Galatian Mangones, Slave Trade and Ecclesiastical Perspective in Honorius’s Time
Abstract Towards the end of Honorius’s reign, Augustine of Hippo wrote an epistle addressed to Alypius, Bishop of Thagaste, which has become one of the most valuable testimonies on the organization of the slave trade in the late Roman world. In the aforementioned letter, the Doctor of the Church denounced the activities of the mangones or slave traders (most of them were Galatians) who did not hesitate to orchestrate kidnappings of free people in the more isolated rural areas of the Numidia to sell them later in the transmarine provinces. In an obvious context of political decomposition of the Roman order, the Church reacted against illegal practices that were depriving the interior of Africa of its indigenous element. The present study seeks to deepen the roots and the origin of the mangones, paying special attention to their historical evolution to reach a more solid understanding of slavery in the 5th century.
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Álvarez-Ossorio Rivas, A.: Los piratas contra Roma: estudio socioeconómico y cultural de la piratería cilicia (143-36 a. C.). Sevilla, 2008.
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Bosworth, A. B.: «Vespasian and the Slave Trade», The Classical Quarterly, 52, 1, 2002, pp. 350-357. https://doi.org/10.1093/cq/52.1.350
Bowersock, G. W., Brown, P. & Grabar, O. (eds.): Late Antiquity. A Guide to the Postclassical World. Cambridge, 2000.
Bradley, K.: Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815386
Corcoran, G.: Saint Augustine on Slavery. Roma, 1985.
Duchêne, H.: «Sur la stèle d'Aulus Caprilius Timotheos Sômatemporos», Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 110, 1986, pp. 513-530. https://doi.org/10.3406/bch.1986.1812
Elm, S.: «Sold to Sin through Origo: Augustine of Hippo and the Late Roman Slave Trade», en Vinzent, M. (ed.): Studia Patristica, Vol. XCVIII. Leuven, 2017, pp. 1-21.
Finley, M. I.: «Aulus Kapreilios Timotheos, Slave-Trader», en id. (ed.): Aspects of Antiquity: Discoveries and Controversies. London, 1968, pp. 162-176.
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Lepelley, C.: «La crise de l'Afrique romaine au début du Ve siècle, d'après les lettres nouvellement découvertes de Saint Augustin», Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 125-3, 1981, pp. 445-463. https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1981.13864
Lepelley, C.: «Notes complémentaires», BA, 46B. Paris, 1987, pp. 472-474.
MacMullen, R.: «Late Roman Slavery», Historia, 36, 1987, pp. 359-382.Mandouze, A.: Prosopographie de l'Afrique chrétienne, (303-533), 1. Paris, 1982.
Melluso, M.: «Alcune testimonianze in tema di mercati di schiavi nel tardo antico», en Lepelley, C.: «L'Afrique à la veille de la conquête vandale», Antiquité Tardive, 10, 2002, pp. 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.AT.2.300426
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Monaco, L.: Persecutio piratarum. I. Battaglie ambigue e svolte costituzionali nella Roma repubblicana. Napoli, 1996.
Mousourakis, G.: A Legal History of Rome. London-New York, 2007. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203089347
Rio, A.: Slavery after Rome, 500-1100. Oxford, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198704058.001.0001
Rodríguez Gervás, M.: «¿Crisis o prosperidad en África durante la Antigüedad tardía? Agustín de Hipona testigo de una sociedad inestable», Studia Historica, H.ª Antigua, 30, 2012, pp. 171-188.
Rouge, J.: «Escroquerie et brigandage en Afrique romaine au temps de Saint Augustin (Ep. 8* et 10*)», en VV. AA.: Les lettres de Saint Augustin découvertes par Johannes Divjak. Paris, 1983, pp. 177-188.
Scheidel, W.: «The Roman Slave Supply», en Bradley, K. & Cartledge, P. (eds.): The Cambridge World History of Slavery, 1: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge, 2011, pp. 287-310. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521840668.016
Szidat, J.: «Zum Sklavenhandel in der Spätantike (Aug. Epist. 10*)», Historia, 34, 1985, pp. 362-371.
Whittaker, C. R.: «Circe's Pigs: From Slavery to Serfdom in the Later Roman World», en Finley, M. I. (ed.): Classical Slavery. London, 2000, pp. 111-154. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315810270-6
Álvarez-Ossorio Rivas, A.: Los piratas contra Roma: estudio socioeconómico y cultural de la piratería cilicia (143-36 a. C.). Sevilla, 2008.
Berrouard, M. F.: «Un tournant dans la vie de l'Èglise d'Afrique: les deus missions d'Alypius en Italie à la lumière des lettres 10*, 15*, 16*, 22* et 23*A de Saint Augustin», Revue des Études Augustiniennes, 31, 1985, pp. 46-70. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.REA.5.104509
Betancourt, F.: Derecho romano clásico. Sevilla, 2007.Bodel, J.: «Caveat emptor: Towards a Study of Roman Slave-Traders», Journal of Roman Archaeology, 18, 2005, pp. 181-195. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400007285
Bosworth, A. B.: «Vespasian and the Slave Trade», The Classical Quarterly, 52, 1, 2002, pp. 350-357. https://doi.org/10.1093/cq/52.1.350
Bowersock, G. W., Brown, P. & Grabar, O. (eds.): Late Antiquity. A Guide to the Postclassical World. Cambridge, 2000.
Bradley, K.: Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815386
Corcoran, G.: Saint Augustine on Slavery. Roma, 1985.
Duchêne, H.: «Sur la stèle d'Aulus Caprilius Timotheos Sômatemporos», Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 110, 1986, pp. 513-530. https://doi.org/10.3406/bch.1986.1812
Elm, S.: «Sold to Sin through Origo: Augustine of Hippo and the Late Roman Slave Trade», en Vinzent, M. (ed.): Studia Patristica, Vol. XCVIII. Leuven, 2017, pp. 1-21.
Finley, M. I.: «Aulus Kapreilios Timotheos, Slave-Trader», en id. (ed.): Aspects of Antiquity: Discoveries and Controversies. London, 1968, pp. 162-176.
Finley, M. I.: Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology. London, 1980.
Gabillon, A.: «Insecurité en Afrique au Ve siècle: les mangones et leur complices», L'Information littéraire, 38, 1986, pp. 127-128.
García Morillo, M.: Las ventas por subasta en el mundo romano: la esfera privada. Barcelona, 2005.
Garrido-Hory, M. (ed.): Routes et marchés d'esclaves, 26e coloque du GIREA. Paris, 2002, pp. 345-370.
Gebbia, C.: «Mangones e patroni nell'Africa di Agostino», ?????, 8, 2006, pp. 25-30.Grey, C.: «Slavery in the Late Roman World», en Bradley, K. & Cartledge, P. (eds.): The Cambridge World History of Slavery, 1: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge, 2011, pp. 482-509. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521840668.024
Harper, K.: Slavery in the Late Roman World AD 275-425. Cambridge, 2011.
Harrill, J. A.: «The Vice of Slave Dealers in Greco-Roman Society: The Use of a Topos in 1 Timothy 1:10», Journal of Biblical Literature, 118, 1, 1999, pp. 97-122. https://doi.org/10.2307/3268227
Harris, W. V.: «Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade», en D'Arms, J. H. & Kopff, E. C. (eds.): The Seaborne Commerce of Ancient Rome: Studies in Archaeology and History. Roma, 1980, pp. 117-140. https://doi.org/10.2307/4238700
Hughes, I.: Gaiseric: The Vandal who Destroyed Rome. Barnsley, 2017.
Humbert, M.: «Enfants á louer ou à vendre: Augustin et l'autorité parentale (Ep. 10* et 24*)», en VV. AA.: Les lettres de Saint Augustin découvertes par Johannes Divjak. Paris, 1983, pp. 189-203.
Jones, A. H. M.: The Later Roman Empire (284-602). A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey, II. Baltimore, 1986.
Joshel, S. R.: Slavery in the Roman World. Cambridge, 2010.
Kelly, J. C.: «The Conversion of Saint Augustine», Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, 44, 174, 1955, pp. 171-180.
Kleberg, T.: «Mango: A Semasiological Study», Eranos, 43, 1945, pp. 277-284.
Lepelley, C.: «La crise de l'Afrique romaine au début du Ve siècle, d'après les lettres nouvellement découvertes de Saint Augustin», Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 125-3, 1981, pp. 445-463. https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1981.13864
Lepelley, C.: «Notes complémentaires», BA, 46B. Paris, 1987, pp. 472-474.
MacMullen, R.: «Late Roman Slavery», Historia, 36, 1987, pp. 359-382.Mandouze, A.: Prosopographie de l'Afrique chrétienne, (303-533), 1. Paris, 1982.
Melluso, M.: «Alcune testimonianze in tema di mercati di schiavi nel tardo antico», en Lepelley, C.: «L'Afrique à la veille de la conquête vandale», Antiquité Tardive, 10, 2002, pp. 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.AT.2.300426
Merrills, A. & Miles, R.: The Vandals. Malden, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318074
Monaco, L.: Persecutio piratarum. I. Battaglie ambigue e svolte costituzionali nella Roma repubblicana. Napoli, 1996.
Mousourakis, G.: A Legal History of Rome. London-New York, 2007. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203089347
Rio, A.: Slavery after Rome, 500-1100. Oxford, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198704058.001.0001
Rodríguez Gervás, M.: «¿Crisis o prosperidad en África durante la Antigüedad tardía? Agustín de Hipona testigo de una sociedad inestable», Studia Historica, H.ª Antigua, 30, 2012, pp. 171-188.
Rouge, J.: «Escroquerie et brigandage en Afrique romaine au temps de Saint Augustin (Ep. 8* et 10*)», en VV. AA.: Les lettres de Saint Augustin découvertes par Johannes Divjak. Paris, 1983, pp. 177-188.
Scheidel, W.: «The Roman Slave Supply», en Bradley, K. & Cartledge, P. (eds.): The Cambridge World History of Slavery, 1: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge, 2011, pp. 287-310. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521840668.016
Szidat, J.: «Zum Sklavenhandel in der Spätantike (Aug. Epist. 10*)», Historia, 34, 1985, pp. 362-371.
Whittaker, C. R.: «Circe's Pigs: From Slavery to Serfdom in the Later Roman World», en Finley, M. I. (ed.): Classical Slavery. London, 2000, pp. 111-154. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315810270-6
Serrano Madroñal, R. (2019). Galatian Mangones, Slave Trade and Ecclesiastical Perspective in Honorius’s Time. Studia Historica. Historia Antigua, 37, 251–267. https://doi.org/10.14201/shha201937251267
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