Pronóstico audio-vestibular de los pacientes con sordera súbita idiopática y vértigo
Resumen Introducción y objetivos: Evaluar la relación entre la clínica y la función cócleo-vestibular en los pacientes diagnosticados de sordera súbita idiopática (SSI) asociada a vértigo (SV). Con este estudio pretendemos investigar la prevalencia de las lesiones vestíbulo-cocleares encontradas en los pacientes con SSI+V y la correlación del resultado de las pruebas de función vestibular con la severidad y el pronóstico de la hipoacusia. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo/prospectivo de 42 pacientes diagnosticados de SSI+SV mediante audiometría, videonistagmografía, potenciales evocados miogénicos vestibulares cervicales y vHIT. Tuvimos en cuenta datos epidemiológicos y clínicos, complementándolos con un examen de resonancia magnética y un amplio estudio analítico. Finalmente evaluamos estadísticamente los datos obtenidos. Resultados: El deterioro cócleo vestibular varía en función del tiempo transcurrido desde el evento. Hay una estrecha correlación entre el grado de hipoacusia y la disfunción vestibular. El daño vestibular es mayor en caso de SSI profunda. Los receptores vestibulares más afectados fueron el sáculo y el conducto semicircular posterior y el menos afectado fue el anterior. La función del conducto semicircular horizontal es fundamental en la predicción de la hipoacusia. Discusión: El pronóstico de una paciente con SSI+SV, es un desafío que se va superando a medida que reconocemos los factores que determinan su evolución. Conclusiones: En el síndrome de SSI+SV, la severidad de la hipoacusia depende de la extensión del daño vestibular, pero también está influido por otros factores acompañantes.
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Herrera M, García Berrocal JR, García Arumí A, Lavilla MJ, Plaza G; Grupo de Trabajo de la Comisión de Audiología de la SEORL. Actualización del consenso sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la sordera súbita idiopática. 2019;70(5):290-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otorri.2018.04.010. PMID: 30093087.
Schuknecht HF, Donovan ED. The pathology of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1986;243(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00457899. PMID: 3707419.
Merchant SN, Adams JC, Nadol JB Jr. Pathology and pathophysiology of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26(2):151-160. https://doi.org/10.1097/00129492-200503000-00004. PMID: 15793397.
Quaranta N, Longo G, Dadduzio S, Squeo V, Scarano E, Picciotti PM. Ocular and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL) without vertigo: VEMPs in ISSHL. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;277(2):409-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05724-x. PMID: 31773241.
Rauch SD. Clinical practice. Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(8):833-840. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp0802129. PMID: 18716300.
Kim CH, Choi HR, Choi S, Lee YS, Shin JE. Patterns of nystagmus conversion in sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(43):e12982. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000012982. PMID: 30412127.
Hao W, Ye L, Yu H, Li H. Prognosis of vestibular dysfunction in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo: a prospective cohort study. J Neurol. 2023;270(11):5516-5526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-023-11894-w. PMID: 37517037.
Korres S, Stamatiou GA, Gkoritsa E, Riga M, Xenelis J. Prognosis of patients with idiopathic sudden hearing loss: role of vestibular assessment. J Laryngol Otol. 2011;125(3):251-257. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215110002082. PMID: 21054906.
Guan R, Zhao Z, Guo X, Sun J. The semicircular canal function tests contribute to identifying unilateral idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(3):102461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102461. PMID: 32201018.
Niu X, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Xu X, Han P, Cheng Y, et al. The relationship between hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol. 2016;136(3):225-231. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2015.1110750. PMID: 26587580.
Fujimoto C, Egami N, Kinoshita M, Sugasawa K, Yamasoba T, Iwasaki S. Involvement of vestibular organs in idiopathic sudden hearing loss with vertigo: an analysis using oVEMP and cVEMP testing. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(5):1033-1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.07.028. PMID: 25200460.
Benito-Orejas JI, Ramírez-Salas JE, Mena-Domínguez EA, Duque-Holguera V, Muñoz-Moreno MF, Santos-Pérez J. Sordera súbita idiopática: factores pronóstico y resultados del tratamiento de rescate con dexametasona intratimpánica. ORL [Internet]. 23 de noviembre de 2022 [citado 8 de enero de 2024];14(1):e29939. Disponible en: https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/2444-7986/article/view/29939
Pogson JM, Taylor RL, Young AS, McGarvie LA, Flanagan S, Halmagyi GM, et al. Vertigo with sudden hearing loss: audio-vestibular characteristics. J Neurol. 2016;263(10):2086-2096. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-016-8214-0. PMID: 27435969.
Khetarpal U. Investigations into the cause of vertigo in sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991 Sep;105(3):360-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/019459989110500303. PMID: 1945420.
Inagaki T, Cureoglu S, Morita N, Terao K, Sato T, Suzuki M, et al. Vestibular system changes in sudden deafness with and without vertigo: a human temporal bone study. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(7):1151-1155. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182635440. PMID: 22872175.
Yoon TH, Paparella MM, Schachern PA, Alleva M. Histopathology of sudden hearing loss. Laryngoscope. 1990;100(7):707-715. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-199007000-00006. PMID: 2362530.
Wang Y, Wang L, Jing Y, Yu L, Ye F. Association Between Hearing Characteristics/Prognosis and Vestibular Function in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss With Vertigo. Front Neurol. 2020;11:579757. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.579757. PMID: 33391149.
Seo HW, Chung JH, Byun H, Lee SH. Vestibular mapping assessment in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Ear Hear. 2022;43(1):242-949. https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0000000000001129. PMID: 34524151.
Zhou Y, Wu Y, Wang J. Otolithic organ function in patients with profound sensorineural hearing loss. J Otol. 2016;11(2):73-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joto.2016.05.002. PMID: 29937813.
Liu Y, Leng Y, Zhou R, Liu J, Wang H, Xia K, et al. Video Head Impulse Test Findings in Patients With Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Secondary to Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Front Neurol. 2022;13:877777. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.877777. PMID: 35720082.
Lim KH, Jeong YJ, Han MS, Rah YC, Cha J, Choi J. Comparisons among vestibular examinations and symptoms of vertigo in sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(4):102503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102503. PMID: 32402694.
Lee JY, Kim CH, Park JS, Kim MB. Peripheral Vestibulopathy Presenting as Acute Vertigo and Spontaneous Nystagmus with Negative Video Head Impulse Test. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;160(5):894-901. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599818825458. PMID: 30665325.
Wilson WR, Laird N, Kavesh DA. Electronystagmographic findings in idiopathic sudden hearing loss. Am J Otolaryngol. 1982;3(4):279-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0709(82)80067-7. PMID: 6983308.
Shaia FT, Sheehy JL. Sudden sensori-neural hearing impairment: a report of 1,220 cases. Laryngoscope. 1976;86(3):389-398. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-197603000-00008. PMID: 1256213.
Maia NPD, Lopes KC, Ganança FF. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the prognosis of sudden hearing loss ‒ a systematic review. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;86(2):247-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2019.10.001. PMID: 31796375.
Kim MB, Ban JH. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo accompanied by sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a comparative study with idiopathic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope. 2012;122(12):2832-2836. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.23607. PMID: 22915291.
Song JJ, Yoo YT, An YH, Yoo JC, Kim JS, Koo JW. Comorbid benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: an ominous sign for hearing recovery. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(2):137-141. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318241c27a. PMID: 22215458.
Rambold H, Boenki J, Stritzke G, Wisst F, Neppert B, Helmchen C. Differential vestibular dysfunction in sudden unilateral hearing loss. Neurology. 2005;64(1):148-151. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000148599.18397.D2. PMID: 15642923.
Yu H, Li H. Vestibular Dysfunctions in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2018;9:45. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00045. PMID: 29459846.
Sánchez-Gómez H, Marco-Carmona M, Intraprendente-Martini JF. Exploración vestibuloespinal. ORL [Internet]. 5 de enero de 2018 [citado 8 de enero de 2024];9(2):139-143. Disponible en: https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/2444-7986/article/view/orl.17424.
Pérez-Vázquez P, Franco-Gutiérrez V. La prueba calórica. ORL [Internet]. 18 de enero de 2018 [citado 8 de enero de 2024];9(3):193-221. Disponible en: https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/2444-7986/article/view/orl.17699.
Jongkees LB, Maas JP, Philipszoon AJ. Clinical nystagmography. A detailed study of electro-nystagmography in 341 patients with vertigo. Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel). 1962;24:65-93. PMID: 14452374.
Rasmussen H. Sudden deafness. Acta Otolaryngol (1949) 37:65–70. doi:10.3109/00016484909120217.
Kizkapan DB, Karlidag T, Basar F, Kaygusuz I, Keles E, Akyigit A, et al. Vestibular functions in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and its relation to prognosis. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2022;49(3):374-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2021.09.009. PMID: 34674887.
Jiang Z, Zhang J, Wang Y, Huang X, Yao Q, Feng Y, et al. Contribution of Audiogram Classification in Evaluating Vestibular Dysfunction in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss With Vertigo. Front Neurol. 2021;12:667804. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.667804. PMID: 33995264.
Liu J, Zhou RH, Liu B, Leng YM, Liu JJ, Liu DD, et al. Assessment of balance and vestibular functions in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2017;37(2):264-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-017-1726-8. PMID: 28397037.
D’Albora R, Civizonas M, Araujo R, Fernández S. Irrigación e inervación del oído interno, su aplicación clínica. En: Carmona S y Kattah JC. Manejo del Síndrome Vestibular Agudo. 1ª ed. Buenos Aires: Akadia, 2017. p. 3-12.
Hong SM, Yeo SG. Clinical analysis of patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Acta Otolaryngol. 2013;133(5):439-42. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.754996. PMID: 23294198.
Vivas EX, Panella NJ, Baugnon KL. Spontaneous Labyrinthine Hemorrhage: A Case Series. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;159(5):908-913. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599818785900. PMID: 29966483.
Kim CH, Shin JE, Park HJ, Koo JW, Lee JH. Concurrent posterior semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in patients with ipsilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss: is it caused by otolith particles? Med Hypotheses. 2014;82(4):424-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.01.015. PMID: 24529913.
Chen XH, Zeng CJ, Fang ZM, Zhang R, Cheng JM, Lin C. The Natural History of Labyrinthine Hemorrhage in Patients With Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Ear Nose Throat J. 2019;98(5):E13-E20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145561319834862. PMID: 30909739.
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Schuknecht HF, Donovan ED. The pathology of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1986;243(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00457899. PMID: 3707419.
Merchant SN, Adams JC, Nadol JB Jr. Pathology and pathophysiology of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26(2):151-160. https://doi.org/10.1097/00129492-200503000-00004. PMID: 15793397.
Quaranta N, Longo G, Dadduzio S, Squeo V, Scarano E, Picciotti PM. Ocular and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL) without vertigo: VEMPs in ISSHL. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;277(2):409-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05724-x. PMID: 31773241.
Rauch SD. Clinical practice. Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(8):833-840. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp0802129. PMID: 18716300.
Kim CH, Choi HR, Choi S, Lee YS, Shin JE. Patterns of nystagmus conversion in sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(43):e12982. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000012982. PMID: 30412127.
Hao W, Ye L, Yu H, Li H. Prognosis of vestibular dysfunction in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo: a prospective cohort study. J Neurol. 2023;270(11):5516-5526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-023-11894-w. PMID: 37517037.
Korres S, Stamatiou GA, Gkoritsa E, Riga M, Xenelis J. Prognosis of patients with idiopathic sudden hearing loss: role of vestibular assessment. J Laryngol Otol. 2011;125(3):251-257. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215110002082. PMID: 21054906.
Guan R, Zhao Z, Guo X, Sun J. The semicircular canal function tests contribute to identifying unilateral idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(3):102461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102461. PMID: 32201018.
Niu X, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Xu X, Han P, Cheng Y, et al. The relationship between hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol. 2016;136(3):225-231. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2015.1110750. PMID: 26587580.
Fujimoto C, Egami N, Kinoshita M, Sugasawa K, Yamasoba T, Iwasaki S. Involvement of vestibular organs in idiopathic sudden hearing loss with vertigo: an analysis using oVEMP and cVEMP testing. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(5):1033-1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.07.028. PMID: 25200460.
Benito-Orejas JI, Ramírez-Salas JE, Mena-Domínguez EA, Duque-Holguera V, Muñoz-Moreno MF, Santos-Pérez J. Sordera súbita idiopática: factores pronóstico y resultados del tratamiento de rescate con dexametasona intratimpánica. ORL [Internet]. 23 de noviembre de 2022 [citado 8 de enero de 2024];14(1):e29939. Disponible en: https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/2444-7986/article/view/29939
Pogson JM, Taylor RL, Young AS, McGarvie LA, Flanagan S, Halmagyi GM, et al. Vertigo with sudden hearing loss: audio-vestibular characteristics. J Neurol. 2016;263(10):2086-2096. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-016-8214-0. PMID: 27435969.
Khetarpal U. Investigations into the cause of vertigo in sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991 Sep;105(3):360-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/019459989110500303. PMID: 1945420.
Inagaki T, Cureoglu S, Morita N, Terao K, Sato T, Suzuki M, et al. Vestibular system changes in sudden deafness with and without vertigo: a human temporal bone study. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(7):1151-1155. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182635440. PMID: 22872175.
Yoon TH, Paparella MM, Schachern PA, Alleva M. Histopathology of sudden hearing loss. Laryngoscope. 1990;100(7):707-715. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-199007000-00006. PMID: 2362530.
Wang Y, Wang L, Jing Y, Yu L, Ye F. Association Between Hearing Characteristics/Prognosis and Vestibular Function in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss With Vertigo. Front Neurol. 2020;11:579757. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.579757. PMID: 33391149.
Seo HW, Chung JH, Byun H, Lee SH. Vestibular mapping assessment in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Ear Hear. 2022;43(1):242-949. https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0000000000001129. PMID: 34524151.
Zhou Y, Wu Y, Wang J. Otolithic organ function in patients with profound sensorineural hearing loss. J Otol. 2016;11(2):73-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joto.2016.05.002. PMID: 29937813.
Liu Y, Leng Y, Zhou R, Liu J, Wang H, Xia K, et al. Video Head Impulse Test Findings in Patients With Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Secondary to Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Front Neurol. 2022;13:877777. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.877777. PMID: 35720082.
Lim KH, Jeong YJ, Han MS, Rah YC, Cha J, Choi J. Comparisons among vestibular examinations and symptoms of vertigo in sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(4):102503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102503. PMID: 32402694.
Lee JY, Kim CH, Park JS, Kim MB. Peripheral Vestibulopathy Presenting as Acute Vertigo and Spontaneous Nystagmus with Negative Video Head Impulse Test. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;160(5):894-901. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599818825458. PMID: 30665325.
Wilson WR, Laird N, Kavesh DA. Electronystagmographic findings in idiopathic sudden hearing loss. Am J Otolaryngol. 1982;3(4):279-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0709(82)80067-7. PMID: 6983308.
Shaia FT, Sheehy JL. Sudden sensori-neural hearing impairment: a report of 1,220 cases. Laryngoscope. 1976;86(3):389-398. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-197603000-00008. PMID: 1256213.
Maia NPD, Lopes KC, Ganança FF. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the prognosis of sudden hearing loss ‒ a systematic review. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;86(2):247-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2019.10.001. PMID: 31796375.
Kim MB, Ban JH. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo accompanied by sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a comparative study with idiopathic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope. 2012;122(12):2832-2836. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.23607. PMID: 22915291.
Song JJ, Yoo YT, An YH, Yoo JC, Kim JS, Koo JW. Comorbid benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: an ominous sign for hearing recovery. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(2):137-141. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318241c27a. PMID: 22215458.
Rambold H, Boenki J, Stritzke G, Wisst F, Neppert B, Helmchen C. Differential vestibular dysfunction in sudden unilateral hearing loss. Neurology. 2005;64(1):148-151. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000148599.18397.D2. PMID: 15642923.
Yu H, Li H. Vestibular Dysfunctions in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2018;9:45. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00045. PMID: 29459846.
Sánchez-Gómez H, Marco-Carmona M, Intraprendente-Martini JF. Exploración vestibuloespinal. ORL [Internet]. 5 de enero de 2018 [citado 8 de enero de 2024];9(2):139-143. Disponible en: https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/2444-7986/article/view/orl.17424.
Pérez-Vázquez P, Franco-Gutiérrez V. La prueba calórica. ORL [Internet]. 18 de enero de 2018 [citado 8 de enero de 2024];9(3):193-221. Disponible en: https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/2444-7986/article/view/orl.17699.
Jongkees LB, Maas JP, Philipszoon AJ. Clinical nystagmography. A detailed study of electro-nystagmography in 341 patients with vertigo. Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel). 1962;24:65-93. PMID: 14452374.
Rasmussen H. Sudden deafness. Acta Otolaryngol (1949) 37:65–70. doi:10.3109/00016484909120217.
Kizkapan DB, Karlidag T, Basar F, Kaygusuz I, Keles E, Akyigit A, et al. Vestibular functions in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and its relation to prognosis. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2022;49(3):374-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2021.09.009. PMID: 34674887.
Jiang Z, Zhang J, Wang Y, Huang X, Yao Q, Feng Y, et al. Contribution of Audiogram Classification in Evaluating Vestibular Dysfunction in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss With Vertigo. Front Neurol. 2021;12:667804. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.667804. PMID: 33995264.
Liu J, Zhou RH, Liu B, Leng YM, Liu JJ, Liu DD, et al. Assessment of balance and vestibular functions in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2017;37(2):264-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-017-1726-8. PMID: 28397037.
D’Albora R, Civizonas M, Araujo R, Fernández S. Irrigación e inervación del oído interno, su aplicación clínica. En: Carmona S y Kattah JC. Manejo del Síndrome Vestibular Agudo. 1ª ed. Buenos Aires: Akadia, 2017. p. 3-12.
Hong SM, Yeo SG. Clinical analysis of patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Acta Otolaryngol. 2013;133(5):439-42. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.754996. PMID: 23294198.
Vivas EX, Panella NJ, Baugnon KL. Spontaneous Labyrinthine Hemorrhage: A Case Series. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;159(5):908-913. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599818785900. PMID: 29966483.
Kim CH, Shin JE, Park HJ, Koo JW, Lee JH. Concurrent posterior semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in patients with ipsilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss: is it caused by otolith particles? Med Hypotheses. 2014;82(4):424-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.01.015. PMID: 24529913.
Chen XH, Zeng CJ, Fang ZM, Zhang R, Cheng JM, Lin C. The Natural History of Labyrinthine Hemorrhage in Patients With Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Ear Nose Throat J. 2019;98(5):E13-E20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145561319834862. PMID: 30909739.
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