Orbitopatía tiroidea. Revisión sobre puntos clave para el diagnóstico y tratamiento

Resumen

Introducción y objetivo: La orbitopatía tiroidea (OT) es una patología autoinmune de etiología desconocida. Se trata de una enfermedad edematosa e inflamatoria crónica y a veces subaguda o aguda, cuyas características principales son edema palpebral, úlceras corneales, hipertensión ocular, exoftalmos generalmente bilateral, estrabismo restrictivo, diplopía y neuropatía óptica. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión y actualización acerca del enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico de la OT. Métodos: Revisión de la literatura publicada referente a la OT y manera actual de enfocar esta patología. Resultados: OT es una enfermedad inflamatoria orbitaria con un posible origen autoinmune y que suele asociarse a trastornos metabólicos de la glándula tiroidea. Fisiopatológicamente su mecanismo no está claro. Afecta mayormente a mujeres y está negativamente influenciada por factores como el tabaquismo, la edad, el sexo y la raza. Es imprescindible clasificarla en cuanto a su severidad y su actividad para un correcto manejo. Conclusiones: El conocimiento clínico de OT es esencial para el diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad. El tratamiento médico, en caso de OT activa, debe ser precoz, agresivo y acorde a la fase en que se presente el paciente con el fin de evitar las graves consecuencias de la OT. El tratamiento quirúrgico deberá ser lógico y ordenado, pero a su vez rápido, con el fin de devolver al paciente al entorno laboral, social y familiar.
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Galindo-Ferreiro, A., & Marqués-Fernández, V. E. (2021). Orbitopatía tiroidea. Revisión sobre puntos clave para el diagnóstico y tratamiento. Revista ORL, 12(4), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.14201/orl.23829

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