Peasant Agency and the Supernatural
Abstract Engaging with supernatural forces was a necessity for Carolingian peasants – Christian authorities expected this and the belief in the inevitability of these acts seems to have been widely shared by contemporaries who lived in a world far beyond their control. Miracle collections show that peasants (and others) made conscious decisions about the way in which they wanted to interact with supernatural forces. In doing this, they also took into account the networks of individuals and institutions who controlled the saints’ resting places, which could provide invaluable support for those seeking help. Others chose practices beyond what contemporary elites regarded as legitimate, such as hiring weather-makers to prevent bad weather. In some cases, peasants actively sought to enter into a saint’s dependency, either by giving themselves to the saint or by convincing their lords to hand them over to a saint and his or her shrine.
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Agobard de Lyon. Liber contra insulsam vulgi opinionem de grandine et tonitruis, ed. Lieven van Acker. Turnhout: Brepols, 1981.
Agobard de Lyon. Oeuvres, I, ed. Michel Rubellin. Paris: Editions du Cerf, 2016.
Arbeo of Freising. Vita Haimhrammi, ed. Bernhard Bischoff. Leben und Leiden des heiligen Emmeram. Munich: Erich Heimeran, 1953.
Barthélemy, Dominique. The Serf, the Knight, and the Historian. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press, 2009.
Bitterauf, Theodor (ed.). Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Freising vol. 1. Munich: Beck, 1905.
Bitterauf, Theodor (ed.). Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Freising vol. 2. Munich: Beck, 1908.
Bobrycki, Shane. «The flailing women of Dijon: Crowds in Ninth century Europe». Past & Present, 2019, 240, p. 3-46.
Chambert-Protat, Pierre; Delmulle, Jérémy; Pezé, Warren & Thompson, Jeremy C. (eds.). La controverse carolingienne sur la prédestination: histoire, textes, manuscrits. Turnhout: Brepols, 2018.
Devroey, Jean-Pierre & Schroeder, Nicolas. «Land, Oxen, and Brooches. Local societies, inequality, and large estates in the early medieval Ardennes (c. 850-950)». In: Quirós Castillo, Juan Antonio (ed.). Social inequality in Early Medieval Europe: Local Societies and Beyond. Turnhout: Brepols, 2019, p. 177-202.
Einhard, Translatio et Miracula Sanctorum Marcellini et Petri, ed. Petra Lang, Dorothea Kies et al. Seligenstadt: Einhard-Gesellschaft, 2015.
Ellis, Frank. Peasant Economics: Farm Households in Agrarian Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 13.
Esders, Stefan. Die Formierung der Zensualität. Zur kirchlichen Transformation des spätrömischen Patronatswesens im früheren Mittelalter. Ostfildern: Thorbecke, 2014.
Floß, Heinrich Joseph (ed.). «Romreise des Abtes Markward von Prüm und Übertragung der hl. Chrysanthus und Daria nach Münstereifel im Jahre 844». Annalen des Historischen Vereins für den Niederrhein, 1869.
Franz, Günther (ed.). Quellen zur Geschichte des deutschen Bauernstandes im Mittelalter. Darmstadt: WBG, 1967.
Gillis, Matthew Bryan. Heresy and Dissent in the Carolingian Empire: The Case of Gottschalk of Orbais. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Grabowsky, Annette et al. (eds.). Einhards Briefe. Kommunikation und Mobilität im Frühmittelalter. Seligenstadt: Einhard-Gesellschaft, 2018.
Haack, Christoph. Die Krieger der Karolinger: Kriegsdienste als Prozesse gemeinschaftlicher Organisation um 800. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020.
Harmening, Dieter. Superstitio. Überlieferungs- und theoriegeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur kirchlich-theologischen Aberglaubensliteratur des Mittelalters. Berlin: Erich Schmidt, 1979.
Innes, Matthew. State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: The Middle Rhine Valley, 400-1000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Innes, Matthew & West, Charles. «Saints and Demons in the Carolingian Countryside». In: Kohl, Thomas; Patzold, Steffen & Zeller, Bernhard (eds.). Kleine Welten. Ländliche Gesellschaften im Karolingerreich. Ostfildern: Thorbecke, 2019, p. 67-97.
Jiroušková, Lenka & Vogel, Bernhard (eds.). Mirakelberichte des frühen und hohen Mittelalters. Darmstadt: WBG, 2005.
Jong, Mayke. The penitential state. Authority and atonement in the age of Louis the Pious, 814-840. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Kohl, Thomas. «Peasants’ Landholdings and Movement in the Frankish East (8th-9th Centuries)». Journal of European Economic History, 2019, 3, p. 147-166.
Kuchenbuch, Ludolf. Versilberte Verhältnisse: Der Denar in seiner ersten Epoche (700-1000). Göttingen: Wallerstein, 2016.
Meens, Rob. «Thunder over Lyon: Agobard, the tempestarii and Christianity». In: Steel, Carlos; Marenbon, John & Verbeke, Werner (eds). Paganism in the Middle Ages. Threat and fascination. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2012, p. 157-166.
Patzold, Steffen. Ich und Karl der Große. Das Leben des Höflings Einhard. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 2014.
Patzold, Steffen. Presbyter. Moral, Mobilität und die Kirchenorganisation im Karolingerreich. Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann Verlag, 2020.
Poupardin, René (ed.). Monuments de l’histoire des Abbayes de Saint-Philibert (Noirmoutiuer, Grandlieu, Tournus). Paris: Picard, 1905.
Rath, Gebhard & Reiter, Erich (ed.). Das älteste Traditionsbuch des Klosters Mondsee. Linz: Oberösterreichisches Landesarchiv, 1989.
Regino of Prüm. Libri duo de synodalibus causis et disciplinis ecclesiasticis, ed. by Wilfried Hartmann. Darmstadt: WBG, 2004.
Rosenwein, Barbara. To be the Neighbor of Saint Peter. The Social Meaning of Cluny’s Property, 909-1049. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.
Rio, Alice. «‘Half-Free’ Categories in the Early Middle Ages: Fine Status Distinctions before Professional Lawyers». In: Dresch, Paul & Scheel, Judith (eds.). Legalism: Rules and Categories. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 129-152.
Rio, Alice. Slavery after Rome, 500-1100. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Tedesco, Paolo. «Beyond the Manorial Economy. An Introduction to the Seminar». Journal of European Economic History, 2019, 3, p. 131-145.
Van Rhijn, Carine. «Royal Politics in Small Worlds. Local Priests and the Implementation of Carolingian correctio». In: Kohl, Thomas; Patzold, Steffen & Zeller, Bernhard (eds.). Kleine Welten. Ländliche Gesellschaften im Karolingerreich. Ostfildern (coll. «Vorträge und Forschungen»), 2019, p. 237-252.
Van Rhijn, Carine. Shepherds of the Lord. Priests and episcopal statutes in the Carolingian period. Turnhout: Brepols, 2007.
Wandalbert von Prüm. Vita et Miracula sancti Goaris. ed. Hans-Erich Stiene. Frankfurt, Bern: Peter Lang, 1981.
Wattenbach, Wilhelm (ed.). «Die Übertragung der Reliquien des h.Genesius nach Schienen». Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins, 1872, 24.
West, Charles. «Carolingian Kingship and the Peasants of Le Mans: the ‘Capitulum in Cenomannico pago datum’». In: Charlemagne. Les temps, les espaces, les hommes. Construction et déconstruction d’un règne. Turnhout: Brepols, 2018, p. 227-244.
West, Charles. «Unauthorised miracles in mid-ninth-century Dijon and the Carolingian church reforms». Journal of Medieval History, 2010, 36, p. 295-311.
West, Charles. «Visions in a Ninth-Century Village: an Early Medieval Microhistory». History Workshop Journal, 2016, 81, p. 1-16.
Wickham, Chris. «Looking forward: peasant revolts in Europe, 600-1200». In: Firnhaber-Baker, Justine & Schoenaers, Dirk (eds.). The Routledge history handbook of medieval revolt. London, New York: Routledge, 2017, p. 155-167.
Wickham, Chris. «Space and Society in Early Medieval Peasant Conflicts». In: Uomo e spazio nell’alto medioevo (Settimane di Studio 50). Spoleto: Centro Italiano di Studi Sull’Alto Medioevo, 2003, p. 551-585.
Wickham, Chris. Framing the early Middle Ages. Europe and the Mediterranean, 400-800. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.Bartlett, Robert. The natural and the supernatural in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Widemann, Josef (ed.). Die Traditionen des Hochstiftes Regensburg und des Klosters St. Emmeram. Munich: Beck 1943.
Zeller, Bernhard; West, Charles; Tinti, Francesca et al. Neighbours and strangers. Local societies in early medieval Europe. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020.
Kohl, T. (2020). Peasant Agency and the Supernatural . Studia Historica. Historia Medieval, 38(2), 97–116. https://doi.org/10.14201/shhme202038297116
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