociological Review, 77(3), 486-494. https://doi. org/10.1177/0003122412444720
Fossati, D. (2014). Economic vulnerability and economic voting in 14 OECD coun¬tries. European Journal of Political Research, 53(1), 116-135. https://doi. org/10.1111/1475-6765.12019
Gasparini, L., & Tornarolli, L. (2009). Informalidad laboral en América Latina y el Caribe: patrones y tendencias a partir de microdatos de encuestas de hogares. Desarrollo y Sociedad, 63, 13-80. https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.63.1
Gideon, J. (2007). Excluded from health? Informal workers’ access to health care in Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 26(2), 238-255. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2007.00222.x
Gindling, T. H., & Terrell, K. (2005). The effect of minimum wages on actual wages in formal and informal sectors in Costa Rica. World Development, 33(11), 1905-1921. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.04.017
Gomez, B. T., & Wilson, J. M. (2001). Political Sophistication and Economic Voting in the American Electorate: A Theory of Heterogeneous Attribution. American Journal of Po¬litical Science, 45(4), 899-914. https://doi.org/10.2307/2669331
Gomez, B. T., & Wilson, M. J. (2006). Cognitive heterogeneity and economic voting: A com¬parative analysis of four democratic electorates. American Journal of Political Science, 50(1), 127-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00174.x
Hernández, E., & Kriesi, H. (2016). The electoral consequences of the financial and eco¬nomic crisis in Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 55(2), 203-224. https:// doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12122
Holland, A. C., & Schneider, B. R. (2017). Easy and Hard Redistribution: The Political Econo¬my of Welfare States in Latin America. Perspectives on Politics, 15(4), 988-1006. https:// doi.org/10.1017/S1537592717002122
Johnson, M. (2020). Electoral Discrimination: The Relationship between Skin Color and Vote Buying in Latin America. World Politics, 72(1), 80-120. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0043887119000145
Kiewiet, D. R., & Lewis-Beck, M. S. (2011). No Man is an Island: Self-interest, the Public Interest, and Sociotropic Voting. Critical Review, 23(3), 303-319. https://doi.org/10.10 80/08913811.2011.635868
Kinder, D. R., & Kiewiet, R. D. (1981). Sociotropic Politics : The American Case. British Jour¬nal of Political Science, 11(2), 129-161. http://www.jstor.org/stable/193580
Kramer, G. H. (1983). The Ecological Fallacy Revisited : Aggregate- versus Individual-level Findings on Economics and Elections , and Sociotropic Voting. The American Political Science Review, 77(1), 92-111. https://doi-org.umiss.idm.oclc.org/10.2307/1956013
Lewis-Beck, M. S. (1986). Comparative Economic Voting: Britain, France, Germany, Italy. American Journal of Political Science, 30(2), 315-346. https://doi-org.umiss.idm.oclc. org/10.2307/2111099
Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Ratto, M. C. (2013). Economic voting in Latin America: A general mod¬el. Electoral Studies, 32(3), 489-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.05.023
Mesa-Lago, C. (2009). Social Insurance (Pensions and Health), Labour Markets and Cover¬age in Latin America. In K. Hujo & S. McClanahan (Eds.), Financing Social Policy (pp. 215- 245). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230244337_9
OECD, CIAT, & IDB. (2016). Taxing Wages in Latin America and the Caribbean 2016. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264262607-en
Otero-Bahamon, S. (2019). Subnational Inequality in Latin America: Empirical and Theoreti¬cal Implications of Moving beyond Interpersonal Inequality. Studies in Comparative Inter¬national Development, 54(2), 185-209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-019-09281-6
Otero-Bahamon, S. (2020). Place-Sensitivity Policies in the Provisions of Subnational Pub¬lic Goods in Colombia. Latin American Politics and Society, 62(3), 94-122. https://doi. org/10.1017/lap.2020.8
Pages, C., & Marquez, G. A. (1998). Ties that Bind: Employment Protection and Labor Market Outcomes in Latin America. In Inter-American Development Bank. https://doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.1816000
Powell, G. B. J., & Whitten, G. D. (1993). A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting : Taking Account of the Political Context. American Journal of Political Science, 37(2), 391- 414. https://doi-org.umiss.idm.oclc.org/10.2307/2111378
Robles, M., Rubio, M. G., & Stampini, M. (2019). Have cash transfers succeeded in reaching the poor in Latin America and the Caribbean? Development Policy Review, 37(S2), 085- 0139. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12365
Salazar-Xirinachs, J. M., & Chacaltana, J. (2018). La Informalidad en América Latina y el Caribe:¿Por Qué Persiste y Cómo Superarla? In J. M. Salazar-Xirinachs & J. Chacaltana (Eds.), Políticas de Formalización en América Latina: Avances y Desafíos (pp. 13-47). OIT, Oficina Regional para América Latina y el Caribe, FORLAC. https://www.ilo.org/wcm¬sp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/documents/publication/wcms_645159.pdf
Selios, L. (2019). Aprobación Presidencial y Claridad de la Responsabilidad en un Contexto de Cambio Político e Institutional: El Caso Uruguayo. Revista Latinoamericana de Opi¬nión Pública, 8(2), 157-195. https://doi.org/10.14201/rlop.22357
Singer, M. M. (2011). Who Says “It’s the Economy”? Cross-National and Cross-Individual Variation in the Salience of Economic Performance. Comparative Political Studies, 44(3), 284-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010384371
Singer, M. M. (2013a). Economic voting in an era of non-crisis: The changing electoral agenda in Latin America, 1982-2010. Comparative Politics, 45(2), 169-185. https://doi. org/10.5129/001041513804634226
Singer, M. M. (2013b). What goes around comes around: Perceived vulnerable employ¬ment and economic voting in developing countries. European Journal of Political Re¬search, 52(2), 143-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2012.02066.x
Singer, M. M. (2016). Informal Sector Work and Evaluations of the Incumbent: The Elec¬toral Effect of Vulnerability on Economic Voting. Latin American Politics and Society, 58(2), 49-73. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24766035
Stokes, D. E. (1963). Spatial Models of Party Competition. American Political Science Review, 57(2), 368-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/1952828
Telles, E., Flores, R. D., & Urrea-Giraldo, F. (2015). Pigmentocracies: Educational inequal¬ity, skin color and census ethnoracial identification in eight Latin American countries. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 40, 39-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rssm.2015.02.002
Tokman, V. E. (2007). The informal economy, insecurity and social cohesion in Latin America. International Labour Review, 146(1-2), 81-107. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2007.00006.x
Wylde, C. (2011). State, society and markets in Argentina: The political economy of ne¬odesarrollismo under Néstor Kirchner, 2003-2007. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 30(4), 436-452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2011.00527.x
Altamirano, M. (2019). Economic vulnerability and partisanship in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society, 61(3), 80-103. https://doi.org/10.1017/lap.2019.7
AmericasBarometer (2020). The Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP), www. LapopSurveys.org.
Anderson, C. J. (2000). Economic voting and political context: A comparative perspective. Electoral Studies, 19(2-3), 151-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3794(99)00045-1
Anderson, C. J. (2007). The End of Economic Voting? Contingency Dilemmas and the Limits of Democratic Accountability. Annual Review of Political Science, 10(1), 271-296. htt-ps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.050806.155344
Ansolabehere, S., Meredith, M., & Snowberg, E. (2014). Mecro-economic voting: Local in¬formation and micro-perceptions of the macro-economy. Economics and Politics, 26(3), 380-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12040
Baker, A., & Velasco-Guachalla, V. X. (2018). Is the Informal Sector Politically Different? (Null) Answers from Latin America. World Development, 102, 170-182. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.09.014
Berens, S. (2015). Preferences on Redistribution in Fragmented Labor Markets in Latin America and the Caribbean. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 7(3), 117-156. https:// doaj.org/article/172c2a8ce49a4c6bb33e602a2ece836c
Berens, S. (2020). Opting for Exit: Informalization, Social Policy Discontent, and Lack of Good Governance. Latin American Politics and Society, 62(2), 1-28. https://doi. org/10.1017/lap.2019.58
Berens, S., & Kemmerling, A. (2019). Labor Divides, Informality, and Regulation: The Public Opinion on Labor Law in Latin America. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 11(19), 23- 48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1866802X19843362
Bischof, D. (2017). New graphic schemes for Stata: Plotplain and plottig. Stata Journal, 17(3), 748–759. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x1701700313
Bosch, M., & Maloney, W. F. (2010). Comparative analysis of labor market dynamics us¬ing Markov processes: An application to informality. Labour Economics, 17(4), 621-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2010.01.005
Cabezas, J. M., & Navia, P. (2019). Presidential Approval in Chile, 1990-2018: Variance in U-Shaped Curves. Revista Latinoamericana de Opinión Pública, 8(2), 63-87. https://doi. org/10.14201/rlop.22354
Carlin, R. E., & Hellwig, T. (2020). The world economy, political control, and presidential success. Journal of Politics, 82(2), 786-799. https://doi.org/10.1086/706108
Carlin, R. E., Hellwig, T., Love, G. J., Cecilia Martínez-Gallardo, & Singer, M. M. (Forthcom¬ing). “When Growth is not Enough : Issue Positions , Inequality , and Executive Ap¬proval.” Political Science Research and Methods.
Carlin, R. E., Hellwig, T., Love, G. J., Martínez-Gallardo, C., & Singer, M. M. (2021). When does the Public Get It Right? The Information Environment and the Ac¬curacy of Economic Sentiment 1. Comparative Political Studies, 1-35. https://doi. org/10.1177/0010414021989758
Carnes, M. E. (2014). Continuity Despite Change: The Politics of Labor Regulation in Latin America. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvqsdwbn
Collier, R. B., & Collier, D. (2002). Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America (2nd ed.). Univeristy of Notre Dame Press.
Córdova, A. (2009). AmericasBarometer Insight Series No. 6: Methodological Note: Measuring Relative Wealth using Household Asset Indicators.
Daza, N., & Gamboa, L. F. (2013). An approximation to the informal-formal wage gap in Colombia 2008-2012. Universidad Del Rosario, 138. https://repository.urosario.edu.co/ handle/10336/10947
Dodlova, M., Giolbas, A., & Lay, J. (2018). Non-contributory social transfer programs in developing countries: A new dataset and research agenda. Data in Brief, 16, 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.10.066
Duch, R. M., & Stevenson, R. T. (2008). The Economic Vote: How Political and Economic Insti¬tutions Condition Election Results. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/ cbo9780511755934.007
Feldman, S. (1984). Economic Self-Interest and the Vote : Evidence and Meaning. Political Behavior, 6(3), 229-251. https://www.jstor.org/stable/586090
Flores, R., & Telles, E. (2012). Social Stratification in Mexico: Disentangling Color, Ethnicity, and Class. American Sociological Review, 77(3), 486-494. https://doi. org/10.1177/0003122412444720
Fossati, D. (2014). Economic vulnerability and economic voting in 14 OECD coun¬tries. European Journal of Political Research, 53(1), 116-135. https://doi. org/10.1111/1475-6765.12019
Gasparini, L., & Tornarolli, L. (2009). Informalidad laboral en América Latina y el Caribe: patrones y tendencias a partir de microdatos de encuestas de hogares. Desarrollo y Sociedad, 63, 13-80. https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.63.1
Gideon, J. (2007). Excluded from health? Informal workers’ access to health care in Chile. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 26(2), 238-255. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2007.00222.x
Gindling, T. H., & Terrell, K. (2005). The effect of minimum wages on actual wages in formal and informal sectors in Costa Rica. World Development, 33(11), 1905-1921. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.04.017
Gomez, B. T., & Wilson, J. M. (2001). Political Sophistication and Economic Voting in the American Electorate: A Theory of Heterogeneous Attribution. American Journal of Po¬litical Science, 45(4), 899-914. https://doi.org/10.2307/2669331
Gomez, B. T., & Wilson, M. J. (2006). Cognitive heterogeneity and economic voting: A com¬parative analysis of four democratic electorates. American Journal of Political Science, 50(1), 127-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00174.x
Hernández, E., & Kriesi, H. (2016). The electoral consequences of the financial and eco¬nomic crisis in Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 55(2), 203-224. https:// doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12122
Holland, A. C., & Schneider, B. R. (2017). Easy and Hard Redistribution: The Political Econo¬my of Welfare States in Latin America. Perspectives on Politics, 15(4), 988-1006. https:// doi.org/10.1017/S1537592717002122
Johnson, M. (2020). Electoral Discrimination: The Relationship between Skin Color and Vote Buying in Latin America. World Politics, 72(1), 80-120. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0043887119000145
Kiewiet, D. R., & Lewis-Beck, M. S. (2011). No Man is an Island: Self-interest, the Public Interest, and Sociotropic Voting. Critical Review, 23(3), 303-319. https://doi.org/10.10 80/08913811.2011.635868
Kinder, D. R., & Kiewiet, R. D. (1981). Sociotropic Politics : The American Case. British Jour¬nal of Political Science, 11(2), 129-161. http://www.jstor.org/stable/193580
Kramer, G. H. (1983). The Ecological Fallacy Revisited : Aggregate- versus Individual-level Findings on Economics and Elections , and Sociotropic Voting. The American Political Science Review, 77(1), 92-111. https://doi-org.umiss.idm.oclc.org/10.2307/1956013
Lewis-Beck, M. S. (1986). Comparative Economic Voting: Britain, France, Germany, Italy. American Journal of Political Science, 30(2), 315-346. https://doi-org.umiss.idm.oclc. org/10.2307/2111099
Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Ratto, M. C. (2013). Economic voting in Latin America: A general mod¬el. Electoral Studies, 32(3), 489-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.05.023
Mesa-Lago, C. (2009). Social Insurance (Pensions and Health), Labour Markets and Cover¬age in Latin America. In K. Hujo & S. McClanahan (Eds.), Financing Social Policy (pp. 215- 245). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230244337_9
OECD, CIAT, & IDB. (2016). Taxing Wages in Latin America and the Caribbean 2016. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264262607-en
Otero-Bahamon, S. (2019). Subnational Inequality in Latin America: Empirical and Theoreti¬cal Implications of Moving beyond Interpersonal Inequality. Studies in Comparative Inter¬national Development, 54(2), 185-209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-019-09281-6
Otero-Bahamon, S. (2020). Place-Sensitivity Policies in the Provisions of Subnational Pub¬lic Goods in Colombia. Latin American Politics and Society, 62(3), 94-122. https://doi. org/10.1017/lap.2020.8
Pages, C., & Marquez, G. A. (1998). Ties that Bind: Employment Protection and Labor Market Outcomes in Latin America. In Inter-American Development Bank. https://doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.1816000
Powell, G. B. J., & Whitten, G. D. (1993). A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting : Taking Account of the Political Context. American Journal of Political Science, 37(2), 391- 414. https://doi-org.umiss.idm.oclc.org/10.2307/2111378
Robles, M., Rubio, M. G., & Stampini, M. (2019). Have cash transfers succeeded in reaching the poor in Latin America and the Caribbean? Development Policy Review, 37(S2), 085- 0139. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12365
Salazar-Xirinachs, J. M., & Chacaltana, J. (2018). La Informalidad en América Latina y el Caribe:¿Por Qué Persiste y Cómo Superarla? In J. M. Salazar-Xirinachs & J. Chacaltana (Eds.), Políticas de Formalización en América Latina: Avances y Desafíos (pp. 13-47). OIT, Oficina Regional para América Latina y el Caribe, FORLAC. https://www.ilo.org/wcm¬sp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/documents/publication/wcms_645159.pdf
Selios, L. (2019). Aprobación Presidencial y Claridad de la Responsabilidad en un Contexto de Cambio Político e Institutional: El Caso Uruguayo. Revista Latinoamericana de Opi¬nión Pública, 8(2), 157-195. https://doi.org/10.14201/rlop.22357
Singer, M. M. (2011). Who Says “It’s the Economy”? Cross-National and Cross-Individual Variation in the Salience of Economic Performance. Comparative Political Studies, 44(3), 284-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010384371
Singer, M. M. (2013a). Economic voting in an era of non-crisis: The changing electoral agenda in Latin America, 1982-2010. Comparative Politics, 45(2), 169-185. https://doi. org/10.5129/001041513804634226
Singer, M. M. (2013b). What goes around comes around: Perceived vulnerable employ¬ment and economic voting in developing countries. European Journal of Political Re¬search, 52(2), 143-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2012.02066.x
Singer, M. M. (2016). Informal Sector Work and Evaluations of the Incumbent: The Elec¬toral Effect of Vulnerability on Economic Voting. Latin American Politics and Society, 58(2), 49-73. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24766035
Stokes, D. E. (1963). Spatial Models of Party Competition. American Political Science Review, 57(2), 368-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/1952828
Telles, E., Flores, R. D., & Urrea-Giraldo, F. (2015). Pigmentocracies: Educational inequal¬ity, skin color and census ethnoracial identification in eight Latin American countries. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 40, 39-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rssm.2015.02.002
Tokman, V. E. (2007). The informal economy, insecurity and social cohesion in Latin America. International Labour Review, 146(1-2), 81-107. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2007.00006.x
Wylde, C. (2011). State, society and markets in Argentina: The political economy of ne¬odesarrollismo under Néstor Kirchner, 2003-2007. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 30(4), 436-452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2011.00527.x
Acevedo-Pardo, J. (2021). Informalidade Trabalhista e Responsabilidade Política Econômica de Líderes Executivos na América Latina. Revista Latinoamericana De Opinión Pública, 10(1), 105–128. https://doi.org/10.14201/rlop.25920
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