Dacriocistorrinostomía externa, conjuntivo-dacriocistorrinostomía y cirugía de la vía lagrimal en el meato inferior
Resumen Introducción y objetivo: Realizar una revisión sobre la dacriocistorrinostomía externa (DCR-ext), sondaje de la vía lagrimal y conjuntivodacriocistorrinostomía(CDCR) empleadas ante la obstrucción de la vía lagrimal. Material y métodos : Revisión bibliográfica sobre técnicas quirúrgicas mencionadas. Discusión: La obstrucción de la vía lagrimal puede dividirse según su localización en proximales y distales. Ante obstrucciones distales, la DCR ext es la técnica gold standard con porcentajes de éxito superiores al 95%, y la CDCR en caso de obstrucciones proximales.El sondaje de la vía lagrimal es la primera indicación quirúrgica en obstrucción congénita.
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1 Evereklioglu C. Primary Probing with and without Monoka Silastic Stent Intubation for Epiphora in Older Children and Adults. Curr Eye Res. 2020;45(1):87–90.
2 Toti A. Nuovo metodo conservative di cura radicale delle suporazioni chroniche del sacco lacrimale. Clin Mod Firenze. 1904;10:385–9.
3 Dupuy-Dutemps L, Bourguet J. Procede plastique de dacryocystorhinostomie et ses resultats. Ann Ocul J. 1921;72:241–61.
4 Tarbet KJ, Custer PL. External Dacryocystorhinostomy: Surgical Success, Patient Satisfaction, and Economic Cost. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(7):1065–70.
5 Fayers T, Laverde T, Tay E, Olver JM. Lacrimal surgery success after external dacryocystorhinostomy: Functional and anatomical results using strict outcome criteria. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;25(6):472–5.
6 Ali M, Naik M, Honavar S. External dacryocystorhinostomy: Tips and tricks. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2012;5(3):191–5.
7 Toledano Fernández N. Tratamiento quirúrgico de las obstrucciones del conducto nasolagrimal. Dacriocistorrinostomía por vía externa. indicaciones, técnica y complicaciones. Dacriocistectomía. Manejo actual de las obstrucciones del conducto nasolagrimal. 2001.
8 Davies BW, McCracken MS, Hawes MJ, Hink EM, Durairaj VD, Pelton RW. Tear Trough Incision for External Dacryocystorhinostomy. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;31(4):278–81.
9 Akaishi PMS, Mano JB, Pereira IC, Cruz AAVE. Functional and cosmetic results of a lower eyelid crease approach for external dacryocystorhinostomy. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2011;74(4):283–5.
10 Wadwekar B, Hansdak A, Nirmale SD, Ravichandran K. Cutaneous scar visibility after external dacryocystorhinostomy: A comparison of curvilinear and W shaped incision. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2019;33(2):142–7.
11 Ng DSC, Chan E. Techniques to minimize skin incision scar for external dacryocystorhinostomy. Orbit. 2016;35(1):42–5.
12 Harris GJ, Sakol PJ BR. Relaxed skin tension line incision for dacryocystorhinostomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;15;108(6):742–3.
13 Takahashi Y, Nakamura Y, Kakizaki H. Eight-flap anastomosis in external dacryocystorhinostomy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(11):1527–30.
14 Galindo-Ferreiro A, Dufaileej M, Galvez-Ruiz A, Khandekar R, Schellini SA. Characteristics and success rates of same day or asynchronous bilateral external dacryocystorhinostomy. J Craniofac Surg. 2019;30(4):1184–6.
15 Pandya VB, Lee S, Benger R, Danks JJ, Kourt G, Martin PA, et al. The role of mucosal flaps in external dacryocystorhinostomy. Orbit. 2010;29(6):324–7.
16 Kaçaniku G, Begolli I. External dacryocystorhinostomy with and without suturing the posterior mucosal flaps. Med Arh. 2014;68(1):54–6.
17 Serin D, Alagöz G, Karslo?lu ?, Çelebi S, Kükner ?. External dacryocystorhinostomy: Double-flap anastomosis or excision of the posterior flaps? Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;23(1):28–31.
18 Takahashi Y, Mito H, Kakizaki H. External dacryocystorhinostomy with or without double mucosal flap anastomosis: Comparison of surgical outcomes. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(4):1290–3.
19 Yazici B, Akova B. Simultaneous bilateral external dacryocystorhinostomy. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2007;85(6):667–70.
20 Sarode D, Bari DA, Cain AC, Syed MI, Williams AT. The benefit of silicone stents in primary endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Otolaryngol. 2017;42(2):307–14.
21 Ari ?, Gun R, Surmeli S, Atay AE, Çaca Î. Use of adjunctive mitomycin C in external dacryocystorhinostomy surgery compared with surgery alone in patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction: A prospective, double-masked, randomized, controlled trial. Curr Ther Res - Clin Exp. 2009;70(4):267–73.
22 Nair AG, Ali MJ. Mitomycin-C in dacryocystorhinostomy: From experimentation to implementation and the road ahead: A review. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2015;63(4):335–9.
23 Alañón Fernández MÁ, Alañón Fernández FJ, Martínez Fernández A, Cárdenas Lara M. Resultados de la aplicación de mitomicina en la dacriocistorrinostomía endonasal y endocanalicular con láser diodo. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2006;57(8):355–8.
24 Mukhtar SA, Jamil AZ, Ali Z. Efficacy of external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) with and without mitomycin-C in chronic dacryocystitis. J Coll Physicians Surg Pakistan. 2014;24(10):732–5.
25 Atkova EL, Fedorov AA, Root AO, Iartsev SD, Krakhovetsky NN, Yartsev VD. Causes of unsatisfactory results of the use of mitomycin-C in endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2017;31(3):150–5.
26 Yeatts RP NR. Use of mitomycin C in repeat dacryocystorhinostomy. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surgeryphthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;15(1):19–22.
27 You YA FC. Intraoperative mitomycin C in dacryocystorhinostomy. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;17(2):115–9.
28 Gonzalvo Ibáñez FJ, Fuertes Fernández I, Fernández Tirado FJ, Hernández Delgado G, Rabinal Arbués F HLF. Dacriocistorrinostomía externa con mitomicina C. Valoración clínica y anatómica mediante tomografía computarizada helicoidal [External dacryocystorhinostomy with mitomycin C. Clinical and anatomical evaluation with helical computed tomography]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2000;75(9):611–7.
29 Liao SL, Kao SC, Tseng JH, Chen MS HP. Results of intraoperative mitomycin C application in dacryocystorhinostomy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84(8):903–6.
30 McNab AA. Dacryocystorhinostomy. Manual of Orbital and Lacrimal Surgery. 1998.
31 Lee MJ, Park J, Yang MK, Choi YJ, Kim N, Choung HK, et al. Long-term results of maintenance of lacrimal silicone stent in patients with functional epiphora after external dacryocystorhinostomy. Eye. 2020;34(4):669–74.
32 Boboridis KG, Bunce C, Rose GE. Outcome of external dacryocystorhinostomy combined with membranectomy of a distal canalicular obstruction. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139(6):1051–6.
33 Syed MI, Head EJ, Madurska M, Hendry J, Erikitola OC, Cain AJ. Endoscopic primary dacryocystorhinostomy: Are silicone tubes needed? Our experience in sixty three patients. Clin Otolaryngol. 2013;38(5):406–10.
34 Bohman E, Dafgård Kopp E. One-week intubation in external dacryocystorhinostomy– a report on long-term outcome. Orbit (London). 2020 DOI: 10.1080/01676830.2020.1778737
35 Shun-Shin GA, Thurairajan G. External dacryocystorhinostomy - an end of an era? Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81(9):716–7.
36 Sharma V, Martin PA, Benger R, Kourt G, Danks JJ, Deckel Y, et al. Evaluation of the cosmetic significance of external dacryocystorhinostomy scars. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140(3):359.e1-359.e7.
37 Devoto MH, Zaffaroni MC, Bernardini FP, De Conciliis C. Postoperative evaluation of skin incision in external dacryocystorhinostomy. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;20(5):358–61.
38 Caesar RH, Fernando G, Scott K, McNab AA. Scarring in external dacryocystorhinostomy: Fact or fiction? Orbit. 2005;24(2):83–6.
39 Chisty N, Singh M, Ali MJ, Naik MN. Long-term outcomes of powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in acute dacryocystitis. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(3):551–3.
40 Li EY, Wong ES, Wong AC, Yuen HK. Primary vs secondary endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy for acute dacryocystitis with lacrimal sac abscess formation a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(12):1361–6.
41 Jones LT. Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;187:xxxvi–xliv.
42 Alañón Fernández MÁ, Alañón Fernández FJ, Martínez Fernández A, Cárdenas Lara M. Conjuntivodacriocistorrinostomía con láser diodo. Inserción endoscópica de tubos de Jones. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2008;59(1):11–5.
43 Can I, Can B, Yarangümeli A, Gürbüz O, Tekelioglu M KG. CDCR with buccal mucosal graft: comparative and histopathological study. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1999;30(2):98–104.
44 Lim C, Martin P, Benger R, Kourt G, Ghabrial R. Lacrimal canalicular bypass surgery with the Lester Jones tube. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137(1):101–8.
45 Ahn ES, Dailey RA, Radmall B. The Effectiveness and Long-Term Outcome of Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with Frosted Jones Tubes. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;33(4):294–9.
46 Chang M, Lee H, Park M, Baek S. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic endonasal conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with Jones tube placement: A thirteen-year experience. J Cranio-Maxillofacial Surg. 2015;43(1):7–10.
47 Devoto MH, Bernardini FP, De Conciliis C. Minimally invasive conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with Jones tube. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;22(4):253–5.
48 Mohammad Javed A. Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy: Indications, techniques and complications. Principles and practice of lacrimal surgery. Springer; 2015; pp 291–302.
49 Steele EA. Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with Jones tube: A history and update. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2016;27(5):439–42.
50 Trotter WL, Meyer DR. Endoscopic conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with Jones tube placement. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(6):1206–9.
51 Bagdonaite L, Pearson AR. Twelve-Year Experience of Lester Jones Tubes - Results and Comparison of 3 Different Tube Types. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;31(5):352–6.
52 Timlin HM, Jiang K, Mathewson P, Manta A, Rubinstein T, Ezra DG. Long-Term Outcomes of StopLoss Jones Tubes for Epiphora in Patients with Early or Multiple Loss of Lester Jones Tubes. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;XX(XX):127–31.
53 Kakizaki H. The rate of symptomatic improvement of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in Japanese infants treated with conservative management during the 1st year of age. Clin Ophthalmol. 2008;3311(ext 2181):291.
54 Kashkouli MB, Kassaee A, Tabatabaee Z. Initial nasolacrimal duct probing in children under age 5: Cure rate and factors affecting success. J AAPOS. 2002;6(6):360–3.
55 Schellini SA, Narikawa S, Ribeiro SCF, Nakagima V, Padovani CR, Padovani CRP. Congenital lacrimal obstruction: outcome and factors associated with therapeutic probing. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2005 Oct;68(5):627–30.
56 Nucci P, Capoferri C, Alfarano R BR. Conservative management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1989;26(1):39–43.
57 Karti O, Karahan E, Acan D, Kusbeci T. The natural process of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction and effect of lacrimal sac massage. Int Ophthalmol. 2016;36(6):845–9.
58 Eye P, Investigator D. Primary Treatment of Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction with Probing in Children Younger than 4 Years. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(3). DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.07.030
59 Galindo-Ferreiro A, Khandekar R, Akaishi PM, Cruz A, Gálvez-Ruiz A, Dolmetsch A, et al. Success Rates of Endoscopic-Assisted Probing Compared to Conventional Probing in Children 48 Months or Older. Semin Ophthalmol. 2018;33(3):435–42.
60 Wallace EJ, Cox A, White P, MacEwen CJ. Endoscopic-assisted probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Eye. 2006;20(9):998–1003.
61 Galindo-Ferreiro A, Akaishi P, Cruz A, Khandekar R, Dossari S, Dufaileej M, Galvez-Ruiz A SS. Success Rates of Conventional Versus Endoscope-Assisted Probing for Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in Children 12 Years and Younger. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus2. 2016;1;53(5):292–2.
62 Kapadia MK, Freitag SK, Woog JJ. Evaluation and Management of Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2006;39(5):959–77.
63 Eye P, Investigator D, Lee KA, Danielle L, Repka MX, Beck RW, et al. A randomized trial comparing the cost-effectiveness of 2 approaches for treating unilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Arch Ophthalmol. 2013;130(March 2012):1525–33.
64 Honavar SG, Prakash VE, Rao GN. Outcome of probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130(1):42–8.
65 Kashkouli MB, Beigi B, Parvaresh MM, Kassaee A, Tabatabaee Z. Late and very late initial probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction: What is the cause of failure? Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(9):1151–3.
2 Toti A. Nuovo metodo conservative di cura radicale delle suporazioni chroniche del sacco lacrimale. Clin Mod Firenze. 1904;10:385–9.
3 Dupuy-Dutemps L, Bourguet J. Procede plastique de dacryocystorhinostomie et ses resultats. Ann Ocul J. 1921;72:241–61.
4 Tarbet KJ, Custer PL. External Dacryocystorhinostomy: Surgical Success, Patient Satisfaction, and Economic Cost. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(7):1065–70.
5 Fayers T, Laverde T, Tay E, Olver JM. Lacrimal surgery success after external dacryocystorhinostomy: Functional and anatomical results using strict outcome criteria. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;25(6):472–5.
6 Ali M, Naik M, Honavar S. External dacryocystorhinostomy: Tips and tricks. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2012;5(3):191–5.
7 Toledano Fernández N. Tratamiento quirúrgico de las obstrucciones del conducto nasolagrimal. Dacriocistorrinostomía por vía externa. indicaciones, técnica y complicaciones. Dacriocistectomía. Manejo actual de las obstrucciones del conducto nasolagrimal. 2001.
8 Davies BW, McCracken MS, Hawes MJ, Hink EM, Durairaj VD, Pelton RW. Tear Trough Incision for External Dacryocystorhinostomy. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;31(4):278–81.
9 Akaishi PMS, Mano JB, Pereira IC, Cruz AAVE. Functional and cosmetic results of a lower eyelid crease approach for external dacryocystorhinostomy. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2011;74(4):283–5.
10 Wadwekar B, Hansdak A, Nirmale SD, Ravichandran K. Cutaneous scar visibility after external dacryocystorhinostomy: A comparison of curvilinear and W shaped incision. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2019;33(2):142–7.
11 Ng DSC, Chan E. Techniques to minimize skin incision scar for external dacryocystorhinostomy. Orbit. 2016;35(1):42–5.
12 Harris GJ, Sakol PJ BR. Relaxed skin tension line incision for dacryocystorhinostomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;15;108(6):742–3.
13 Takahashi Y, Nakamura Y, Kakizaki H. Eight-flap anastomosis in external dacryocystorhinostomy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(11):1527–30.
14 Galindo-Ferreiro A, Dufaileej M, Galvez-Ruiz A, Khandekar R, Schellini SA. Characteristics and success rates of same day or asynchronous bilateral external dacryocystorhinostomy. J Craniofac Surg. 2019;30(4):1184–6.
15 Pandya VB, Lee S, Benger R, Danks JJ, Kourt G, Martin PA, et al. The role of mucosal flaps in external dacryocystorhinostomy. Orbit. 2010;29(6):324–7.
16 Kaçaniku G, Begolli I. External dacryocystorhinostomy with and without suturing the posterior mucosal flaps. Med Arh. 2014;68(1):54–6.
17 Serin D, Alagöz G, Karslo?lu ?, Çelebi S, Kükner ?. External dacryocystorhinostomy: Double-flap anastomosis or excision of the posterior flaps? Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;23(1):28–31.
18 Takahashi Y, Mito H, Kakizaki H. External dacryocystorhinostomy with or without double mucosal flap anastomosis: Comparison of surgical outcomes. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(4):1290–3.
19 Yazici B, Akova B. Simultaneous bilateral external dacryocystorhinostomy. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2007;85(6):667–70.
20 Sarode D, Bari DA, Cain AC, Syed MI, Williams AT. The benefit of silicone stents in primary endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Otolaryngol. 2017;42(2):307–14.
21 Ari ?, Gun R, Surmeli S, Atay AE, Çaca Î. Use of adjunctive mitomycin C in external dacryocystorhinostomy surgery compared with surgery alone in patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction: A prospective, double-masked, randomized, controlled trial. Curr Ther Res - Clin Exp. 2009;70(4):267–73.
22 Nair AG, Ali MJ. Mitomycin-C in dacryocystorhinostomy: From experimentation to implementation and the road ahead: A review. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2015;63(4):335–9.
23 Alañón Fernández MÁ, Alañón Fernández FJ, Martínez Fernández A, Cárdenas Lara M. Resultados de la aplicación de mitomicina en la dacriocistorrinostomía endonasal y endocanalicular con láser diodo. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2006;57(8):355–8.
24 Mukhtar SA, Jamil AZ, Ali Z. Efficacy of external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) with and without mitomycin-C in chronic dacryocystitis. J Coll Physicians Surg Pakistan. 2014;24(10):732–5.
25 Atkova EL, Fedorov AA, Root AO, Iartsev SD, Krakhovetsky NN, Yartsev VD. Causes of unsatisfactory results of the use of mitomycin-C in endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2017;31(3):150–5.
26 Yeatts RP NR. Use of mitomycin C in repeat dacryocystorhinostomy. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surgeryphthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;15(1):19–22.
27 You YA FC. Intraoperative mitomycin C in dacryocystorhinostomy. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;17(2):115–9.
28 Gonzalvo Ibáñez FJ, Fuertes Fernández I, Fernández Tirado FJ, Hernández Delgado G, Rabinal Arbués F HLF. Dacriocistorrinostomía externa con mitomicina C. Valoración clínica y anatómica mediante tomografía computarizada helicoidal [External dacryocystorhinostomy with mitomycin C. Clinical and anatomical evaluation with helical computed tomography]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2000;75(9):611–7.
29 Liao SL, Kao SC, Tseng JH, Chen MS HP. Results of intraoperative mitomycin C application in dacryocystorhinostomy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84(8):903–6.
30 McNab AA. Dacryocystorhinostomy. Manual of Orbital and Lacrimal Surgery. 1998.
31 Lee MJ, Park J, Yang MK, Choi YJ, Kim N, Choung HK, et al. Long-term results of maintenance of lacrimal silicone stent in patients with functional epiphora after external dacryocystorhinostomy. Eye. 2020;34(4):669–74.
32 Boboridis KG, Bunce C, Rose GE. Outcome of external dacryocystorhinostomy combined with membranectomy of a distal canalicular obstruction. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139(6):1051–6.
33 Syed MI, Head EJ, Madurska M, Hendry J, Erikitola OC, Cain AJ. Endoscopic primary dacryocystorhinostomy: Are silicone tubes needed? Our experience in sixty three patients. Clin Otolaryngol. 2013;38(5):406–10.
34 Bohman E, Dafgård Kopp E. One-week intubation in external dacryocystorhinostomy– a report on long-term outcome. Orbit (London). 2020 DOI: 10.1080/01676830.2020.1778737
35 Shun-Shin GA, Thurairajan G. External dacryocystorhinostomy - an end of an era? Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81(9):716–7.
36 Sharma V, Martin PA, Benger R, Kourt G, Danks JJ, Deckel Y, et al. Evaluation of the cosmetic significance of external dacryocystorhinostomy scars. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140(3):359.e1-359.e7.
37 Devoto MH, Zaffaroni MC, Bernardini FP, De Conciliis C. Postoperative evaluation of skin incision in external dacryocystorhinostomy. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;20(5):358–61.
38 Caesar RH, Fernando G, Scott K, McNab AA. Scarring in external dacryocystorhinostomy: Fact or fiction? Orbit. 2005;24(2):83–6.
39 Chisty N, Singh M, Ali MJ, Naik MN. Long-term outcomes of powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in acute dacryocystitis. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(3):551–3.
40 Li EY, Wong ES, Wong AC, Yuen HK. Primary vs secondary endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy for acute dacryocystitis with lacrimal sac abscess formation a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(12):1361–6.
41 Jones LT. Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;187:xxxvi–xliv.
42 Alañón Fernández MÁ, Alañón Fernández FJ, Martínez Fernández A, Cárdenas Lara M. Conjuntivodacriocistorrinostomía con láser diodo. Inserción endoscópica de tubos de Jones. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2008;59(1):11–5.
43 Can I, Can B, Yarangümeli A, Gürbüz O, Tekelioglu M KG. CDCR with buccal mucosal graft: comparative and histopathological study. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1999;30(2):98–104.
44 Lim C, Martin P, Benger R, Kourt G, Ghabrial R. Lacrimal canalicular bypass surgery with the Lester Jones tube. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137(1):101–8.
45 Ahn ES, Dailey RA, Radmall B. The Effectiveness and Long-Term Outcome of Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with Frosted Jones Tubes. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;33(4):294–9.
46 Chang M, Lee H, Park M, Baek S. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic endonasal conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with Jones tube placement: A thirteen-year experience. J Cranio-Maxillofacial Surg. 2015;43(1):7–10.
47 Devoto MH, Bernardini FP, De Conciliis C. Minimally invasive conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with Jones tube. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;22(4):253–5.
48 Mohammad Javed A. Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy: Indications, techniques and complications. Principles and practice of lacrimal surgery. Springer; 2015; pp 291–302.
49 Steele EA. Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with Jones tube: A history and update. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2016;27(5):439–42.
50 Trotter WL, Meyer DR. Endoscopic conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with Jones tube placement. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(6):1206–9.
51 Bagdonaite L, Pearson AR. Twelve-Year Experience of Lester Jones Tubes - Results and Comparison of 3 Different Tube Types. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;31(5):352–6.
52 Timlin HM, Jiang K, Mathewson P, Manta A, Rubinstein T, Ezra DG. Long-Term Outcomes of StopLoss Jones Tubes for Epiphora in Patients with Early or Multiple Loss of Lester Jones Tubes. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;XX(XX):127–31.
53 Kakizaki H. The rate of symptomatic improvement of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in Japanese infants treated with conservative management during the 1st year of age. Clin Ophthalmol. 2008;3311(ext 2181):291.
54 Kashkouli MB, Kassaee A, Tabatabaee Z. Initial nasolacrimal duct probing in children under age 5: Cure rate and factors affecting success. J AAPOS. 2002;6(6):360–3.
55 Schellini SA, Narikawa S, Ribeiro SCF, Nakagima V, Padovani CR, Padovani CRP. Congenital lacrimal obstruction: outcome and factors associated with therapeutic probing. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2005 Oct;68(5):627–30.
56 Nucci P, Capoferri C, Alfarano R BR. Conservative management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1989;26(1):39–43.
57 Karti O, Karahan E, Acan D, Kusbeci T. The natural process of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction and effect of lacrimal sac massage. Int Ophthalmol. 2016;36(6):845–9.
58 Eye P, Investigator D. Primary Treatment of Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction with Probing in Children Younger than 4 Years. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(3). DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.07.030
59 Galindo-Ferreiro A, Khandekar R, Akaishi PM, Cruz A, Gálvez-Ruiz A, Dolmetsch A, et al. Success Rates of Endoscopic-Assisted Probing Compared to Conventional Probing in Children 48 Months or Older. Semin Ophthalmol. 2018;33(3):435–42.
60 Wallace EJ, Cox A, White P, MacEwen CJ. Endoscopic-assisted probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Eye. 2006;20(9):998–1003.
61 Galindo-Ferreiro A, Akaishi P, Cruz A, Khandekar R, Dossari S, Dufaileej M, Galvez-Ruiz A SS. Success Rates of Conventional Versus Endoscope-Assisted Probing for Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in Children 12 Years and Younger. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus2. 2016;1;53(5):292–2.
62 Kapadia MK, Freitag SK, Woog JJ. Evaluation and Management of Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2006;39(5):959–77.
63 Eye P, Investigator D, Lee KA, Danielle L, Repka MX, Beck RW, et al. A randomized trial comparing the cost-effectiveness of 2 approaches for treating unilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Arch Ophthalmol. 2013;130(March 2012):1525–33.
64 Honavar SG, Prakash VE, Rao GN. Outcome of probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130(1):42–8.
65 Kashkouli MB, Beigi B, Parvaresh MM, Kassaee A, Tabatabaee Z. Late and very late initial probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction: What is the cause of failure? Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(9):1151–3.
Marqués-Fernández, V., De Las Heras Flórez, P., & Galindo-Ferreiro, A. (2020). Dacriocistorrinostomía externa, conjuntivo-dacriocistorrinostomía y cirugía de la vía lagrimal en el meato inferior . Revista ORL, 12(2), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.14201/orl.24154
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