La verdad duele (2015). El cine y las conmociones cerebrales en los deportes de contacto
Resumen La práctica de los deportes de contacto (fútbol americano, rugby, boxeo, artes marciales mixtas) está relacionada con un incremento en el riesgo de padecer conmociones o contusiones cerebrales, provocadas generalmente por traumatismos craneoencefálicos. Al respecto, La verdad duele / Concussion (2015) de Peter Landesman nos muestra el conflicto originado por las investigaciones del Doctor Bennet Omalu y la poderosa National Football League (NFL), la institución representativa del fútbol americano en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica.
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Alosco ML, Tripodis Y, Fritts NG y cols. Cerebrospinal fluid tau, A?, and sTREM2 in Former National Football League Players: Modeling the relationship between repetitive head impacts, microglial activation, and neurodegeneration. Alzheimer's and Dementia (2018). [Consultado el 13/07/2018]. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.05.004 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.05.004
Andrikopoulos J. Creating a Concussion Crisis and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopaty. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(5):654. - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.6408
Bianco M, Pannozzo A, Fabbricatore C, Sanna N, Moscetti M, Palmieri V, et al. Medical survey of female boxing in Italy in 2002-2003. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(8):532-6. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1725288/pdf/v039p00532.pdfm - https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.014365
Bledsoe GH, Li G, Levy F. Injury risk in profesional boxing. South Med J. 2005;98(10):994-8. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7472412_Injury_Risk_in_Professional_Boxing - https://doi.org/10.1097/01.smj.0000182498.19288.e2
Casson IR, Siegel O, Sham R, Campbell EA, Tarlau M, DiDomenico A. Brain damage in modern Boxers. JAMA. 1984;251(20):2663-7. - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1984.03340440021020
Conidi FX. What neurologist should know about Concussion, the Film. Neurology Advisor [Internet]. 29 de diciembre de 2015. [Consultado el 13 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.neurologyadvisor.com/traumatic-brain-injury/concussion-movie-traumatic-brain-injury-football-neurology/article/461982/
Conidi FX. Sports Concussion Guidelines. Practical Neurology. July/August 2015. [Consultado el 13 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: http://practicalneurology.com/pdfs/pn0815_CF_ConcussionGuides.pdf
Corselis JA, Bruton CJ, Freeman-Browne D. The aftermath of boxing. Psychol Med. 1973;3(3):270-303. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700049588
Critchley M. Medical aspects of boxing, particulary from a neurological standpoint. Br Med J. 1957; 1(5015): 357-362. [Consultado el 13/07/2018]. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1974382/pdf/brmedj03142-0013.pdf - https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5015.357
Johncock B. John Paul Stapp: the fastest man on earths , who saved millions. The Spectator [Internet]. 14 de noviembre de 2015. [Consultado el 13 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/11/john-paul-stapp-the-fastest-man-on-earth-who-saved-millions
Lagerstedt L, Egea-Guerrero JJ, Bustamante A, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, El Rahal A, Quintana-Diaz M, et al. Combining H-FABP and GFAP increases the cacacity to differentiate between CT-postive and CT-negative patients with mild traumatic brain injury. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200394. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200394 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200394
Laskas JM. Bennet Omalu, Concussions, and the NFL: How One Doctor Changed Football Forever. Gentlemen's Quartely [Internet]. 14 de septiembre de 2009. [Consultado el 1 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.gq.com/story/nfl-players-brain-dementia-study-memory-concussions
Lepage C, Muelhmann M, Tripodis Y, Hufschmidt J, Stamm J, Green K et al. Limbic system structure columes and associated neurocognitive functioning in former NFL players. Brain Imaging Behav. 2018. doi: 10.1007/s11682-018-9895-z - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-018-9895-z
Litsky F. Doug Kotar of Giants died; ex star of backfield was 32. The New York Times [Internet]. 17 de diciembre de 1983. [Consultado el 13 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/17/obituaries/doug-kotar-of-giants-dies-ex-star-of-backfield-was-32.html
Loosemore MP, Butler Cf, Khadri, A McDonagh D, Patel VA, Bailes JE. Use of head guards in AIBA boxing tournaments - A cross - sectional observational study. Clin J Sport Med 2017; 27 (1): 86-8. - https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000322
Martland HS. Punch Drunk. JAMA. 1928; 91 (15): 1103-107. - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1928.02700150029009
McCrory P, Falvey É, Turner M. Returning to the Golden age of boxing. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46(7):459-60. - https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091276
McGurty F. Study finds evidence of brain injury in living NFL veterans. Sport News [Internet]. 11 de abril de 2016. [Consultado el 13 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nfl-brain-idUSKCN0X82EF
Noonan D. Boxing and the Brain. The New York Times Magazine [Internet]. 12 de junio de 1982. [Consultado el 13 de julio de 2018].]. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/12/magazine/boxing-and-the-brain.html?pagewanted=all
Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Minster RL, Kamboh MI, Hamilton RL, Wecht CH. Chronic traumatic encephalopaty in a National Football League player. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(1):128-34. Disponible en: http://www.jeannemarielaskas.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/CTE-NFL-part-1.pdf - https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000163407.92769.ED
Pellman EJ, Viano DC. Concussion in profesional football: summary of the research condcuted by The National Football League's Committee on mild traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus. 2006;21(4):E12. Disponible en: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/553967_2 - https://doi.org/10.3171/foc.2006.21.4.13
Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Tucker AM, Casson IR, Waeckerle JF. Concussion in professional football: reconstruction of game impacts and injuries. Neurosurgery. 2003;53(4):799-812. - https://doi.org/10.1093/neurosurgery/53.3.799
Peniche?Pérez AA, Méndez?Domínguez N. La verdad Oculta (2015): Una disputa médico?deportiva llevada al cine. Rev Med Cine 2016;12(4): 205?10. Disponible en: http://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/medicina_y_cine/article/view/15506/16104
Pérez V. Escándalo en la NFL. ABC.es [Internet]. 19 de agosto de 2012. [Consultado el 1 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.abc.es/20120303/deportes/abci-primas-lesionar-rivales-201203031352.html
Poole VN, Breedlove EL, Shenk TE, Abbas K, Robinson ME, Leverenz LJ, et al. Sub-concussive hit characteristics predict deviant brain metabolism in football athletes. Dev Neuropsychol. 2015 Jan;40(1):12-7. Disponible en: https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/1805/7854/Poole_2015_sub-concussive.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y - https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2014.984810
Roberts AH. Brain damage in boxers: a study of the prevalence of traumatic encepahlopathy among ex-professional boxers. London: Pitman Medical & Scientific Publishing Co., Ltd.; 1969.
Roberts GW, Allsop D, Bruton C. The occult aftermath of boxing. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990; 53(5): 373-8. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC488051/pdf/jnnpsyc00515-0009.pdf - https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.53.5.373
Smith G. Someone To Lean On. Sports Illustrated [Internet]. 16 de diciembre de 1996. [Consultado el 13 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: https://web.archive.org/web/20080926084000/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1009232/index.htm
Unterharnscheidt F, Taylor-Unterharnscheidt J. Boxing, Medical Aspects. London: Academic Press; 2003.
Andrikopoulos J. Creating a Concussion Crisis and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopaty. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(5):654. - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.6408
Bianco M, Pannozzo A, Fabbricatore C, Sanna N, Moscetti M, Palmieri V, et al. Medical survey of female boxing in Italy in 2002-2003. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(8):532-6. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1725288/pdf/v039p00532.pdfm - https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.014365
Bledsoe GH, Li G, Levy F. Injury risk in profesional boxing. South Med J. 2005;98(10):994-8. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7472412_Injury_Risk_in_Professional_Boxing - https://doi.org/10.1097/01.smj.0000182498.19288.e2
Casson IR, Siegel O, Sham R, Campbell EA, Tarlau M, DiDomenico A. Brain damage in modern Boxers. JAMA. 1984;251(20):2663-7. - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1984.03340440021020
Conidi FX. What neurologist should know about Concussion, the Film. Neurology Advisor [Internet]. 29 de diciembre de 2015. [Consultado el 13 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.neurologyadvisor.com/traumatic-brain-injury/concussion-movie-traumatic-brain-injury-football-neurology/article/461982/
Conidi FX. Sports Concussion Guidelines. Practical Neurology. July/August 2015. [Consultado el 13 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: http://practicalneurology.com/pdfs/pn0815_CF_ConcussionGuides.pdf
Corselis JA, Bruton CJ, Freeman-Browne D. The aftermath of boxing. Psychol Med. 1973;3(3):270-303. - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700049588
Critchley M. Medical aspects of boxing, particulary from a neurological standpoint. Br Med J. 1957; 1(5015): 357-362. [Consultado el 13/07/2018]. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1974382/pdf/brmedj03142-0013.pdf - https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5015.357
Johncock B. John Paul Stapp: the fastest man on earths , who saved millions. The Spectator [Internet]. 14 de noviembre de 2015. [Consultado el 13 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/11/john-paul-stapp-the-fastest-man-on-earth-who-saved-millions
Lagerstedt L, Egea-Guerrero JJ, Bustamante A, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, El Rahal A, Quintana-Diaz M, et al. Combining H-FABP and GFAP increases the cacacity to differentiate between CT-postive and CT-negative patients with mild traumatic brain injury. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200394. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200394 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200394
Laskas JM. Bennet Omalu, Concussions, and the NFL: How One Doctor Changed Football Forever. Gentlemen's Quartely [Internet]. 14 de septiembre de 2009. [Consultado el 1 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.gq.com/story/nfl-players-brain-dementia-study-memory-concussions
Lepage C, Muelhmann M, Tripodis Y, Hufschmidt J, Stamm J, Green K et al. Limbic system structure columes and associated neurocognitive functioning in former NFL players. Brain Imaging Behav. 2018. doi: 10.1007/s11682-018-9895-z - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-018-9895-z
Litsky F. Doug Kotar of Giants died; ex star of backfield was 32. The New York Times [Internet]. 17 de diciembre de 1983. [Consultado el 13 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/17/obituaries/doug-kotar-of-giants-dies-ex-star-of-backfield-was-32.html
Loosemore MP, Butler Cf, Khadri, A McDonagh D, Patel VA, Bailes JE. Use of head guards in AIBA boxing tournaments - A cross - sectional observational study. Clin J Sport Med 2017; 27 (1): 86-8. - https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000322
Martland HS. Punch Drunk. JAMA. 1928; 91 (15): 1103-107. - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1928.02700150029009
McCrory P, Falvey É, Turner M. Returning to the Golden age of boxing. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46(7):459-60. - https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091276
McGurty F. Study finds evidence of brain injury in living NFL veterans. Sport News [Internet]. 11 de abril de 2016. [Consultado el 13 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nfl-brain-idUSKCN0X82EF
Noonan D. Boxing and the Brain. The New York Times Magazine [Internet]. 12 de junio de 1982. [Consultado el 13 de julio de 2018].]. Disponible en: https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/12/magazine/boxing-and-the-brain.html?pagewanted=all
Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Minster RL, Kamboh MI, Hamilton RL, Wecht CH. Chronic traumatic encephalopaty in a National Football League player. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(1):128-34. Disponible en: http://www.jeannemarielaskas.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/CTE-NFL-part-1.pdf - https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000163407.92769.ED
Pellman EJ, Viano DC. Concussion in profesional football: summary of the research condcuted by The National Football League's Committee on mild traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus. 2006;21(4):E12. Disponible en: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/553967_2 - https://doi.org/10.3171/foc.2006.21.4.13
Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Tucker AM, Casson IR, Waeckerle JF. Concussion in professional football: reconstruction of game impacts and injuries. Neurosurgery. 2003;53(4):799-812. - https://doi.org/10.1093/neurosurgery/53.3.799
Peniche?Pérez AA, Méndez?Domínguez N. La verdad Oculta (2015): Una disputa médico?deportiva llevada al cine. Rev Med Cine 2016;12(4): 205?10. Disponible en: http://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/medicina_y_cine/article/view/15506/16104
Pérez V. Escándalo en la NFL. ABC.es [Internet]. 19 de agosto de 2012. [Consultado el 1 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: https://www.abc.es/20120303/deportes/abci-primas-lesionar-rivales-201203031352.html
Poole VN, Breedlove EL, Shenk TE, Abbas K, Robinson ME, Leverenz LJ, et al. Sub-concussive hit characteristics predict deviant brain metabolism in football athletes. Dev Neuropsychol. 2015 Jan;40(1):12-7. Disponible en: https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/1805/7854/Poole_2015_sub-concussive.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y - https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2014.984810
Roberts AH. Brain damage in boxers: a study of the prevalence of traumatic encepahlopathy among ex-professional boxers. London: Pitman Medical & Scientific Publishing Co., Ltd.; 1969.
Roberts GW, Allsop D, Bruton C. The occult aftermath of boxing. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990; 53(5): 373-8. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC488051/pdf/jnnpsyc00515-0009.pdf - https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.53.5.373
Smith G. Someone To Lean On. Sports Illustrated [Internet]. 16 de diciembre de 1996. [Consultado el 13 de julio de 2018]. Disponible en: https://web.archive.org/web/20080926084000/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1009232/index.htm
Unterharnscheidt F, Taylor-Unterharnscheidt J. Boxing, Medical Aspects. London: Academic Press; 2003.
Abad Vila, M. (2019). La verdad duele (2015). El cine y las conmociones cerebrales en los deportes de contacto. Revista De Medicina Y Cine, 15(3), 167–184. https://doi.org/10.14201/rmc2019153167184
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