Integrating Gamification with Demand-Responsive Transportation: An Approach to User-Driven Optimisation
Abstract The successful implementation of demand-responsive transportation services is often hindered due to difficulties associated with economic viability. With the aim of reducing service operational costs and environmental impact, this paper proposes an architecture that enables user-driven optimisation through the modification of their travel preferences. Specifically, the paper presents two modules which, integrated with a demand-responsive system, enable vehicle route optimisation, thus saving on costs derived from travelled kilometres and vehicle maintenance. On the one hand, the request modification module computes feasible modifications of the origin or destination stops in a customer travel request, changing them to neighbouring stops such that the transportation routes are simplified. On the other hand, a gamification module is implemented to motivate the customer’s acceptance of their request modification. Such a motivation is achieved by offering a personalised reward coupled with each modification, computed taking into account user preferences. Upon the acceptance of a modification, the user receives the reward, which may represent social or monetary benefits within the gamified demand-responsive service. The current research formalises both modules and tests their optimisation potential through the development of a case study in transportation scenarios with variable fleet sizes and demand intensities. The results indicate that the implementation of request modifications can save up to 5 % of a fleet’s operational costs if the right conditions are met. Moreover, when the flexibility of the request modification module is increased, savings may increase, however, at the cost of the customer’s preferred travel parameters. Thus, a balance between optimisation potential and user satisfaction must be sought.
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Alahmadi, R. N. A. & Alzahrani, A. (2023). The effect of data science on urban sustainability through the optimization of demand-responsive transportation. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Engineering and Architecture, 14(3), 172-187.
Anburuvel, A., Perera, W. & Randeniya, R. (2022). A demand responsive public transport for a spatially scattered population in a developing country. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10(1), 187-197. ISSN 2213-624X.
Bartle, R. (1996). Hearts, Clubs, Diamonds, Spades: Players Who Suit Muds. Journal of MUD Research, 1(1).
Calabrò, G., Le Pira, M. L., Giuffrida, N., Inturri, G., Ignaccolo, M. & Correia, G. H. d. A. (2022). Fixed-Route vs. Demand-Responsive Transport Feeder Services: An Exploratory Study Using an Agent-Based Model. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2022(1), e8382754. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8382754
Calabrò, G., Le Pira, M. L., Giuffrida, N., Inturri, G., Ignaccolo, M. & Correia, G. H. d. A. (2023). Designing demand responsive transport services in small-sized cities using an agent-based model. Transportation Research Procedia, 69, 759-766. ISSN 2352-1465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.02.233.
Cardoso, B., Ribeiro, M., Prandi, C. & Nunes, N. (2019). When Gamification Meets Sustainability: A Pervasive Approach to Foster Sustainable Mobility in Madeira. In 1st ACM Workshop on Emerging Smart Technologies and Infrastructures for Smart Mobility and Sustainability, pp. 3-8. ACM, Los Cabos, MX. ISBN 978-1-4503-6930-5. https://doi.org/10.1145/3349622.3355449
Cummings, J. A. & Sanders, L. (2019). Introduction to Psychology. University of Saskatchewan Open Press. ISBN 978-0-88880-637-6.
Currie, G. & Fournier, N. (2020). Why most DRT/Micro-Transits fail–What the survivors tell us about progress. Research in Transportation Economics, 83, e100895.
Dehghanzadeh, H., Farrokhnia, M., Dehghanzadeh, H., Taghipour, K. & Noroozi, O. (2023). Using Gamification to Support Learning in K-12 Education: A Systematic Literature Review. British Journal of Educational Technology, 1467-8535. ISSN 0007-1013. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13335
Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R. & Nacke, L. (2011). From Game Design Elements to Gamefulness: Defining «Gamification». In Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference on Envisioning Future Media Environments, pp. 9-15. Association for Computing Machinery, Tampere, FI. ISBN 978-1-4503-0816-8. https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040
Drakoulis, R., Bellotti, F., Bakas, I., Berta, R., Paranthaman, P. K., Dange, G. R., Lytrivis, P., Pagle, K., De Gloria, A. & Amditis, A. (2018). A Gamified Flexible Transportation Service for On-Demand Public Transport. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 19(3), 921-933. ISSN 1524-9050. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2018.2791643
Enoch, M., Potter, S., Parkhurst, G. & Smith, M. (2006). Why do demand responsive transport systems fail? In Transportation Research Board 85th Annual Meeting. Washington DC, USA.
Ertan Sevk, K. & Arkün Kocadere, S. (2024). A Review on Personalization of Gamified Learning Environments. Kuramsal Eg˘itimbilim, 17(4), 873–896. ISSN 1308-1659. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.14788
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Greysen, S. R., Changolkar, S., Small, D. S., Reale, C., Rareshide, C. A. L., Mercede, A., Snider, C. K., Greysen, H. M., Trotta, R., Halpern, S. D. & Patel, M. S. (2021). Effect of Behaviorally Designed Gamification with a Social Support Partner to Increase Mobility After Hospital Discharge: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 4(3). ISSN 2574-3805. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0952
Günther, M., Kacperski, C. & Krems, J. F. (2020). Can Electric Vehicle Drivers Be Persuaded to Eco-Drive? A Field Study of Feedback, Gamification and Financial Rewards in Germany. Energy Research & Social Science, 63, e101407. ISSN 22146296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101407
Helvaci, S., Senova, A., Kar, G. & Gören, S. (2018). Improving Driver Behavior Using Gamification. In Younas, M., Awan, I., Ghinea, G. & Catalan Cid, M., editors, MobiWIS 2018: Mobile Web and Intelligent Information Systems, pp. 193-204. Springer International Publishing, Cham CH. ISBN 978-3-319-97163-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97163-6_16
Hsu, C. L. & Chen, M. C. (2018). How Does Gamification Improve User Experience? An Empirical Investigation on the Antecedences and Consequences of User Experience and Its Mediating Role. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 132, 118-129. ISSN 0040-1625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018. 01.023
Iacono, S., Vallarino, M. & Vercelli, G. V. (2020). Gamification in Corporate Training to Enhance Engagement: An Approach. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(17), 69. ISSN 1863-0383. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i17.14207
Inturri, G., Giuffrida, N., Ignaccolo, M., Le Pira, M., Pluchino, A., Rapisarda, A. & D’Angelo, R. (2021). Taxi vs. demand responsive shared transport systems: An agent-based simulation approach. Transport Policy, 103, 116-126. ISSN 0967-070X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.01.002
Kalogiannakis, M., Papadakis, S. & Zourmpakis, A. I. (2021). Gamification in Science Education. A Systematic Review of the Literature. Education Sciences, 11(1), 22. ISSN 2227-7102. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11010022.
Klock, A. C. T., Gasparini, I., Pimenta, M. S. & Hamari, J. (2020). Tailored Gamification: A Review of Literature. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 144, e102495. ISSN 10715819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102495
König, A., Kowala, N., Wegener, J. & Grippenkoven, J. (2019). Introducing a Mobility on Demand System to Prospective Users with the Help of a Serious Game. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 3. ISSN 2590-1982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2019.100079
Martí, P., Ibáñez, A., Julian, V., Novais, P. & Jordán, J. (2024a). Bus Ridership Prediction and Scenario Analysis through ML and Multi-Agent Simulations. ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, 13(1), e31866. https://doi.org/10.14201/adcaij.31866
Martí, P., Jordán, J. & Julian, V. (2024b). A flexible approach for Demand-Responsive Public Transport in Rural Areas. Computer Science and Information Systems, 21(1), 245-267. https://doi.org/10.2298/CSIS230115074M
Martí, P., Jordán, J., Novais, P. & Julian, V. (2025). Sustainable Demand-Responsive Transportation: A Case Study in Rural Guimarães. In Julian, V., Camacho, D., Yin, H., Alberola, J. M., Nogueira, V. B., Novais, P. & Tallón-Ballesteros, A., editors, Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2024, pp. 147-158. Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham. ISBN 978-3-031-77738-7.
Matallaoui, A., Hanner, N. & Zarnekow, R. (2017). Introduction to Gamification: Foundation and Underlying Theories. In Stieglitz, S., Lattemann, C., Robra-Bissantz, S., Zarnekow, R. & Brockmann, T., editors, Gamification: Using Game Elements in Serious Contexts, Progress in IS, pp. 3-18. Springer International Publishing, Cham, CH. ISBN 978-3-319-45555-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45557-0
McCrae, R. R. & Costa Jr., P. T. (1989). Reinterpreting the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator from the Perspective of the Five-Factor Model of Personality. Journal of Personality, 57(1), 17–40. ISSN 1467-6494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00759.x
Melo, S., Gomes, R., Abbasi, R. & Arantes, A. (2024). Demand-Responsive Transport for Urban Mobility: Integrating Mobile Data Analytics to Enhance Public Transportation Systems. Sustainability, 16(11). ISSN 2071-1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114367
Okreša Ðuric, B. (2022). Gamification in Smart and Sustainable Mobility - A Review and Roadmap. In Vrcˇek, N., Guàrdia, L. & Grd, P., editors, Proceedings of the Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems, pp. 9-16. Faculty of Organization and Informatics, Varaždin, HR.
Okreša Ðuric, B., Peharda, T. & Martí, P. (2023). Towards a Gamified System to Influence Behaviour of Users in the Context of Smart Mobility. In Vrcˇek, N., de Marcos Ortega, L. & Grd, P., editors, Proceedings of the Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems, pp. 9-16. Faculty of Organization and Informatics, Dubrovnik HR.
Phosanarack, M., Avril, E., Lepreux, S., Wallard, L. & Kolski, C. (2025). User-Centered Personalized Gamification: An Umbrella Review. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 35(1), 3. ISSN 1573-1391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11257-024-09423-z
Qader Kheder, M., & Aree Ali, M. (2023). IoT-Based Vision Techniques in Autonomous Driving: A Review. ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, 11(3), 367–394. Retrieved from https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/2255-2863/article/view/28821
Rodrigues, L., Toda, A. M., Palomino, P. T., Oliveira, W. & Isotani, S. (2020). Personalized Gamification: A Literature Review of Outcomes, Experiments, and Approaches. In Eighth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality, pp. 699-706. ACM, Salamanca Spain. ISBN 978-1-4503-8850-4. https://doi.org/10.1145/3434780.3436665
Ruiz-Navas, S., Ackaradejraungsri, P. & Dijk, S. (2024). Are There Literature Reviews About Gamification to Foster Inclusive Teaching? A Scoping Review of Gamification Literature Reviews. Frontiers in Education, 9, 1306298. ISSN 2504-284X. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1306298
Schasché, S. E., Sposato, R. G. & Hampl, N. (2022). The dilemma of demand-responsive transport services in rural areas: Conflicting expectations and weak user acceptance. Transport Policy, 126, 43–54.
Schatten, M., Okreša Ðurić, B. & Protrka, R. (2021). Conceptual Architecture of a Cognitive Agent for Telemedicine Based on Gamification. In Vrcˇek, N., Pergler, E. & Grd, P., editors, Proceedings of the Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems, pp. 3. Faculty of Organization and Informatics, Varaždin, HR.
Schell, J. (2019). The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses. Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, US-FL, 3 edition. ISBN 978-1-138-63209-7.
Spanellis, A., Mandhani, J., Aravena, C. & Upadhya, S. D. (2023). Eliciting Attitudes to Sustainable Transportation with Gamification. Research Report, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh UK.
Xiao, Y. & Hew, K. F. (2024). Personalised Gamification Enhances Student Participation but Produces Mixed Effects on Emotional and Cognitive Engagements: A Systematic Review. Interactive Learning Environments, 32(10), 7014–7040. ISSN 1049-4820. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2299977.
Zeybek, N. & Saygı, E. (2023). Gamification in Education: Why, Where, When, and How? —A Systematic Review. Games and Culture. ISSN 1555-4120, 1555-4139. https://doi.org/10.1177/15554120231158625
Zigrand, L., Alizadeh, P., Traversi, E. & Wolfler Calvo, R. (2021). Machine learning guided optimization for demand responsive transport systems. In Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, pp. 420–436. Springer.
Zigrand, L., Calvo, R. W., Traversi, E. & Alizadeh, P. (2023). Optimization-driven Demand Prediction Framework for Suburban Dynamic Demand-Responsive Transport Systems. In IJCAI, pp. 6335–6342.
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Anburuvel, A., Perera, W. & Randeniya, R. (2022). A demand responsive public transport for a spatially scattered population in a developing country. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10(1), 187-197. ISSN 2213-624X.
Bartle, R. (1996). Hearts, Clubs, Diamonds, Spades: Players Who Suit Muds. Journal of MUD Research, 1(1).
Calabrò, G., Le Pira, M. L., Giuffrida, N., Inturri, G., Ignaccolo, M. & Correia, G. H. d. A. (2022). Fixed-Route vs. Demand-Responsive Transport Feeder Services: An Exploratory Study Using an Agent-Based Model. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2022(1), e8382754. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8382754
Calabrò, G., Le Pira, M. L., Giuffrida, N., Inturri, G., Ignaccolo, M. & Correia, G. H. d. A. (2023). Designing demand responsive transport services in small-sized cities using an agent-based model. Transportation Research Procedia, 69, 759-766. ISSN 2352-1465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.02.233.
Cardoso, B., Ribeiro, M., Prandi, C. & Nunes, N. (2019). When Gamification Meets Sustainability: A Pervasive Approach to Foster Sustainable Mobility in Madeira. In 1st ACM Workshop on Emerging Smart Technologies and Infrastructures for Smart Mobility and Sustainability, pp. 3-8. ACM, Los Cabos, MX. ISBN 978-1-4503-6930-5. https://doi.org/10.1145/3349622.3355449
Cummings, J. A. & Sanders, L. (2019). Introduction to Psychology. University of Saskatchewan Open Press. ISBN 978-0-88880-637-6.
Currie, G. & Fournier, N. (2020). Why most DRT/Micro-Transits fail–What the survivors tell us about progress. Research in Transportation Economics, 83, e100895.
Dehghanzadeh, H., Farrokhnia, M., Dehghanzadeh, H., Taghipour, K. & Noroozi, O. (2023). Using Gamification to Support Learning in K-12 Education: A Systematic Literature Review. British Journal of Educational Technology, 1467-8535. ISSN 0007-1013. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13335
Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R. & Nacke, L. (2011). From Game Design Elements to Gamefulness: Defining «Gamification». In Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference on Envisioning Future Media Environments, pp. 9-15. Association for Computing Machinery, Tampere, FI. ISBN 978-1-4503-0816-8. https://doi.org/10.1145/2181037.2181040
Drakoulis, R., Bellotti, F., Bakas, I., Berta, R., Paranthaman, P. K., Dange, G. R., Lytrivis, P., Pagle, K., De Gloria, A. & Amditis, A. (2018). A Gamified Flexible Transportation Service for On-Demand Public Transport. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 19(3), 921-933. ISSN 1524-9050. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2018.2791643
Enoch, M., Potter, S., Parkhurst, G. & Smith, M. (2006). Why do demand responsive transport systems fail? In Transportation Research Board 85th Annual Meeting. Washington DC, USA.
Ertan Sevk, K. & Arkün Kocadere, S. (2024). A Review on Personalization of Gamified Learning Environments. Kuramsal Eg˘itimbilim, 17(4), 873–896. ISSN 1308-1659. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.14788
Fullerton, T. (2024). Game Design Workshop: A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games. A K Peters/CRC Press, Boca Raton, 5 edition. ISBN 978-1-00-346026-8. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003460268
Greysen, S. R., Changolkar, S., Small, D. S., Reale, C., Rareshide, C. A. L., Mercede, A., Snider, C. K., Greysen, H. M., Trotta, R., Halpern, S. D. & Patel, M. S. (2021). Effect of Behaviorally Designed Gamification with a Social Support Partner to Increase Mobility After Hospital Discharge: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 4(3). ISSN 2574-3805. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0952
Günther, M., Kacperski, C. & Krems, J. F. (2020). Can Electric Vehicle Drivers Be Persuaded to Eco-Drive? A Field Study of Feedback, Gamification and Financial Rewards in Germany. Energy Research & Social Science, 63, e101407. ISSN 22146296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101407
Helvaci, S., Senova, A., Kar, G. & Gören, S. (2018). Improving Driver Behavior Using Gamification. In Younas, M., Awan, I., Ghinea, G. & Catalan Cid, M., editors, MobiWIS 2018: Mobile Web and Intelligent Information Systems, pp. 193-204. Springer International Publishing, Cham CH. ISBN 978-3-319-97163-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97163-6_16
Hsu, C. L. & Chen, M. C. (2018). How Does Gamification Improve User Experience? An Empirical Investigation on the Antecedences and Consequences of User Experience and Its Mediating Role. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 132, 118-129. ISSN 0040-1625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018. 01.023
Iacono, S., Vallarino, M. & Vercelli, G. V. (2020). Gamification in Corporate Training to Enhance Engagement: An Approach. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(17), 69. ISSN 1863-0383. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i17.14207
Inturri, G., Giuffrida, N., Ignaccolo, M., Le Pira, M., Pluchino, A., Rapisarda, A. & D’Angelo, R. (2021). Taxi vs. demand responsive shared transport systems: An agent-based simulation approach. Transport Policy, 103, 116-126. ISSN 0967-070X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.01.002
Kalogiannakis, M., Papadakis, S. & Zourmpakis, A. I. (2021). Gamification in Science Education. A Systematic Review of the Literature. Education Sciences, 11(1), 22. ISSN 2227-7102. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11010022.
Klock, A. C. T., Gasparini, I., Pimenta, M. S. & Hamari, J. (2020). Tailored Gamification: A Review of Literature. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 144, e102495. ISSN 10715819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102495
König, A., Kowala, N., Wegener, J. & Grippenkoven, J. (2019). Introducing a Mobility on Demand System to Prospective Users with the Help of a Serious Game. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 3. ISSN 2590-1982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2019.100079
Martí, P., Ibáñez, A., Julian, V., Novais, P. & Jordán, J. (2024a). Bus Ridership Prediction and Scenario Analysis through ML and Multi-Agent Simulations. ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, 13(1), e31866. https://doi.org/10.14201/adcaij.31866
Martí, P., Jordán, J. & Julian, V. (2024b). A flexible approach for Demand-Responsive Public Transport in Rural Areas. Computer Science and Information Systems, 21(1), 245-267. https://doi.org/10.2298/CSIS230115074M
Martí, P., Jordán, J., Novais, P. & Julian, V. (2025). Sustainable Demand-Responsive Transportation: A Case Study in Rural Guimarães. In Julian, V., Camacho, D., Yin, H., Alberola, J. M., Nogueira, V. B., Novais, P. & Tallón-Ballesteros, A., editors, Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2024, pp. 147-158. Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham. ISBN 978-3-031-77738-7.
Matallaoui, A., Hanner, N. & Zarnekow, R. (2017). Introduction to Gamification: Foundation and Underlying Theories. In Stieglitz, S., Lattemann, C., Robra-Bissantz, S., Zarnekow, R. & Brockmann, T., editors, Gamification: Using Game Elements in Serious Contexts, Progress in IS, pp. 3-18. Springer International Publishing, Cham, CH. ISBN 978-3-319-45555-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45557-0
McCrae, R. R. & Costa Jr., P. T. (1989). Reinterpreting the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator from the Perspective of the Five-Factor Model of Personality. Journal of Personality, 57(1), 17–40. ISSN 1467-6494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00759.x
Melo, S., Gomes, R., Abbasi, R. & Arantes, A. (2024). Demand-Responsive Transport for Urban Mobility: Integrating Mobile Data Analytics to Enhance Public Transportation Systems. Sustainability, 16(11). ISSN 2071-1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114367
Okreša Ðuric, B. (2022). Gamification in Smart and Sustainable Mobility - A Review and Roadmap. In Vrcˇek, N., Guàrdia, L. & Grd, P., editors, Proceedings of the Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems, pp. 9-16. Faculty of Organization and Informatics, Varaždin, HR.
Okreša Ðuric, B., Peharda, T. & Martí, P. (2023). Towards a Gamified System to Influence Behaviour of Users in the Context of Smart Mobility. In Vrcˇek, N., de Marcos Ortega, L. & Grd, P., editors, Proceedings of the Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems, pp. 9-16. Faculty of Organization and Informatics, Dubrovnik HR.
Phosanarack, M., Avril, E., Lepreux, S., Wallard, L. & Kolski, C. (2025). User-Centered Personalized Gamification: An Umbrella Review. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 35(1), 3. ISSN 1573-1391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11257-024-09423-z
Qader Kheder, M., & Aree Ali, M. (2023). IoT-Based Vision Techniques in Autonomous Driving: A Review. ADCAIJ: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal, 11(3), 367–394. Retrieved from https://revistas.usal.es/cinco/index.php/2255-2863/article/view/28821
Rodrigues, L., Toda, A. M., Palomino, P. T., Oliveira, W. & Isotani, S. (2020). Personalized Gamification: A Literature Review of Outcomes, Experiments, and Approaches. In Eighth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality, pp. 699-706. ACM, Salamanca Spain. ISBN 978-1-4503-8850-4. https://doi.org/10.1145/3434780.3436665
Ruiz-Navas, S., Ackaradejraungsri, P. & Dijk, S. (2024). Are There Literature Reviews About Gamification to Foster Inclusive Teaching? A Scoping Review of Gamification Literature Reviews. Frontiers in Education, 9, 1306298. ISSN 2504-284X. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1306298
Schasché, S. E., Sposato, R. G. & Hampl, N. (2022). The dilemma of demand-responsive transport services in rural areas: Conflicting expectations and weak user acceptance. Transport Policy, 126, 43–54.
Schatten, M., Okreša Ðurić, B. & Protrka, R. (2021). Conceptual Architecture of a Cognitive Agent for Telemedicine Based on Gamification. In Vrcˇek, N., Pergler, E. & Grd, P., editors, Proceedings of the Central European Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems, pp. 3. Faculty of Organization and Informatics, Varaždin, HR.
Schell, J. (2019). The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses. Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, US-FL, 3 edition. ISBN 978-1-138-63209-7.
Spanellis, A., Mandhani, J., Aravena, C. & Upadhya, S. D. (2023). Eliciting Attitudes to Sustainable Transportation with Gamification. Research Report, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh UK.
Xiao, Y. & Hew, K. F. (2024). Personalised Gamification Enhances Student Participation but Produces Mixed Effects on Emotional and Cognitive Engagements: A Systematic Review. Interactive Learning Environments, 32(10), 7014–7040. ISSN 1049-4820. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2299977.
Zeybek, N. & Saygı, E. (2023). Gamification in Education: Why, Where, When, and How? —A Systematic Review. Games and Culture. ISSN 1555-4120, 1555-4139. https://doi.org/10.1177/15554120231158625
Zigrand, L., Alizadeh, P., Traversi, E. & Wolfler Calvo, R. (2021). Machine learning guided optimization for demand responsive transport systems. In Joint European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, pp. 420–436. Springer.
Zigrand, L., Calvo, R. W., Traversi, E. & Alizadeh, P. (2023). Optimization-driven Demand Prediction Framework for Suburban Dynamic Demand-Responsive Transport Systems. In IJCAI, pp. 6335–6342.
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