Audio-vestibular prognosis of patients with idiopathic sudden hearing loss and vértigo
Abstract Introduction and objectives: To evaluate in sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) patients with vertigo (V) the vestibular function and identify the clinical characteristics. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of vestibulocochlear lesions in SSHL+V and the correlation between vestibular function test results and SSHL disease severity and prognosis. Material and methods: 42 patients diagnosed with SSHL+V were investigated retrospective and prospectively. The patients underwent pure tone audiometry and vestibular function tests consisting of video-nystagmography, video head impulse test and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. We took into account epidemiological and clinical data, complementing them with a magnetic resonance imaging examination and an extensive analytical study. Finally, we statistically evaluated the data obtained. Results: Vestibular cochlear damage varies according to the time elapsed since the event. There is a close relationship between the degree of hearing loss and the degree of vestibular dysfunction. The alteration of all vestibular receptors studied and acute vertigo are more frequent in case of profound hearing loss. The most frequently damaged vestibular receptors were the saccule and the posterior semicircular canal and the least affected was the anterior semicircular canal. The function of the horizontal semicircular canal is critical in the prognosis of hearing loss. Discussion: Predicting the prognosis of a patient with SSHL+V is a challenge that is being overcome as we recognize the factors that determine its evolution. Conclusions: In SSHL+V syndrome, the severity of hearing loss correlates with the extent of vestibular damage, but the final prognosis depends on other accompanying factors.
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Herrera M, García Berrocal JR, García Arumí A, Lavilla MJ, Plaza G; Grupo de Trabajo de la Comisión de Audiología de la SEORL. Actualización del consenso sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la sordera súbita idiopática. 2019;70(5):290-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otorri.2018.04.010. PMID: 30093087.
Schuknecht HF, Donovan ED. The pathology of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1986;243(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00457899. PMID: 3707419.
Merchant SN, Adams JC, Nadol JB Jr. Pathology and pathophysiology of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26(2):151-160. https://doi.org/10.1097/00129492-200503000-00004. PMID: 15793397.
Quaranta N, Longo G, Dadduzio S, Squeo V, Scarano E, Picciotti PM. Ocular and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL) without vertigo: VEMPs in ISSHL. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;277(2):409-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05724-x. PMID: 31773241.
Rauch SD. Clinical practice. Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(8):833-840. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp0802129. PMID: 18716300.
Kim CH, Choi HR, Choi S, Lee YS, Shin JE. Patterns of nystagmus conversion in sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(43):e12982. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000012982. PMID: 30412127.
Hao W, Ye L, Yu H, Li H. Prognosis of vestibular dysfunction in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo: a prospective cohort study. J Neurol. 2023;270(11):5516-5526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-023-11894-w. PMID: 37517037.
Korres S, Stamatiou GA, Gkoritsa E, Riga M, Xenelis J. Prognosis of patients with idiopathic sudden hearing loss: role of vestibular assessment. J Laryngol Otol. 2011;125(3):251-257. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215110002082. PMID: 21054906.
Guan R, Zhao Z, Guo X, Sun J. The semicircular canal function tests contribute to identifying unilateral idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(3):102461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102461. PMID: 32201018.
Niu X, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Xu X, Han P, Cheng Y, et al. The relationship between hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol. 2016;136(3):225-231. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2015.1110750. PMID: 26587580.
Fujimoto C, Egami N, Kinoshita M, Sugasawa K, Yamasoba T, Iwasaki S. Involvement of vestibular organs in idiopathic sudden hearing loss with vertigo: an analysis using oVEMP and cVEMP testing. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(5):1033-1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.07.028. PMID: 25200460.
Benito-Orejas JI, Ramírez-Salas JE, Mena-Domínguez EA, Duque-Holguera V, Muñoz-Moreno MF, Santos-Pérez J. Sordera súbita idiopática: factores pronóstico y resultados del tratamiento de rescate con dexametasona intratimpánica. ORL [Internet]. 23 de noviembre de 2022 [citado 8 de enero de 2024];14(1):e29939. Disponible en: https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/2444-7986/article/view/29939
Pogson JM, Taylor RL, Young AS, McGarvie LA, Flanagan S, Halmagyi GM, et al. Vertigo with sudden hearing loss: audio-vestibular characteristics. J Neurol. 2016;263(10):2086-2096. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-016-8214-0. PMID: 27435969.
Khetarpal U. Investigations into the cause of vertigo in sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991 Sep;105(3):360-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/019459989110500303. PMID: 1945420.
Inagaki T, Cureoglu S, Morita N, Terao K, Sato T, Suzuki M, et al. Vestibular system changes in sudden deafness with and without vertigo: a human temporal bone study. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(7):1151-1155. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182635440. PMID: 22872175.
Yoon TH, Paparella MM, Schachern PA, Alleva M. Histopathology of sudden hearing loss. Laryngoscope. 1990;100(7):707-715. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-199007000-00006. PMID: 2362530.
Wang Y, Wang L, Jing Y, Yu L, Ye F. Association Between Hearing Characteristics/Prognosis and Vestibular Function in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss With Vertigo. Front Neurol. 2020;11:579757. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.579757. PMID: 33391149.
Seo HW, Chung JH, Byun H, Lee SH. Vestibular mapping assessment in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Ear Hear. 2022;43(1):242-949. https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0000000000001129. PMID: 34524151.
Zhou Y, Wu Y, Wang J. Otolithic organ function in patients with profound sensorineural hearing loss. J Otol. 2016;11(2):73-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joto.2016.05.002. PMID: 29937813.
Liu Y, Leng Y, Zhou R, Liu J, Wang H, Xia K, et al. Video Head Impulse Test Findings in Patients With Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Secondary to Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Front Neurol. 2022;13:877777. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.877777. PMID: 35720082.
Lim KH, Jeong YJ, Han MS, Rah YC, Cha J, Choi J. Comparisons among vestibular examinations and symptoms of vertigo in sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(4):102503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102503. PMID: 32402694.
Lee JY, Kim CH, Park JS, Kim MB. Peripheral Vestibulopathy Presenting as Acute Vertigo and Spontaneous Nystagmus with Negative Video Head Impulse Test. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;160(5):894-901. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599818825458. PMID: 30665325.
Wilson WR, Laird N, Kavesh DA. Electronystagmographic findings in idiopathic sudden hearing loss. Am J Otolaryngol. 1982;3(4):279-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0709(82)80067-7. PMID: 6983308.
Shaia FT, Sheehy JL. Sudden sensori-neural hearing impairment: a report of 1,220 cases. Laryngoscope. 1976;86(3):389-398. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-197603000-00008. PMID: 1256213.
Maia NPD, Lopes KC, Ganança FF. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the prognosis of sudden hearing loss ‒ a systematic review. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;86(2):247-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2019.10.001. PMID: 31796375.
Kim MB, Ban JH. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo accompanied by sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a comparative study with idiopathic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope. 2012;122(12):2832-2836. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.23607. PMID: 22915291.
Song JJ, Yoo YT, An YH, Yoo JC, Kim JS, Koo JW. Comorbid benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: an ominous sign for hearing recovery. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(2):137-141. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318241c27a. PMID: 22215458.
Rambold H, Boenki J, Stritzke G, Wisst F, Neppert B, Helmchen C. Differential vestibular dysfunction in sudden unilateral hearing loss. Neurology. 2005;64(1):148-151. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000148599.18397.D2. PMID: 15642923.
Yu H, Li H. Vestibular Dysfunctions in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2018;9:45. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00045. PMID: 29459846.
Sánchez-Gómez H, Marco-Carmona M, Intraprendente-Martini JF. Exploración vestibuloespinal. ORL [Internet]. 5 de enero de 2018 [citado 8 de enero de 2024];9(2):139-143. Disponible en: https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/2444-7986/article/view/orl.17424.
Pérez-Vázquez P, Franco-Gutiérrez V. La prueba calórica. ORL [Internet]. 18 de enero de 2018 [citado 8 de enero de 2024];9(3):193-221. Disponible en: https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/2444-7986/article/view/orl.17699.
Jongkees LB, Maas JP, Philipszoon AJ. Clinical nystagmography. A detailed study of electro-nystagmography in 341 patients with vertigo. Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel). 1962;24:65-93. PMID: 14452374.
Rasmussen H. Sudden deafness. Acta Otolaryngol (1949) 37:65–70. doi:10.3109/00016484909120217.
Kizkapan DB, Karlidag T, Basar F, Kaygusuz I, Keles E, Akyigit A, et al. Vestibular functions in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and its relation to prognosis. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2022;49(3):374-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2021.09.009. PMID: 34674887.
Jiang Z, Zhang J, Wang Y, Huang X, Yao Q, Feng Y, et al. Contribution of Audiogram Classification in Evaluating Vestibular Dysfunction in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss With Vertigo. Front Neurol. 2021;12:667804. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.667804. PMID: 33995264.
Liu J, Zhou RH, Liu B, Leng YM, Liu JJ, Liu DD, et al. Assessment of balance and vestibular functions in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2017;37(2):264-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-017-1726-8. PMID: 28397037.
D’Albora R, Civizonas M, Araujo R, Fernández S. Irrigación e inervación del oído interno, su aplicación clínica. En: Carmona S y Kattah JC. Manejo del Síndrome Vestibular Agudo. 1ª ed. Buenos Aires: Akadia, 2017. p. 3-12.
Hong SM, Yeo SG. Clinical analysis of patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Acta Otolaryngol. 2013;133(5):439-42. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.754996. PMID: 23294198.
Vivas EX, Panella NJ, Baugnon KL. Spontaneous Labyrinthine Hemorrhage: A Case Series. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;159(5):908-913. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599818785900. PMID: 29966483.
Kim CH, Shin JE, Park HJ, Koo JW, Lee JH. Concurrent posterior semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in patients with ipsilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss: is it caused by otolith particles? Med Hypotheses. 2014;82(4):424-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.01.015. PMID: 24529913.
Chen XH, Zeng CJ, Fang ZM, Zhang R, Cheng JM, Lin C. The Natural History of Labyrinthine Hemorrhage in Patients With Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Ear Nose Throat J. 2019;98(5):E13-E20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145561319834862. PMID: 30909739.
Murofushi T, Tsubota M, Suzuki D. Idiopathic acute high-tone sensorineural hearing loss accompanied by vertigo: vestibulo-cochlear artery syndrome? Consideration based on VEMP and vHIT. J Neurol. 2019;266(8):2066-2067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09353-6. PMID: 31065783.
Kim C, Sohn JH, Jang MU, Hong SK, Lee JS, Kim HJ, et al. Ischemia as a potential etiologic factor in idiopathic unilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss: Analysis of posterior circulation arteries. Hear Res. 2016;331:144-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2015.09.003. PMID: 26368028.
Byun H, Chung JH, Lee SH. Clinical implications of posterior semicircular canal function in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):8313. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65294-5. PMID: 32433568.
Iwasaki S, Takai Y, Ozeki H, Ito K, Karino S, Murofushi T. Extent of lesions in idiopathic sudden hearing loss with vertigo: study using click and galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;131(10):857-862. https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.131.10.857. PMID: 16230586.
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Herrera M, García Berrocal JR, García Arumí A, Lavilla MJ, Plaza G; Grupo de Trabajo de la Comisión de Audiología de la SEORL. Actualización del consenso sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la sordera súbita idiopática. 2019;70(5):290-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otorri.2018.04.010. PMID: 30093087.
Schuknecht HF, Donovan ED. The pathology of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1986;243(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00457899. PMID: 3707419.
Merchant SN, Adams JC, Nadol JB Jr. Pathology and pathophysiology of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26(2):151-160. https://doi.org/10.1097/00129492-200503000-00004. PMID: 15793397.
Quaranta N, Longo G, Dadduzio S, Squeo V, Scarano E, Picciotti PM. Ocular and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL) without vertigo: VEMPs in ISSHL. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;277(2):409-414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05724-x. PMID: 31773241.
Rauch SD. Clinical practice. Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(8):833-840. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp0802129. PMID: 18716300.
Kim CH, Choi HR, Choi S, Lee YS, Shin JE. Patterns of nystagmus conversion in sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(43):e12982. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000012982. PMID: 30412127.
Hao W, Ye L, Yu H, Li H. Prognosis of vestibular dysfunction in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo: a prospective cohort study. J Neurol. 2023;270(11):5516-5526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-023-11894-w. PMID: 37517037.
Korres S, Stamatiou GA, Gkoritsa E, Riga M, Xenelis J. Prognosis of patients with idiopathic sudden hearing loss: role of vestibular assessment. J Laryngol Otol. 2011;125(3):251-257. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215110002082. PMID: 21054906.
Guan R, Zhao Z, Guo X, Sun J. The semicircular canal function tests contribute to identifying unilateral idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss with vertigo. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(3):102461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102461. PMID: 32201018.
Niu X, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Xu X, Han P, Cheng Y, et al. The relationship between hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol. 2016;136(3):225-231. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2015.1110750. PMID: 26587580.
Fujimoto C, Egami N, Kinoshita M, Sugasawa K, Yamasoba T, Iwasaki S. Involvement of vestibular organs in idiopathic sudden hearing loss with vertigo: an analysis using oVEMP and cVEMP testing. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(5):1033-1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.07.028. PMID: 25200460.
Benito-Orejas JI, Ramírez-Salas JE, Mena-Domínguez EA, Duque-Holguera V, Muñoz-Moreno MF, Santos-Pérez J. Sordera súbita idiopática: factores pronóstico y resultados del tratamiento de rescate con dexametasona intratimpánica. ORL [Internet]. 23 de noviembre de 2022 [citado 8 de enero de 2024];14(1):e29939. Disponible en: https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/2444-7986/article/view/29939
Pogson JM, Taylor RL, Young AS, McGarvie LA, Flanagan S, Halmagyi GM, et al. Vertigo with sudden hearing loss: audio-vestibular characteristics. J Neurol. 2016;263(10):2086-2096. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-016-8214-0. PMID: 27435969.
Khetarpal U. Investigations into the cause of vertigo in sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991 Sep;105(3):360-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/019459989110500303. PMID: 1945420.
Inagaki T, Cureoglu S, Morita N, Terao K, Sato T, Suzuki M, et al. Vestibular system changes in sudden deafness with and without vertigo: a human temporal bone study. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(7):1151-1155. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182635440. PMID: 22872175.
Yoon TH, Paparella MM, Schachern PA, Alleva M. Histopathology of sudden hearing loss. Laryngoscope. 1990;100(7):707-715. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-199007000-00006. PMID: 2362530.
Wang Y, Wang L, Jing Y, Yu L, Ye F. Association Between Hearing Characteristics/Prognosis and Vestibular Function in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss With Vertigo. Front Neurol. 2020;11:579757. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.579757. PMID: 33391149.
Seo HW, Chung JH, Byun H, Lee SH. Vestibular mapping assessment in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Ear Hear. 2022;43(1):242-949. https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0000000000001129. PMID: 34524151.
Zhou Y, Wu Y, Wang J. Otolithic organ function in patients with profound sensorineural hearing loss. J Otol. 2016;11(2):73-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joto.2016.05.002. PMID: 29937813.
Liu Y, Leng Y, Zhou R, Liu J, Wang H, Xia K, et al. Video Head Impulse Test Findings in Patients With Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Secondary to Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Front Neurol. 2022;13:877777. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.877777. PMID: 35720082.
Lim KH, Jeong YJ, Han MS, Rah YC, Cha J, Choi J. Comparisons among vestibular examinations and symptoms of vertigo in sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(4):102503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102503. PMID: 32402694.
Lee JY, Kim CH, Park JS, Kim MB. Peripheral Vestibulopathy Presenting as Acute Vertigo and Spontaneous Nystagmus with Negative Video Head Impulse Test. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;160(5):894-901. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599818825458. PMID: 30665325.
Wilson WR, Laird N, Kavesh DA. Electronystagmographic findings in idiopathic sudden hearing loss. Am J Otolaryngol. 1982;3(4):279-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0709(82)80067-7. PMID: 6983308.
Shaia FT, Sheehy JL. Sudden sensori-neural hearing impairment: a report of 1,220 cases. Laryngoscope. 1976;86(3):389-398. https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-197603000-00008. PMID: 1256213.
Maia NPD, Lopes KC, Ganança FF. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the prognosis of sudden hearing loss ‒ a systematic review. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;86(2):247-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2019.10.001. PMID: 31796375.
Kim MB, Ban JH. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo accompanied by sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a comparative study with idiopathic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope. 2012;122(12):2832-2836. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.23607. PMID: 22915291.
Song JJ, Yoo YT, An YH, Yoo JC, Kim JS, Koo JW. Comorbid benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: an ominous sign for hearing recovery. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(2):137-141. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0b013e318241c27a. PMID: 22215458.
Rambold H, Boenki J, Stritzke G, Wisst F, Neppert B, Helmchen C. Differential vestibular dysfunction in sudden unilateral hearing loss. Neurology. 2005;64(1):148-151. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000148599.18397.D2. PMID: 15642923.
Yu H, Li H. Vestibular Dysfunctions in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2018;9:45. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00045. PMID: 29459846.
Sánchez-Gómez H, Marco-Carmona M, Intraprendente-Martini JF. Exploración vestibuloespinal. ORL [Internet]. 5 de enero de 2018 [citado 8 de enero de 2024];9(2):139-143. Disponible en: https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/2444-7986/article/view/orl.17424.
Pérez-Vázquez P, Franco-Gutiérrez V. La prueba calórica. ORL [Internet]. 18 de enero de 2018 [citado 8 de enero de 2024];9(3):193-221. Disponible en: https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/2444-7986/article/view/orl.17699.
Jongkees LB, Maas JP, Philipszoon AJ. Clinical nystagmography. A detailed study of electro-nystagmography in 341 patients with vertigo. Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel). 1962;24:65-93. PMID: 14452374.
Rasmussen H. Sudden deafness. Acta Otolaryngol (1949) 37:65–70. doi:10.3109/00016484909120217.
Kizkapan DB, Karlidag T, Basar F, Kaygusuz I, Keles E, Akyigit A, et al. Vestibular functions in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and its relation to prognosis. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2022;49(3):374-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2021.09.009. PMID: 34674887.
Jiang Z, Zhang J, Wang Y, Huang X, Yao Q, Feng Y, et al. Contribution of Audiogram Classification in Evaluating Vestibular Dysfunction in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss With Vertigo. Front Neurol. 2021;12:667804. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.667804. PMID: 33995264.
Liu J, Zhou RH, Liu B, Leng YM, Liu JJ, Liu DD, et al. Assessment of balance and vestibular functions in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2017;37(2):264-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-017-1726-8. PMID: 28397037.
D’Albora R, Civizonas M, Araujo R, Fernández S. Irrigación e inervación del oído interno, su aplicación clínica. En: Carmona S y Kattah JC. Manejo del Síndrome Vestibular Agudo. 1ª ed. Buenos Aires: Akadia, 2017. p. 3-12.
Hong SM, Yeo SG. Clinical analysis of patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Acta Otolaryngol. 2013;133(5):439-42. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.754996. PMID: 23294198.
Vivas EX, Panella NJ, Baugnon KL. Spontaneous Labyrinthine Hemorrhage: A Case Series. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;159(5):908-913. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599818785900. PMID: 29966483.
Kim CH, Shin JE, Park HJ, Koo JW, Lee JH. Concurrent posterior semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in patients with ipsilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss: is it caused by otolith particles? Med Hypotheses. 2014;82(4):424-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.01.015. PMID: 24529913.
Chen XH, Zeng CJ, Fang ZM, Zhang R, Cheng JM, Lin C. The Natural History of Labyrinthine Hemorrhage in Patients With Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Ear Nose Throat J. 2019;98(5):E13-E20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145561319834862. PMID: 30909739.
Murofushi T, Tsubota M, Suzuki D. Idiopathic acute high-tone sensorineural hearing loss accompanied by vertigo: vestibulo-cochlear artery syndrome? Consideration based on VEMP and vHIT. J Neurol. 2019;266(8):2066-2067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09353-6. PMID: 31065783.
Kim C, Sohn JH, Jang MU, Hong SK, Lee JS, Kim HJ, et al. Ischemia as a potential etiologic factor in idiopathic unilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss: Analysis of posterior circulation arteries. Hear Res. 2016;331:144-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2015.09.003. PMID: 26368028.
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